{"schema":"https://ver.cy/schemas/card/1.0.0","id":"vr.tr.ozone","code":"thing-q36933","url":"https://ver.cy/models/thing/q36933/","name":"ozone","alternateNames":["Ground-level ozone"],"kind":"thing","status":"published","version":"0.1.0-research.1","language":"en","classifiers":{"family":"Thing Registry","category":"Physical world and living systems","entryKind":"thing","plane":"PHY","domain":["PHY.MAT"],"industry":[],"navPath":"","tags":[],"facets":{}},"whatItIs":"Ozone is the triatomic allotrope of oxygen (O₃), a bent polar C₂v molecule generated by addition of ground-state oxygen atoms to O₂, and encountered as the stratospheric ultraviolet filter, a short-lived tropospheric oxidant and air pollutant, and an industrial disinfectant/oxidant.","purpose":"Enable an AI agent to recognise ozone, assess its amount and changing state in a specified environment, and determine whether monitoring, treatment, containment or removal is justified.","scope":{"in":["Identification of O3 and distinction between the substance, its carrier medium and products containing it.","Ozone concentration or amount with measurement basis, location, time and uncertainty.","Formation, transport, dissolution, consumption and decomposition of ozone in the represented environment.","Ozone-specific reaction potential, treatment performance and residual verification.","Exposure pathways, material compatibility and evidence governing ozone-related actions."],"out":["Oxygen O2, atomic oxygen and other reactive oxygen species as independently modelled substances.","The ozone layer, atmospheric circulation, smog and climate systems as whole phenomena.","Ozone generators, contactors, monitors and destruction equipment as engineered assets.","Air, water and commercial mixtures as complete material compositions.","Diseases, organism responses and clinical management of exposure.","Regulations, treatment protocols and facility operating procedures as authoritative documents."],"boundaries":[]},"distinguishingFeatures":["Require chemical identity consistent with O3 rather than O2 or atomic oxygen; ozone consists of three oxygen atoms. [EPA: What is Ozone?](https://www.epa.gov/ozone-pollution-and-your-patients-health/what-ozone)","Require an ozone-selective measurement or identification method with documented interference control; an undifferentiated oxidant response does not establish ozone identity.","Distinguish ozone itself from ozonated air or water by recording O3 as a constituent with its own measured concentration and a separately identified carrier.","Treat ground-level and stratospheric ozone as the same chemical substance in different environmental contexts, rather than different substances. [EPA: Ozone and Ozone Standards - The Basics](https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2016-04/documents/20151001basicsfs.pdf)","Distinguish the presence of ozone from labels such as active oxygen, oxygenated or fresh-smelling; require evidence identifying O3 rather than inferring it from a product name or sensory impression."],"structure":{"bundles":[{"id":"ozone-identity-and-occurrence","name":"Ozone identity and occurrence","description":"Establish what is being called ozone and the material or environmental occurrence being represented.","layers":[{"id":"chemical-recognition","name":"Chemical recognition","description":"Record evidence supporting identification of the substance as O3.","findings":[{"id":"verified-o3-identity","name":"Verified O3 identity","description":"Require an explicit chemical identity and evidence appropriate to the occurrence, with uncertain identification retained as uncertain.","questions":[{"text":"What evidence identifies O3 rather than O2, another oxidant or an unspecified active-oxygen product?","id":"verified-o3-identity-q01","kind":"definition"},{"text":"Who or what supplied the identification, and was it analytically verified for this occurrence?","id":"verified-o3-identity-q02","kind":"provenance"}]}]},{"id":"carrier-and-occurrence-boundary","name":"Carrier and occurrence boundary","description":"Separate ozone from its carrier and define the extent of the represented occurrence.","findings":[{"id":"bounded-ozone-occurrence","name":"Bounded ozone occurrence","description":"Identify whether the record concerns a sample, process stream, dissolved constituent or environmental volume, including its spatial and temporal limits.","questions":[{"text":"Which sample, stream or environmental volume contains the ozone, and over what interval is it represented?","id":"bounded-ozone-occurrence-q01","kind":"boundary"},{"text":"Which properties describe O3 itself, and which belong to the carrier, mixture or surrounding atmospheric system?","id":"bounded-ozone-occurrence-q02","kind":"boundary"}]}]}]},{"id":"ozone-amount-and-observation","name":"Ozone