{"schema":"https://ver.cy/schemas/card/1.0.0","id":"vr.tr.corruption","code":"thing-q366","url":"https://ver.cy/models/thing/q366/","name":"corruption","alternateNames":["cronyism","spoils system","Wasta","no-show job","rent-seeking","bureaucratic rent-seeking","police corruption","carding","judicial corruption","Police corruption in Peru","Police corruption in Spain since 1975","Police corruption in Mexico"],"kind":"thing","status":"published","version":"0.2.0-wave.2","language":"en","classifiers":{"family":"Thing Registry","category":"Activities and processes","entryKind":"thing","plane":"ACT","domain":["ACT.ACT"],"industry":[],"navPath":"","tags":[],"facets":{}},"whatItIs":"The abuse of entrusted power for private gain, which can involve bribery, embezzlement, nepotism, cronyism, patronage systems such as the spoils system, favour networks such as wasta, no-show jobs, rent-seeking and fraud in public and private institutions when those practices involve such abuse; rent-seeking and wasta are not inherently corruption, and their classification depends on the circumstances; corruption undermines governance, development and trust, is measured by indices and surveys, and is addressed by criminal law, anti-corruption agencies, transparency measures and international conventions.","purpose":"Let an agent explain corruption and its forms and causes, describe measurement, law and anti-corruption measures, present debates and cases with attribution, and support civic and research questions without accusing individuals.","scope":{"in":[],"out":[],"boundaries":[]},"distinguishingFeatures":["Entrusted power","Private gain","Many forms","Legal and social sanction"],"structure":{"bundles":[{"id":"understand","name":"Understand","description":"What corruption is.","layers":[{"id":"concept","name":"Concept","description":"Concept and forms.","findings":[{"id":"concept-finding","name":"Concept","description":"Concept.","questions":[{"text":"What is corruption, and how do bribery, embezzlement, nepotism, cronyism, patronage and rent-seeking differ?","kind":"definition"},{"text":"Is the request accusing a specific person without adjudicated findings, which must be avoided?","kind":"boundary"}]}]},{"id":"causes","name":"Causes","description":"Causes and effects.","findings":[{"id":"causes-finding","name":"Causes","description":"Causes.","questions":[{"text":"What causes corruption, and what effects does it have on development and trust, according to research?","kind":"provenance"},{"text":"Which findings are contested?","kind":"boundary"}]}]}]},{"id":"measure","name":"Measure","description":"Measurement and law.","layers":[{"id":"measure","name":"Measure","description":"Measurement.","findings":[{"id":"measure-finding","name":"Measure","description":"Measurement.","questions":[{"text":"How is corruption measured by indices, surveys and audits, and what are the limits of these measures?","kind":"provenance"},{"text":"Which entry fits a specific index?","kind":"action"}]}]},{"id":"law","name":"Law","description":"Law and enforcement.","findings":[{"id":"law-finding","name":"Law","description":"Law.","questions":[{"text":"How do anti-corruption laws, agencies and international conventions address corruption?","kind":"provenance"},{"text":"Is legal advice needed from a professional?","kind":"boundary"}]}]}]},{"id":"address","name":"Address","description":"Anti-corruption measures.","layers":[{"id":"measures","name":"Measures","description":"Prevention.","findings":[{"id":"measures-finding","name":"Measures","description":"Prevention.","questions":[{"text":"What transparency, procurement, whistleblowing and institutional measures reduce corruption, according to evidence?","kind":"provenance"},{"text":"Which entry fits transparency?","kind":"action"}]}]},{"id":"cases","name":"Cases","description":"Cases and debates.","findings":[{"id":"cases-finding","name":"Cases","description":"Cases.","questions":[{"text":"How should documented corruption cases and debates about informal practices such as wasta be presented, with findings and positions attributed?","kind":"provenance"},{"text":"Is the presentation neutral and attributed?","kind":"boundary"}]}]}]},{"id":"learn","name":"Learn","description":"History and teaching.","layers":[{"id":"history","name":"History","description":"History.","findings":[{"id":"history-finding","name":"History","description":"History.","questions":[{"text":"How has corruption been understood and fought historically, from spoils systems to modern agencies?","kind":"provenance"},{"text":"Which references are standard?","kind":"provenance"}]}]},{"id":"teach","name":"Teach","description":"Teaching.","findings":[{"id":"teach-finding","name":"Teach","description":"Teaching.","questions":[{"text":"How