{"schema":"https://ver.cy/schemas/card/1.0.0","id":"vr.tr.accounting","code":"thing-q4116214","url":"https://ver.cy/models/thing/q4116214/","name":"accounting","alternateNames":["general ledger","forensic accounting","carbon accounting","Māori accounting","work department of bookholders","cost accounting","Wage accounting","Not-for-profit accounting and accountability","payroll accounting","environmental accounting","disclosure in accounting","generational accounting"],"kind":"thing","status":"published","version":"0.2.0-wave.2","language":"en","classifiers":{"family":"Thing Registry","category":"Activities and processes","entryKind":"thing","plane":"ACT","domain":["ACT.ACT"],"industry":[],"navPath":"","tags":[],"facets":{}},"whatItIs":"The systematic recording, classifying, summarising and reporting of financial transactions and other economic information of an organisation, through bookkeeping in ledgers and journals and the preparation of financial statements, in branches such as financial, management, cost, tax, forensic and public sector accounting, and in emerging forms such as carbon accounting and accounting frameworks reflecting Indigenous values; accounting follows standards set by professional and regulatory bodies and underpins business, government and investor decisions.","purpose":"Let an agent explain accounting and its branches and principles, describe standards and the profession, support understanding of financial statements and basic bookkeeping, and route specific tax and financial questions to professionals.","scope":{"in":[],"out":[],"boundaries":[]},"distinguishingFeatures":["Double-entry system","Standards-based","Financial statements","Professional regulation"],"structure":{"bundles":[{"id":"understand","name":"Understand","description":"What accounting is.","layers":[{"id":"concept","name":"Concept","description":"Concept and branches.","findings":[{"id":"concept-finding","name":"Concept","description":"Concept.","questions":[{"text":"What is accounting, and how do financial, management, cost, tax and forensic accounting differ?","kind":"definition"},{"text":"Which branch is meant?","kind":"boundary"}]}]},{"id":"principles","name":"Principles","description":"Principles.","findings":[{"id":"principles-finding","name":"Principles","description":"Principles.","questions":[{"text":"What are double-entry bookkeeping, accruals, matching and other core principles?","kind":"definition"},{"text":"Which entry fits double-entry bookkeeping?","kind":"action"}]}]}]},{"id":"apply","name":"Apply","description":"Statements and bookkeeping.","layers":[{"id":"statements","name":"Statements","description":"Financial statements.","findings":[{"id":"statements-finding","name":"Statements","description":"Statements.","questions":[{"text":"How can a balance sheet, income statement and cash flow statement be read and interpreted?","kind":"action"},{"text":"Is the user asking for specific tax or investment advice, which needs a professional?","kind":"boundary"}]}]},{"id":"bookkeeping","name":"Bookkeeping","description":"Basic bookkeeping.","findings":[{"id":"bookkeeping-finding","name":"Bookkeeping","description":"Bookkeeping.","questions":[{"text":"How are transactions recorded in journals and the general ledger?","kind":"action"},{"text":"Which entry fits accounting software?","kind":"action"}]}]}]},{"id":"profession","name":"Profession","description":"Standards and profession.","layers":[{"id":"standards","name":"Standards","description":"Standards.","findings":[{"id":"standards-finding","name":"Standards","description":"Standards.","questions":[{"text":"How do international and national accounting standards work, and who sets them?","kind":"provenance"},{"text":"Which entry fits a specific standard?","kind":"action"}]}]},{"id":"emerging","name":"Emerging","description":"Emerging fields.","findings":[{"id":"emerging-finding","name":"Emerging","description":"Emerging.","questions":[{"text":"What are carbon accounting, sustainability reporting and culturally grounded accounting frameworks, with positions attributed?","kind":"provenance"},{"text":"Is the presentation neutral?","kind":"boundary"}]}]}]},{"id":"learn","name":"Learn","description":"History and teaching.","layers":[{"id":"history","name":"History","description":"History.","findings":[{"id":"history-finding","name":"History","description":"History.","questions":[{"text":"How did accounting develop from ancient records through double-entry bookkeeping to modern standards?","kind":"provenance"},{"text":"Which