amount and observation","description":"Make ozone measurements interpretable across gas, liquid and atmospheric observations.","layers":[{"id":"quantity-and-reference-basis","name":"Quantity and reference basis","description":"Describe the measured ozone quantity and the conditions required to interpret it.","findings":[{"id":"comparable-ozone-quantity","name":"Comparable ozone quantity","description":"Record units, phase or carrier, reference conditions and averaging or integration bounds before comparing values.","questions":[{"text":"Is the value a gas mole fraction, mass concentration, dissolved concentration, total amount or atmospheric column abundance?","id":"comparable-ozone-quantity-q01","kind":"measurement"},{"text":"What temperature, pressure, wet/dry basis and temporal or vertical integration limits are needed to interpret or convert it?","id":"comparable-ozone-quantity-q02","kind":"measurement"}]}]},{"id":"ozone-measurement-validity","name":"Ozone measurement validity","description":"Establish whether the method and sample handling support the claimed ozone observation.","findings":[{"id":"selectivity-and-sample-integrity","name":"Selectivity and sample integrity","description":"Record calibration, interference checks, detection capability and assessed ozone losses between the occurrence and measurement.","questions":[{"text":"Which method, calibration and interference checks support the reported ozone value and uncertainty?","id":"selectivity-and-sample-integrity-q01","kind":"provenance"},{"text":"How were sampling delay, tubing or vessel interactions, and changes during sample handling assessed?","id":"selectivity-and-sample-integrity-q02","kind":"measurement"},{"text":"Does a low result mean quantified ozone, below detection, below quantification or an invalid measurement?","id":"selectivity-and-sample-integrity-q03","kind":"measurement"}]}]}]},{"id":"ozone-formation-transfer-and-loss","name":"Ozone formation, transfer and loss","description":"Explain changes in the represented ozone occurrence through production, introduction, movement and removal.","layers":[{"id":"formation-and-delivery","name":"Formation and delivery","description":"Identify how ozone enters or forms within the represented boundary.","findings":[{"id":"attributed-ozone-input","name":"Attributed ozone input","description":"Link ozone to evidenced formation processes, supplied streams or transport, without treating a suspected source as established.","questions":[{"text":"Was this ozone formed locally, deliberately supplied or transported into the boundary, and what supports that attribution?","id":"attributed-ozone-input-q01","kind":"provenance"},{"text":"What observations distinguish generator output or incoming ozone from the amount actually delivered to the location of interest?","id":"attributed-ozone-input-q02","kind":"measurement"}]}]},{"id":"persistence-and-removal","name":"Persistence and removal","description":"Characterise ozone loss and redistribution under the conditions actually present.","findings":[{"id":"condition-dependent-ozone-fate","name":"Condition-dependent ozone fate","description":"Separate reaction or decomposition from dilution and phase transfer, and constrain predictions to observed or validated conditions.","questions":[{"text":"What concentration-time evidence constrains persistence in this matrix at the recorded temperature, light exposure and mixing conditions?","id":"condition-dependent-ozone-fate-q01","kind":"measurement"},{"text":"How much apparent ozone loss represents chemical consumption, dilution, transfer to another phase or measurement artefact?","id":"condition-dependent-ozone-fate-q02","kind":"boundary"},{"text":"When must ozone be measured again before an earlier observation can support another action?","id":"condition-dependent-ozone-fate-q03","kind":"action"}]}]}]},{"id":"ozone-reactions-and-treatment","name":"Ozone reactions and treatment","description":"Represent intended ozone reactions, competing consumption and evidence of treatment outcome.","layers":[{"id":"target-contact-and-demand","name":"Target contact and demand","description":"Relate ozone available at the target to the intended chemical or biological outcome.","findings":[{"id":"effective-ozone-contact","name":"Effective ozone contact","description":"Distinguish applied dose, competing matrix demand and measured residual throughout the relevant contact period.","questions":[{"text":"What target reaction or treatment outcome is intended, and what validated criterion connects it to ozone contact under these conditions?","id":"effective-ozone-contact-q01","kind":"action"},{"text":"What delivered dose, residual profile, contact time and competing ozone demand were actually