can anti-corruption be taught in civic and professional education?","kind":"action"},{"text":"Which misconceptions arise?","kind":"provenance"}]}]}]}]},"agentConduct":{"may":["Explain forms of corruption and anti-corruption law in general terms with sources.","Report suspected corruption through official or whistleblowing channels when authorized.","Cite court findings and official reports when naming cases."],"mustNot":["Help offer, solicit or conceal bribes, kickbacks or embezzlement.","Accuse named people of corruption without court findings or credible reporting.","Expose whistleblowers' identities.","Treat corruption as a trait of a nation or culture."],"requiresHuman":["Reporting named individuals to authorities.","Publishing allegations against public officials."]},"ethics":{"considerations":["Corruption steals from the public and hits the poorest hardest.","False accusations destroy reputations; whistleblowers face retaliation."],"affectedParties":["The public","Whistleblowers","People wrongly accused"]},"owners":{"steward":"Nobody: a wrong; anti-corruption agencies and courts enforce the law.","roles":[],"masterSystems":["Court records","Registers of beneficial ownership"]},"relations":[{"target":"Q1975478","type":"parent","note":"registry parent class"},{"target":"Q83267","type":"parent","note":"registry parent class"},{"target":"Q896677","type":"parent","note":"registry parent class"},{"target":"abuse of power","type":"related","note":"category"},{"target":"crime","type":"related","note":"category"},{"target":"politics","type":"related","note":"power and its abuse"},{"target":"ombudsman","type":"related","note":"oversight institutions"}],"interaction":{"identity":{"applicability":"required","items":["Vercy registry: vr.tr.corruption","Wikidata: Q366 (https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q366)"]},"properties":{"applicability":"not-applicable","items":[]},"recognition":{"applicability":"optional","items":["Corruption involves abuse of entrusted power for private gain.","Bribery, embezzlement and nepotism can involve corruption, while rent-seeking and wasta qualify only when they involve abuse of entrusted power for private gain.","Lobbying or gifts do not by themselves establish corruption, and incompetence alone is not corruption.","Not physical; practices and transactions."]},"capabilities":{"applicability":"required","items":["explain forms and causes","describe measurement and law","present cases with attribution","support civic questions"]},"hazards":{"applicability":"required","items":["Accusing individuals without adjudicated findings","Partisan presentation","Treating all informal practices as corruption without context"]},"interfaces":{"applicability":"required","items":["Anti-corruption laws and international conventions","Public procurement and transparency rules","Corporate compliance standards"]},"context":{"applicability":"required","items":["Abuse of entrusted power for private gain.","bribery and kickbacks","embezzlement and fraud","nepotism, cronyism and patronage","rent-seeking and state capture","petty and grand corruption"]}},"sources":[{"title":"Wikidata item Q366: corruption","url":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q366","note":"identity and sense of the item"},{"title":"Wikipedia: Corruption","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corruption","note":"general description of the item"}],"openQuestions":["Should each form be a separate entry?","How should indices and reports be linked?","How should legal cases be attributed?"],"resources":{"spec":"/models/things/publications/thing-q366/spec.json"},"provenance":{"origin":"thing registry research (pass 2)","builtFrom":["models/things/publications/thing-q366/spec.json"],"providers":["Claude"],"researchStatus":"unreviewed","generatedAt":"2026-09-12T04:21:32Z","builder":"tools/build_cards.py@1.0.0"},"completeness":{"sections":{"classifiers":"filled","whatItIs":"filled","purpose":"filled","distinguishingFeatures":"filled","structure":"filled","agentConduct":"filled","ethics":"filled","owners":"filled","relations":"filled","interaction.identity":"filled","interaction.properties":"not-applicable","interaction.recognition":"filled","interaction.capabilities":"filled","interaction.hazards":"filled","interaction.interfaces":"filled","interaction.context":"filled","sources":"filled"},"notes":{"_gate":"Published through the thing publication gate 1.0 on 2026-10-07T10:10:30+00:00: completeness 1.00; sense: Wikidata description; 2 live sources; review by codex: pass","interaction.properties":"Plane ACT: no invented physical properties."},"score":1.0}}