references are standard?","kind":"provenance"}]}]},{"id":"teach","name":"Teach","description":"Teaching.","findings":[{"id":"teach-finding","name":"Teach","description":"Teaching.","questions":[{"text":"How can accounting be taught?","kind":"action"},{"text":"Which misconceptions arise?","kind":"provenance"}]}]}]}]},"agentConduct":{"may":["Record and classify transactions for an organisation that authorized it, following its accounting rules.","Prepare reports and reconciliations for review by accountable staff."],"mustNot":["Falsify, backdate or delete entries in accounts.","Help hide income, assets or liabilities from auditors, tax authorities or creditors.","Sign off accounts as an auditor or qualified accountant.","Share financial records outside those entitled to see them."],"requiresHuman":["Approving financial statements or filing tax returns.","Correcting prior-period errors in published accounts."]},"ethics":{"considerations":["False accounts deceive investors, employees and the public.","Accounting decides tax paid and resources available for public goods."],"affectedParties":["Investors and creditors","Employees","Tax authorities and the public"]},"owners":{"steward":"The organisation's management answers for its accounts; professional bodies regulate accountants.","roles":[],"masterSystems":[]},"relations":[{"target":"Q8187769","type":"parent","note":"registry parent class"},{"target":"economic activity","type":"related","note":"category"},{"target":"accountant","type":"related","note":"the profession"},{"target":"limited company","type":"related","note":"entities that must keep accounts"},{"target":"value at risk","type":"related","note":"a measure reported by financial firms"}],"interaction":{"identity":{"applicability":"required","items":["Vercy registry: vr.tr.accounting","Wikidata: Q4116214 (https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4116214)"]},"properties":{"applicability":"not-applicable","items":[]},"recognition":{"applicability":"optional","items":["Recording and reporting financial transactions","Financial, management, cost, tax, forensic, carbon","Bookkeeping is the recording part; auditing verifies accounts; finance manages funds","Not physical; ledgers, statements and systems."]},"capabilities":{"applicability":"required","items":["explain branches and principles","describe standards and profession","support statement understanding","route specific questions"]},"hazards":{"applicability":"required","items":["Agents giving specific tax or financial advice","Fraud and misstatement","Confusing accounting profit with cash"]},"interfaces":{"applicability":"required","items":["International and national accounting standards","Auditing standards","Professional accountancy body regulations"]},"context":{"applicability":"required","items":["Recording and reporting economic information.","financial accounting","management and cost accounting","tax accounting","forensic and public sector accounting","sustainability and carbon accounting"]}},"sources":[{"title":"Wikidata item Q4116214: accounting","url":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4116214","note":"identity and sense of the item"},{"title":"Wikipedia: Accounting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accounting","note":"general description of the item"}],"openQuestions":["Should bookkeeping be a separate entry?","How should standards bodies be linked?","How should educational resources be linked?"],"resources":{"spec":"/models/things/publications/thing-q4116214/spec.json"},"provenance":{"origin":"thing registry research (pass 2)","builtFrom":["models/things/publications/thing-q4116214/spec.json"],"providers":["Claude"],"researchStatus":"unreviewed","generatedAt":"2026-09-12T05:34:48Z","builder":"tools/build_cards.py@1.0.0"},"completeness":{"sections":{"classifiers":"filled","whatItIs":"filled","purpose":"filled","distinguishingFeatures":"filled","structure":"filled","agentConduct":"filled","ethics":"filled","owners":"filled","relations":"filled","interaction.identity":"filled","interaction.properties":"not-applicable","interaction.recognition":"filled","interaction.capabilities":"filled","interaction.hazards":"filled","interaction.interfaces":"filled","interaction.context":"filled","sources":"filled"},"notes":{"_gate":"Published through the thing publication gate 1.0 on 2026-10-06T19:51:59+00:00: completeness 1.00; sense: Wikidata description; 2 live sources; review by codex: pass","interaction.properties":"Plane ACT: no invented physical properties."},"score":1.0}}