{"schema":"https://ver.cy/schemas/card/1.0.0","id":"vr.tr.glucose","code":"thing-q37525","url":"https://ver.cy/models/thing/q37525/","name":"glucose","alternateNames":["L-glucose","aldehydo-glucose","glucofuranose","glucopyranose","D-glucose","L-glucofuranose","L-glucopyranose","aldehydo-L-glucose","aldehydo-L-(1-¹⁴C)glucose","aldehydo-D-(¹³C₆)glucose","aldehydo-D-(6-¹³C)glucose","aldehydo-D-(1,6-¹³C₂)glucose"],"kind":"thing","status":"published","version":"0.2.0-wave.5","language":"en","classifiers":{"family":"Thing Registry","category":"Physical world and living systems","entryKind":"thing","plane":"PHY","domain":["PHY.MAT"],"industry":[],"navPath":"","tags":[],"facets":{}},"whatItIs":"A simple sugar with the formula C6H12O6, the most abundant monosaccharide, made by plants in photosynthesis and used by most organisms as a main source of energy; the natural form is D-glucose, also called dextrose.","purpose":"Let an agent identify glucose by its chemical identifiers and properties, explain its role in metabolism and food, and route health questions about blood sugar to clinicians.","scope":{"in":[],"out":[],"boundaries":[]},"distinguishingFeatures":["An aldohexose; fructose has the same formula but is a ketose.","D-glucose is the natural form; L-glucose is rare and not metabolised in the same way.","In water the alpha and beta ring forms interconvert through a trace open-chain form (mutarotation).","Glucose syrup is a mixture of saccharides from starch, not pure glucose."],"structure":{"bundles":[{"id":"chemical-identity","name":"Chemical identity","description":"Which substance exactly.","layers":[{"id":"structure","name":"Structure","description":"Formula, isomers and anomers.","findings":[{"id":"isomer-and-form","name":"Isomer and form","description":"D or L, alpha or beta, hydrate.","questions":[{"text":"Which isomer and form is meant?","kind":"definition"},{"text":"Is it anhydrous or monohydrate?","kind":"boundary"}]}]},{"id":"identifiers","name":"Identifiers","description":"Registry numbers.","findings":[{"id":"registry-numbers","name":"Registry numbers","description":"CAS, PubChem, ChEBI.","questions":[{"text":"Which identifiers match this form?","kind":"provenance"},{"text":"Do the identifiers agree with each other?","kind":"boundary"}]}]}]},{"id":"properties","name":"Properties","description":"Physical and chemical data.","layers":[{"id":"physical","name":"Physical","description":"Melting point, solubility.","findings":[{"id":"physical-data","name":"Physical data","description":"Measured values and conditions.","questions":[{"text":"What are the melting point and solubility?","kind":"measurement"},{"text":"Under what conditions were they measured?","kind":"provenance"}]}]},{"id":"chemical","name":"Chemical","description":"Reactions and stability.","findings":[{"id":"reactivity","name":"Reactivity","description":"Reducing sugar, caramelisation, fermentation.","questions":[{"text":"How does it react on heating?","kind":"definition"},{"text":"Is it a reducing sugar?","kind":"definition"}]}]}]},{"id":"biology","name":"Biology","description":"Role in living things.","layers":[{"id":"metabolism","name":"Metabolism","description":"Glycolysis and storage.","findings":[{"id":"energy-use","name":"Energy use","description":"Glycolysis, respiration, glycogen.","questions":[{"text":"How do cells use glucose for energy?","kind":"definition"},{"text":"How is it stored?","kind":"definition"}]}]},{"id":"photosynthesis","name":"Photosynthesis","description":"Production in plants.","findings":[{"id":"synthesis","name":"Synthesis","description":"Made from carbon dioxide and water.","questions":[{"text":"How do plants make glucose?","kind":"definition"},{"text":"What becomes of it in the plant?","kind":"definition"}]}]}]},{"id":"health-measurement","name":"Health measurement","description":"Blood glucose.","layers":[{"id":"readings","name":"Readings","description":"Units and reference ranges.","findings":[{"id":"blood-glucose-value","name":"Blood glucose value","description":"Value, unit and timing.","questions":[{"text":"Is the value in mmol/L or mg/dL?","kind":"measurement"},{"text":"Was it fasting or after a meal?","kind":"boundary"}]}]},{"id":"safety","name":"Safety","description":"When to seek help.","findings":[{"id":"urgent-readings","name":"Urgent readings","description":"Very low or very high values.","questions":[{"text":"Is this reading in a range that needs urgent help?","kind":"action"},{"text":"Who should be contacted?","kind":"action"}]}]}]},{"id":"uses-and-supply","name":"Uses and supply","description":"Food, medicine and industry.","layers":[{"id":"food-and-medicine","name":"Food and medicine","description":"Dextrose, infusions and syrups.","findings":[{"id":"product-form","name":"Product form","description":"Grade and specification.","questions":[{"text":"Which grade and specification applies?","kind":"provenance"},{"text":"Is it pure dextrose or a syrup?","kind":"boundary"}]}]},{"id":"production","name":"Production","description":"From starch hydrolysis.","findings":[{"id":"manufacture","name":"Manufacture","description":"Source starch and process.","questions":[{"text":"From which starch was it made?","kind":"provenance"},{"text":"Which process was