{"schema":"https://ver.cy/schemas/card/1.0.0","id":"vr.tr.lombard","code":"thing-q33754","url":"https://ver.cy/models/thing/q33754/","name":"Lombard","alternateNames":["dialects of Lombard","Eastern Lombard","Alpine Lombard","Western Lombard","Bresciano","Cremunés","Trentino Western","Bergamasque","Mantovano","Cremish","Upper Valtellina dialect","Graubünden dialect"],"kind":"thing","status":"published","version":"0.2.0-wave.3","language":"en","classifiers":{"family":"Thing Registry","category":"Information and virtual systems","entryKind":"thing","plane":"INF","domain":["INF.MED"],"industry":[],"navPath":"","tags":[],"facets":{}},"whatItIs":"A Gallo-Italic Romance language spoken in Lombardy and neighbouring areas of northern Italy and in Ticino and parts of Graubunden in Switzerland by about 3.5 million people, divided into Western Lombard including Milanese and Ticinese, Eastern Lombard including Bresciano and Bergamasque, Alpine Lombard and southern varieties such as Cremonese, with no single standard and a literary tradition in Milanese; Lombard is classified by UNESCO as definitely endangered.","purpose":"Let an agent explain the Lombard language and its dialects, relay classification, status and speakers from linguistic sources, describe its literature and vitality, and distinguish Lombard from Italian and from the Germanic Lombards.","scope":{"in":[],"out":[],"boundaries":[]},"distinguishingFeatures":["Gallo-Italic classification","No unified standard","Cross-border with Switzerland","Endangered status"],"structure":{"bundles":[{"id":"understand","name":"Understand","description":"What Lombard is.","layers":[{"id":"definition","name":"Definition","description":"Definition and classification.","findings":[{"id":"definition-finding","name":"Definition","description":"Definition.","questions":[{"text":"What is Lombard, and how is it classified as a Gallo-Italic language rather than an Italian dialect, with positions attributed?","kind":"definition"},{"text":"Is the question about the language, a dialect, Italian or the Germanic Lombards?","kind":"boundary"}]}]},{"id":"dialects","name":"Dialects","description":"Dialects.","findings":[{"id":"dialects-finding","name":"Dialects","description":"Dialects.","questions":[{"text":"How do Western, Eastern and Alpine Lombard, Bresciano and Cremonese differ?","kind":"definition"},{"text":"Which entry fits the specific dialect?","kind":"action"}]}]}]},{"id":"structure","name":"Structure","description":"Grammar and writing.","layers":[{"id":"grammar","name":"Grammar","description":"Grammar.","findings":[{"id":"grammar-finding","name":"Grammar","description":"Grammar.","questions":[{"text":"What are the main features of Lombard phonology and grammar?","kind":"provenance"},{"text":"Which references are standard?","kind":"provenance"}]}]},{"id":"writing","name":"Writing","description":"Orthographies.","findings":[{"id":"writing-finding","name":"Writing","description":"Writing.","questions":[{"text":"What orthographies are used, from classical Milanese to modern proposals?","kind":"provenance"},{"text":"Which entry fits Lombard orthography?","kind":"action"}]}]}]},{"id":"status","name":"Status","description":"Status and vitality.","layers":[{"id":"status","name":"Status","description":"Legal status.","findings":[{"id":"status-finding","name":"Status","description":"Status.","questions":[{"text":"What status does Lombard hold in Italy and Switzerland?","kind":"provenance"},{"text":"Which sources are cited?","kind":"provenance"}]}]},{"id":"vitality","name":"Vitality","description":"Vitality.","findings":[{"id":"vitality-finding","name":"Vitality","description":"Vitality.","questions":[{"text":"How endangered is Lombard, and what revitalisation efforts exist?","kind":"provenance"},{"text":"Which entry fits language revitalisation?","kind":"action"}]}]}]},{"id":"context","name":"Context","description":"History and literature.","layers":[{"id":"history","name":"History","description":"History.","findings":[{"id":"history-finding","name":"History","description":"History.","questions":[{"text":"How did Lombard develop from Latin, and how did Italian displace it?","kind":"provenance"},{"text":"Which entry fits the history of the languages of Italy?","kind":"action"}]}]},{"id":"literature","name":"Literature","description":"Literature.","findings":[{"id":"literature-finding","name":"Literature","description":"Literature.","questions":[{"text":"What are the major works of Lombard literature, from Bonvesin to Porta and modern song?","kind":"provenance"},{"text":"Which entry fits Lombard literature?","kind":"action"}]}]}]}]},"agentConduct":{"may":["Translate, describe and teach Lombard, naming the variety used.","Explain its classification as a Gallo-Italic Romance language, attributing the dialect debate.","Relay speaker estimates with their source and date."],"mustNot":["Treat Lombard only as a dialect of Italian without noting its linguistic classification.","Confuse the Lombard language with the language of the Germanic Lombards.","Mock speakers of Lombard or its varieties."],"requiresHuman":["Choosing a spelling system or variety for public materials in Lombard."]