measured?","id":"effective-ozone-contact-q02","kind":"measurement"}]}]},{"id":"reaction-outcomes-and-products","name":"Reaction outcomes and products","description":"Track intended results and matrix-specific products requiring separate evaluation.","findings":[{"id":"verified-treatment-and-product-fate","name":"Verified treatment and product fate","description":"Require outcome evidence separate from ozone application, and link reaction products to their own substance assessments.","questions":[{"text":"What independent observation demonstrates that the intended target was transformed or the treatment objective was achieved?","id":"verified-treatment-and-product-fate-q01","kind":"measurement"},{"text":"Which reaction products need investigation for this matrix, and what evidence supports their identification and disposition?","id":"verified-treatment-and-product-fate-q02","kind":"boundary"}]}]}]},{"id":"ozone-exposure-and-action-controls","name":"Ozone exposure and action controls","description":"Connect ozone observations to exposed receptors, contacted materials and the conditions for a proposed action.","layers":[{"id":"receptors-and-contacted-materials","name":"Receptors and contacted materials","description":"Identify who or what can encounter ozone and the evidence needed to assess that contact.","findings":[{"id":"ozone-contact-assessment","name":"Ozone contact assessment","description":"Link exposure location and duration to affected people, organisms and materials, including possible transfer from treated liquid to surrounding gas.","questions":[{"text":"Which people, organisms or materials can encounter ozone, by which pathway and for how long?","id":"ozone-contact-assessment-q01","kind":"boundary"},{"text":"What measurements at the exposure location and what ozone-specific material compatibility evidence support the assessment?","id":"ozone-contact-assessment-q02","kind":"measurement"}]}]},{"id":"action-criteria-and-clearance","name":"Action criteria and clearance","description":"Bind ozone-related actions to applicable criteria and verified current conditions.","findings":[{"id":"evidence-bound-ozone-action","name":"Evidence-bound ozone action","description":"Record the proposed action, governing criterion, required controls and verification evidence without inventing a universal permissible concentration.","questions":[{"text":"Which current rule or validated procedure governs this action, jurisdiction, receptor and averaging period?","id":"evidence-bound-ozone-action-q01","kind":"provenance"},{"text":"What conditions must be verified before ozone generation, treatment, access, discharge or restart may proceed?","id":"evidence-bound-ozone-action-q02","kind":"action"},{"text":"After isolation or ozone destruction, what residual measurements and reaction-product checks establish that the named clearance condition is satisfied?","id":"evidence-bound-ozone-action-q03","kind":"action"}]}]}]},{"id":"evidence-and-external-alignment","name":"Evidence and external alignment","description":"What the world already says about this thing, gathered so the model can be checked against it.","layers":[{"id":"reported-evidence","name":"Reported evidence","description":"Findings from the breadth pass, kept separate from the structural claims.","findings":[{"id":"evidence-kinds","name":"Kinds and varieties","description":"Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.","questions":[{"text":"Which of these kinds and varieties hold for the sense of ozone this model covers, and on what evidence?","id":"evidence-kinds-q01","kind":"provenance"}]},{"id":"evidence-identifiers","name":"Identifiers and schemes","description":"Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.","questions":[{"text":"Which of these identifiers and schemes hold for the sense of ozone this model covers, and on what evidence?","id":"evidence-identifiers-q01","kind":"provenance"}]},{"id":"evidence-standards-and-regulation","name":"Standards and regulation","description":"Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.","questions":[{"text":"Which of these standards and regulation hold for the sense of ozone this model covers, and on what evidence?","id":"evidence-standards-and-regulation-q01","kind":"provenance"}]},{"id":"evidence-real-world-use","name":"Real-world use","description":"Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.","questions":[{"text":"Which of these real-world use hold for the sense of ozone this model covers, and on what evidence?","id":"evidence-real-world-use-q01","kind":"provenance"}]},{"id":"evidence-measurements","name":"Typical measurements","description":"Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.","questions":[{"text":"Which of these typical measurements hold for the sense of ozone this model covers, and on what