used?","kind":"definition"}]}]}]}]},"agentConduct":{"may":["give chemical data and identifiers","explain glucose in metabolism and food in general terms","convert measurement units"],"mustNot":["give insulin or medication doses","diagnose diabetes or hypoglycaemia","advise ignoring a dangerous blood glucose reading"],"requiresHuman":["any treatment decision","emergency response to a very low or very high reading"]},"ethics":{"considerations":["public health and sugar consumption","safety of people with diabetes"],"affectedParties":["people with diabetes","consumers"]},"owners":{"steward":"nobody; a chemical substance, with records kept by chemical registries","roles":[],"masterSystems":["CAS Registry","PubChem","ChEBI"]},"relations":[{"target":"Q1077067","type":"parent","note":"registry parent class"},{"target":"monosaccharide","type":"related","note":"an aldohexose"},{"target":"starch","type":"related","note":"polymer of glucose"},{"target":"fructose","type":"related","note":"same formula, different structure"},{"target":"blood sugar","type":"related","note":"clinical measurement"},{"target":"glucose syrup","type":"related","note":"a mixture made from starch"}],"interaction":{"identity":{"applicability":"required","items":["Vercy registry: vr.tr.glucose","Wikidata: Q37525 (https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37525)","CAS Registry Number: 50-99-7 D-glucose","PubChem CID: 5793 D-glucose","ChEBI: CHEBI:17234 glucose","molecular formula: C6H12O6"]},"properties":{"applicability":"required","items":["molar mass: 180.16 g/mol - anhydrous; the monohydrate C6H12O6.H2O is about 198.17","melting point: 146-150 degC - anhydrous alpha-D-glucose about 146; beta form about 150","solubility in water: about 1 g in 1.1 mL - anhydrous alpha-D-glucose at 25 degC","relative sweetness: 0.7-0.8 x sucrose"]},"recognition":{"applicability":"required","items":["Appearance is not diagnostic; identify the substance and form from documentation or analysis","Sold as white crystals or powder labelled dextrose","A white crystalline powder or colourless crystals, sweet tasting and soluble in water."]},"capabilities":{"applicability":"required","items":["give identifiers and basic physical data","explain its role in metabolism","convert blood glucose between units (mg/dL = mmol/L x 18.016), without interpreting the reading","describe its uses in food and industry"]},"hazards":{"applicability":"required","items":["Hypoglycaemia and hyperglycaemia in people with diabetes","Dust explosion risk in bulk powder handling","Dental caries from frequent sugar intake"]},"interfaces":{"applicability":"required","items":["European Pharmacopoeia monographs for glucose and glucose monohydrate","Codex Alimentarius Standard for Sugars, CXS 212-1999 (FAO/WHO), covering dextrose and glucose syrup","ISO 15197 requirements for blood glucose monitoring systems for self-testing"]},"context":{"applicability":"required","items":["Supplying energy to cells and serving as a building block of starch, cellulose and glycogen; used in food, medicine and fermentation.","D-glucose (dextrose)","L-glucose","alpha and beta anomers","anhydrous dextrose","dextrose monohydrate"]}},"sources":[{"title":"Q37525","url":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37525","note":"identity of the registry item, labels and sitelinks"},{"title":"Glucose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glucose","note":"general description of the subject"},{"title":"D-Glucose, PubChem CID 5793","url":"https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/5793","note":"formula, molar mass, identifiers and properties"},{"title":"glucose (CHEBI:17234)","url":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/CHEBI:17234","note":"ChEBI identifier"},{"title":"ICSC 0865 - Glucose","url":"https://chemicalsafety.ilo.org/dyn/icsc/showcard.display?p_card_id=0865&p_lang=en&p_version=2","note":"CAS and EC numbers, appearance and combustible dust hazard"},{"title":"ISO 15197:2013","url":"https://www.iso.org/standard/54976.html","note":"requirements for blood-glucose self-testing systems"}],"openQuestions":["The registry merges many isomers and forms; should L-glucose stay merged here?","Reference ranges for blood glucose differ between guidelines; which source should the card cite?"],"resources":{"spec":"/models/things/publications/thing-q37525/spec.json"},"provenance":{"origin":"thing registry research (pass 2)","builtFrom":["models/things/publications/thing-q37525/spec.json"],"providers":["Claude"],"researchStatus":"unreviewed","generatedAt":"2026-10-21T18:41:55Z","builder":"tools/build_cards.py@1.0.0"},"completeness":{"sections":{"classifiers":"filled","whatItIs":"filled","purpose":"filled","distinguishingFeatures":"filled","structure":"filled","agentConduct":"filled","ethics":"filled","owners":"filled","relations":"filled","interaction.identity":"filled","interaction.properties":"filled","interaction.recognition":"filled","interaction.capabilities":"filled","interaction.hazards":"filled","interaction.interfaces":"filled","interaction.context":"filled","sources":"filled"},"notes":{"_gate":"Published through the thing publication gate 1.0 on 2026-10-21T18:44:15+00:00: completeness 1.00; sense: Wikidata description; 6 live sources; review by codex: pass"},"score":1.0}}