{"schema":"https://ver.cy/schemas/card/1.0.0","id":"vr.tr.agglutination-q393294","code":"thing-q393294","url":"https://ver.cy/models/thing/q393294/","name":"agglutination","alternateNames":[],"kind":"thing","status":"research-draft","version":"0.2.0-wave.4","language":"en","classifiers":{"family":"Thing Registry","category":"","entryKind":"","plane":"","domain":["ACT.PRC"],"industry":[],"navPath":"","tags":[],"facets":{}},"whatItIs":"The clumping together of particles such as cells, bacteria or latex beads when antibodies or other binding molecules link them, used in blood typing, where antibodies against A or B antigens make red cells clump, in haemagglutination assays, including viral haemagglutination, in which viruses such as influenza bind red blood cells, in the haemagglutination inhibition test used to measure antibody responses, and in latex agglutination tests for infections; sperm agglutination, clumping of sperm sometimes caused by antisperm antibodies, is studied in fertility assessment. In transfusion, incompatible blood causes agglutination and haemolysis, which is why crossmatching is essential.","purpose":"Let an agent explain agglutination, relay mechanisms, laboratory tests, blood typing and clinical relevance from immunology and transfusion medicine sources, describe the named forms, and distinguish agglutination from precipitation of soluble antigens, coagulation or blood clotting, rouleaux formation and the linguistic sense of agglutination.","scope":{"in":[],"out":[],"boundaries":[]},"distinguishingFeatures":["Particle clumping","Antibody-mediated","Simple visible readout","Transfusion safety role"],"structure":{"bundles":[{"id":"understand","name":"Understand","description":"What agglutination is.","layers":[{"id":"definition","name":"Definition","description":"Definition.","findings":[{"id":"definition-finding","name":"Definition","description":"Definition.","questions":[{"text":"What is agglutination, and how does it differ from precipitation, coagulation, rouleaux and linguistic agglutination?","kind":"definition"},{"text":"Is someone having fever, chills, back pain or dark urine during a transfusion, in which case stop and alert staff or emergency services?","kind":"boundary"}]}]},{"id":"forms","name":"Forms","description":"Named forms.","findings":[{"id":"forms-finding","name":"Forms","description":"Forms.","questions":[{"text":"What are haemagglutination, sperm agglutination and viral haemagglutination?","kind":"definition"},{"text":"Which entry fits the specific form?","kind":"action"}]}]}]},{"id":"immunology","name":"Immunology","description":"Mechanism.","layers":[{"id":"antibodies","name":"Antibodies","description":"Cross-linking.","findings":[{"id":"antibodies-finding","name":"Antibodies","description":"Antibodies.","questions":[{"text":"How do antibodies cross-link particles, and why are IgM antibodies efficient agglutinins?","kind":"provenance"},{"text":"Which references are standard?","kind":"provenance"}]}]},{"id":"viruses","name":"Viruses","description":"Viral haemagglutination.","findings":[{"id":"viruses-finding","name":"Viruses","description":"Viruses.","questions":[{"text":"How do influenza haemagglutinins bind red cells, and how is HI testing used?","kind":"provenance"},{"text":"Which sources are cited?","kind":"provenance"}]}]}]},{"id":"clinical","name":"Clinical","description":"Clinical uses.","layers":[{"id":"typing","name":"Blood typing","description":"Blood typing.","findings":[{"id":"typing-finding","name":"Blood typing","description":"Blood typing.","questions":[{"text":"How is agglutination used for ABO and Rh typing and crossmatching?","kind":"provenance"},{"text":"Which entry fits cross-matching?","kind":"action"}]}]},{"id":"fertility","name":"Fertility","description":"Sperm agglutination.","findings":[{"id":"fertility-finding","name":"Fertility","description":"Fertility.","questions":[{"text":"What does sperm agglutination indicate in fertility testing, in general terms?","kind":"provenance"},{"text":"Which