evidence?","id":"evidence-measurements-q01","kind":"provenance"}]},{"id":"evidence-failure-modes-and-hazards","name":"Failure modes and hazards","description":"Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.","questions":[{"text":"Which of these failure modes and hazards hold for the sense of ozone this model covers, and on what evidence?","id":"evidence-failure-modes-and-hazards-q01","kind":"provenance"}]},{"id":"evidence-regional-variation","name":"Regional variation","description":"Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.","questions":[{"text":"Which of these regional variation hold for the sense of ozone this model covers, and on what evidence?","id":"evidence-regional-variation-q01","kind":"provenance"}]},{"id":"evidence-neighbours","name":"Neighbouring kinds and how to tell them apart","description":"Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.","questions":[{"text":"Which of these neighbouring kinds and how to tell them apart hold for the sense of ozone this model covers, and on what evidence?","id":"evidence-neighbours-q01","kind":"provenance"}]}]}]}]},"agentConduct":{"may":["Measure and report ozone levels in air and stratosphere data.","Warn people when ground-level ozone exceeds health guideline levels."],"mustNot":["Run ozone generators in occupied rooms or promote them as safe air cleaners.","Present ozone as a medical treatment where it is not approved.","Release ozone-depleting substances in breach of the law.","Confuse protective stratospheric ozone with harmful ground-level ozone."],"requiresHuman":["Using ozone to disinfect a space people will return to."]},"ethics":{"considerations":["Ground-level ozone harms lungs and crops; the stratospheric layer shields life from ultraviolet light."],"affectedParties":["People with asthma and lung disease","Children and outdoor workers","Crops and ecosystems"]},"owners":{"steward":"The public: held in common; environmental authorities regulate emissions and air quality.","roles":[],"masterSystems":["Air quality monitoring networks","Ozone layer monitoring records"]},"relations":[{"target":"Q187689","type":"parent","note":"registry parent class"},{"target":"Q47088730","type":"parent","note":"registry parent class"}],"interaction":{"identity":{"applicability":"required","items":["Vercy registry: vr.tr.ozone","Wikidata: Q36933 (https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36933)"]},"properties":{"applicability":"required","items":["Ozone identity evidence: Chemical identity O3 linked to analytical evidence, supplier evidence or an explicitly unverified assertion","Carrier and occurrence context: Ambient air, indoor air, process gas, aqueous solution, other specified matrix","Physical state: Gas, liquid, solid or dissolved constituent, with temperature and pressure","Gas-phase concentration: nmol/mol (ppb), µmol/mol (ppm) or mg/m³; specify wet/dry basis and temperature and pressure where needed","Dissolved ozone concentration: mg/L of O3 with sampling location, sampling time and analytical method","Observation support and quality: Sampling volume or footprint, timestamp, averaging interval, method, calibration, detection limit and uncertainty","Atmospheric column abundance: Dobson units or molecules/m² with vertical bounds and retrieval method","Formation or introduction pathway: Linked photochemical process, electrical discharge, process feed, transported source or unknown origin","Persistence under current conditions: Observed concentration-time series or fitted decay rate with matrix, temperature, light and fit validity","Ozone demand: Mass of O3 consumed per specified volume or mass of matrix over a stated interval","Treatment exposure: Integral of measured ozone concentration over contact time, such as mg·min/L, with contact conditions","Action eligibility: Undetermined, conditions satisfied or conditions failed for a named action and validity interval"]},"recognition":{"applicability":"required","items":["A pale blue gas with a sharp smell, noticed near sparks and copiers.","Ground-level episodes on hot sunny days in smog alerts."]},"capabilities":{"applicability":"required","items":["Identify and quantify ozone using a method suitable for the carrier, concentration range and relevant interferents.","Track ozone formation, transport and disappearance to locate causes of accumulation or loss.","Compare observations against a named criterion using matching units, sampling locations and averaging periods.","Evaluate a proposed ozone treatment using delivered dose, measured residual, contact conditions and independent outcome evidence.","Select an authorised containment, isolation or ozone-destruction action using exposure and compatibility evidence.","Verify ozone residuals and relevant reaction products before declaring a treatment, clearance or release condition satisfied."]