},"ethics":{"considerations":["Lombard is losing speakers; dismissing it as a dialect speeds that loss.","Language is part of regional identity and must be treated with respect."],"affectedParties":["Lombard speakers","Learners","Regional communities"]},"owners":{"steward":"Nobody owns a language; it belongs to its speakers.","roles":[],"masterSystems":[]},"relations":[{"target":"Q123401462","type":"parent","note":"registry parent class"},{"target":"Q516074","type":"parent","note":"registry parent class"},{"target":"Gallo-Italic","type":"related","note":"in registry terms"},{"target":"Piedmontese-Lombard","type":"related","note":"in registry terms"},{"target":"Lombardy","type":"related","note":"and Ticino"},{"target":"Italian language","type":"related","note":"the national standard"}],"interaction":{"identity":{"applicability":"required","items":["Vercy registry: vr.tr.lombard","Wikidata: Q33754 (https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33754)","ISO 639-3: lmo","Glottolog: lomb1257"]},"properties":{"applicability":"not-applicable","items":["speakers: about 3.5 million - estimates","UNESCO status: definitely endangered category","main dialect groups: 2-4 count - by classification"]},"recognition":{"applicability":"optional","items":["Gallo-Italic language of Lombardy and Ticino","Western, Eastern and Alpine Lombard; Bresciano, Cremonese, Milanese, Bergamasque","Italian is the national language; the Lombards were a Germanic people; Lombard Street is unrelated","Not a visible object; written in the Latin alphabet in various orthographies."]},"capabilities":{"applicability":"required","items":["explain the language and dialects","relay classification and status","relay literature and vitality","distinguish from Italian and the Lombards"]},"hazards":{"applicability":"required","items":["Treating Lombard as an Italian dialect without noting linguistic classification","Confusing with the Germanic Lombards","Stale speaker estimates"]},"interfaces":{"applicability":"required","items":["Swiss recognition of Lombard as a minority language","Lombardy regional law on linguistic heritage of 2016","No recognition under Italian law 482/1999","UNESCO Atlas of endangered languages"]},"context":{"applicability":"required","items":["Not applicable; a language.","Western Lombard including Milanese, Ticinese and Comasco","Eastern Lombard including Bresciano and Bergamasque","Alpine Lombard varieties","southern and transitional varieties such as Cremonese","Lombard literary tradition in Milanese"]}},"sources":[{"title":"Wikidata item Q33754: Lombard","url":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33754","note":"identity and sense of the item"},{"title":"Wikipedia: Lombard language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lombard_language","note":"general description of the item"}],"openQuestions":["Should Western and Eastern Lombard be separate primary entries?","How should linguistic references be linked?","The registry entry has merged aliases naming dialects; should they be split off?"],"resources":{"spec":"/models/things/publications/thing-q33754/spec.json"},"provenance":{"origin":"thing registry research (pass 2)","builtFrom":["models/things/publications/thing-q33754/spec.json"],"providers":["Claude"],"researchStatus":"unreviewed","generatedAt":"2026-09-13T04:27:06Z","builder":"tools/build_cards.py@1.0.0"},"completeness":{"sections":{"classifiers":"filled","whatItIs":"filled","purpose":"filled","distinguishingFeatures":"filled","structure":"filled","agentConduct":"filled","ethics":"filled","owners":"filled","relations":"filled","interaction.identity":"filled","interaction.properties":"not-applicable","interaction.recognition":"filled","interaction.capabilities":"filled","interaction.hazards":"filled","interaction.interfaces":"filled","interaction.context":"filled","sources":"filled"},"notes":{"_gate":"Published through the thing publication gate 1.0 on 2026-10-07T10:10:30+00:00: completeness 1.00; sense: Wikidata description; 2 live sources; review by codex: pass","interaction.properties":"Plane INF: no invented physical properties."},"score":1.0}}