entry fits semen analysis?","kind":"action"}]}]}]},{"id":"context","name":"Context","description":"History.","layers":[{"id":"landsteiner","name":"Landsteiner","description":"Discovery of blood groups.","findings":[{"id":"landsteiner-finding","name":"Landsteiner","description":"Landsteiner.","questions":[{"text":"How did Landsteiner discover blood groups through agglutination?","kind":"provenance"},{"text":"Which entry fits Karl Landsteiner?","kind":"action"}]}]},{"id":"rapid","name":"Rapid tests","description":"Rapid diagnostics.","findings":[{"id":"rapid-finding","name":"Rapid tests","description":"Rapid tests.","questions":[{"text":"How are latex agglutination tests used in rapid diagnostics?","kind":"provenance"},{"text":"Is the information current?","kind":"boundary"}]}]}]}]},"agentConduct":{"may":["explain mechanisms","relay laboratory tests","describe named forms","relay transfusion relevance"],"mustNot":[],"requiresHuman":[]},"ethics":{"considerations":[],"affectedParties":[]},"owners":{"steward":"","roles":[],"masterSystems":[]},"relations":[{"target":"physiological process","type":"related","note":"in registry terms"},{"target":"blood type","type":"related","note":"typing"},{"target":"antibody","type":"related"},{"target":"coagulation","type":"related"}],"interaction":{"identity":{"applicability":"required","items":[]},"properties":{"applicability":"not-applicable","items":["ABO blood groups discovered: 1901 year - Karl Landsteiner","influenza haemagglutination described: 1941 year - George Hirst","Coombs test: 1945 year - antiglobulin test"]},"recognition":{"applicability":"optional","items":["Clumping of particles by binding molecules","Haemagglutination, sperm agglutination, viral haemagglutination, latex agglutination","Precipitation involves soluble antigens; coagulation is clotting; rouleaux are stacked red cells; linguistic agglutination joins morphemes","Visible clumps in a test tube, slide or card, or a mat pattern in haemagglutination plates."]},"capabilities":{"applicability":"required","items":["explain mechanisms","relay laboratory tests","describe named forms","relay transfusion relevance"]},"hazards":{"applicability":"required","items":["Transfusion errors","Misreading false positives","Confusing clumping and clotting"]},"interfaces":{"applicability":"required","items":["Blood transfusion standards such as AABB","In vitro diagnostic regulations"]},"context":{"applicability":"required","items":["Detecting antigens and antibodies through clumping.","direct agglutination","haemagglutination","haemagglutination inhibition","latex agglutination","sperm agglutination"]}},"sources":[],"openQuestions":["Should haemagglutination be a separate entry?","How should transfusion guidelines be linked?","The registry alias spelled sperm sgglutination should be corrected","Which entry fits the specific form?","Which entry fits cross-matching?","Which entry fits semen analysis?"],"resources":{"spec":"/models/things/publications/thing-q393294/spec.json"},"provenance":{"origin":"thing registry research (pass 2)","builtFrom":["models/things/publications/thing-q393294/spec.json"],"providers":["Claude"],"researchStatus":"unreviewed","generatedAt":"2026-09-13T23:30:27Z","builder":"tools/build_cards.py@1.0.0"},"completeness":{"sections":{"classifiers":"filled","whatItIs":"filled","purpose":"filled","distinguishingFeatures":"filled","structure":"filled","agentConduct":"derived","ethics":"missing","owners":"missing","relations":"filled","interaction.identity":"missing","interaction.properties":"not-applicable","interaction.recognition":"filled","interaction.capabilities":"filled","interaction.hazards":"filled","interaction.interfaces":"filled","interaction.context":"filled","sources":"missing"},"notes":{"agentConduct":"Affordances listed as what may be done; prohibitions collected from the text.","interaction.properties":"Plane ACT: no invented physical properties.","sources":"Written from model knowledge without web access; claims are unverified."},"score":0.719}}