},"hazards":{"applicability":"required","items":["Lung irritation and asthma attacks.","Damage to rubber, plastics and plants.","Ozone layer depletion raises skin cancer risk."]},"interfaces":{"applicability":"required","items":["Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer, United Nations Environment Programme.","WHO Global Air Quality Guidelines, World Health Organization."]},"context":{"applicability":"required","items":["Ozone occurs naturally in the atmosphere, where stratospheric ozone absorbs ultraviolet radiation and ground-level ozone contributes to air pollution.","Engineered systems generate ozone for water treatment, disinfection and industrial oxidation.","Environmental and workplace monitoring assess its concentration because its strong oxidising action can affect organisms and materials."]}},"sources":[{"title":"PubChem Compound Summary for CID 24823, Ozone","url":"https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/24823","note":"Identity (CAS, molecular formula, InChIKey), physical properties, and common identifiers."},{"title":"Wikidata item Q36933 (ozone)","url":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36933","note":"Canonical catalogue identifier and crosswalks to CAS, ChemSpider, and UN numbers."},{"title":"WHO global air quality guidelines: particulate matter, ozone, nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide and carbon monoxide","url":"https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240034228","note":"Health-based ambient ozone guideline values (peak-season and 8-hour) used in air-quality practice."},{"title":"National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) for ozone","url":"https://www.epa.gov/ground-level-ozone-pollution","note":"U.S. regulatory definition of ground-level ozone as a criteria pollutant and the 0.070 ppm 8-hour standard."},{"title":"Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer (1987, as adjusted and amended)","url":"https://ozone.unep.org/treaties/montreal-protocol","note":"International legal regime protecting stratospheric ozone by controlling ODS, distinct from tropospheric ozone air-quality law."},{"title":"ISO 13964: Ambient air - Determination of ozone - Ultraviolet photometric method","url":"","note":"Reference measurement principle (UV photometry in the Hartley band) that separates ozone from neighbouring oxidants in air monitoring."},{"title":"29 CFR 1910.1000 Table Z-1, Air contaminants (ozone)","url":"https://www.osha.gov/laws-regs/regulations/standardnumber/1910/1910.1000TABLEZ1","note":"U.S. occupational exposure limit (PEL 0.1 ppm, 8-hour TWA) used as a practical concentration bound."},{"title":"Scientific Assessment of Ozone Depletion: 2022","url":"","note":"Stratospheric column amounts, Dobson-unit practice, Antarctic ozone-hole definition, and catalytic depletion chemistry."},{"title":"Wikipedia: Ozone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozone","note":"general description of the item"}],"openQuestions":["Which existing Vercy world model, if any, already owns ozone as a substance and should be linked instead of creating a separate publication?","Which analytical methods, interference controls and sample-handling limits are validated for the ozone matrices and concentration ranges this model must support?","What evidence supports persistence estimates in each intended environment, and how should the model limit extrapolation beyond measured conditions?","Which treatment-specific contact criteria, competing reactions and reaction-product assessments are required for the intended uses, including whether bromate monitoring applies to bromide-containing waters?","Which current jurisdictional criteria and material compatibility references should govern the model's action decisions for each supported setting?"],"resources":{"spec":"/models/things/publications/thing-q36933/spec.json"},"provenance":{"origin":"thing registry research (pass 2)","builtFrom":["models/things/publications/thing-q36933/spec.json"],"providers":["Codex","Grok"],"researchStatus":"unreviewed","generatedAt":"2026-09-07T12:01:11Z","builder":"tools/build_cards.py@1.0.0"},"completeness":{"sections":{"classifiers":"filled","whatItIs":"filled","purpose":"filled","distinguishingFeatures":"filled","structure":"filled","agentConduct":"filled","ethics":"filled","owners":"filled","relations":"filled","interaction.identity":"filled","interaction.properties":"filled","interaction.recognition":"filled","interaction.capabilities":"filled","interaction.hazards":"filled","interaction.interfaces":"filled","interaction.context":"filled","sources":"filled"},"notes":{"_gate":"Published through the thing publication gate 1.0 on 2026-10-07T10:10:30+00:00: completeness 1.00; sense: Wikidata description; 7 live sources; review by codex: pass"},"score":1.0}}