{"schema":"https://ver.cy/schemas/card/1.0.0","id":"vr.tr.carthamin","code":"thing-q419193","url":"https://ver.cy/models/thing/q419193/","name":"carthamin","alternateNames":[],"kind":"thing","status":"published","version":"0.1.0-research.1","language":"en","classifiers":{"family":"Thing Registry","category":"Physical world and living systems","entryKind":"thing","plane":"PHY","domain":["PHY.MAT"],"industry":[],"navPath":"","tags":[],"facets":{}},"whatItIs":"Carthamin is a red quinochalcone pigment obtained from the florets of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius), traditionally used as a natural dye and cosmetic colorant.","purpose":"Enable an agent to identify carthamin, assess the composition and condition of a carthamin-bearing material, and select uses supported by analytical and application evidence.","scope":{"in":["Carthamin identity and evidence distinguishing it from other safflower pigments","Carthamin content, impurities and declared material grade","Physical form, dissolution and colour under specified conditions","Chemical integrity and storage-dependent deterioration","Evidence supporting handling and application suitability"],"out":["Safflower taxonomy, cultivation and petal development","Safflower seed oil and its composition","Other safflower pigments as independent substances","Extraction and purification equipment or process design","Complete formulations of cosmetics, foods and textile dyes","Dyed-object manufacture and conservation treatment plans"],"boundaries":[]},"distinguishingFeatures":["Check chemical identity against carthamin's formula C43H42O22 and formula weight 910.81; neither establishes identity alone. [JECFA specification](https://www.fao.org/fileadmin/user_upload/jecfa_additives/docs/Monograph1/Additive-118.pdf)","Resolve the red pigment from accompanying safflower yellow pigments using a documented separation and reference comparison; botanical origin alone is insufficient.","Distinguish isolated carthamin from commercial carthamus red, whose principal colouring matter is carthamin and which may contain carriers. [JECFA specification](https://www.fao.org/fileadmin/user_upload/jecfa_additives/docs/Monograph1/Additive-118.pdf)","Use the 525-535 nm absorption maximum in dimethylformamide as supporting evidence within the carthamus-red identification method, not as a solvent-independent fingerprint. [JECFA specification](https://www.fao.org/fileadmin/user_upload/jecfa_additives/docs/Monograph1/Additive-118.pdf)"],"structure":{"bundles":[{"id":"carthamin-identity","name":"Carthamin identity","description":"Establish what chemical entity the material represents and which neighbouring pigment identities must be excluded.","layers":[{"id":"molecular-assignment","name":"Molecular assignment","description":"Connect the registered thing to a supported molecular identity.","findings":[{"id":"structure-and-identifiers","name":"Structure and identifiers","description":"Require an explicit structure reference and resolve whether each identifier names carthamin itself or a preparation.","questions":[{"text":"Which authenticated structure record defines carthamin, including any stereochemical qualifications?","id":"structure-and-identifiers-q01","kind":"definition"},{"text":"Which verified CAS, PubChem and EC records correspond to that structure rather than to carthamus-red mixtures?","id":"structure-and-identifiers-q02","kind":"boundary"}]}]},{"id":"pigment-discrimination","name":"Pigment discrimination","description":"Distinguish carthamin from other safflower constituents and unrelated red colourants.","findings":[{"id":"orthogonal-identification","name":"Complementary identification evidence","description":"Evaluate chromatographic separation alongside spectral or structural evidence rather than identifying the pigment by appearance.","questions":[{"text":"Does the sample match an authenticated carthamin reference under the same analytical conditions?","id":"orthogonal-identification-q01","kind":"measurement"},{"text":"Can the method resolve carthamin from accompanying yellow pigments, suspected precursors and degradation products?","id":"orthogonal-identification-q02","kind":"measurement"}]}]}]},{"id":"carthamin-content-and-grade","name":"Carthamin content and grade","description":"Describe how much carthamin is present and what else accompanies it.","layers":[{"id":"sample-boundary","name":"Sample boundary","description":"Identify the material being measured without equating its entire mass with carthamin.","findings":[{"id":"preparation-composition","name":"Preparation composition","description":"Record whether the sample is isolated carthamin or a preparation containing it, with explicit carrier and solvent contributions.","questions":[{"text":"Is this sample isolated carthamin, a safflower extract or a formulated colourant?","id":"preparation-composition-q01","kind":"boundary"},{"text":"Which carriers, residual solvents, moisture and co-extracted materials contribute to its mass?","id":"preparation-composition-q02","kind":"measurement"}]}]},{"id":"assay-interpretation","name":"Assay interpretation","description":"Separate molecule-specific content from colour expressed as carthamin equivalents.","findings":[{"id":"selectivity-and-mass-basis","name":"Selectivity and mass basis","description":"Assess whether the reported content measures carthamin selectively and whether its reporting basis supports the intended comparison.","questions":[{"text":"Does the assay quantify carthamin selectively or report total colouring matter calculated as carthamin?","id":"selectivity-and-mass-basis-q01","kind":"measurement"},{"text":"What are the calibration reference, recovery, uncertainty and dry-versus-as-received reporting basis?","id":"selectivity-and-mass-basis-q02","kind":"measurement"}]}]}]},{"id":"carthamin-colour-and-phase","name":"Carthamin colour and phase","description":"Relate observed colour to the pigment's medium, concentration and physical presentation.","layers":[{"id":"dissolution-and-dispersion","name":"Dissolution and dispersion","description":"Determine whether carthamin is dissolved, suspended or associated with a substrate.","findings":[{"id":"solvent-dependent-availability","name":"Solvent-dependent availability","description":"Measure usable dissolved concentration while checking for particles, precipitation and chemical change during preparation.","questions":[{"text":"What carthamin concentration actually dissolves at the specified solvent composition, pH and temperature?","id":"solvent-dependent-availability-q01","kind":"measurement"},{"text":"Does preparation produce a true solution, a suspension, a precipitate or chemically altered pigment?","id":"solvent-dependent-availability-q02","kind":"boundary"}]}]},{"id":"optical-response","name":"Optical response","description":"Record spectra and visible colour under reproducible measurement conditions.","findings":[{"id":"conditioned-colour-signature","name":"Conditioned colour signature","description":"Treat absorption and surface colour as measurements of a specified preparation rather than universal constants.","questions":[{"text":"What spectrum or surface-colour coordinates are measured, with which solvent or substrate and instrument settings?","id":"conditioned-colour-signature-q01","kind":"measurement"},{"text":"When pH changes the colour, does returning to the original conditions restore both the spectrum and carthamin content?","id":"conditioned-colour-signature-q02","kind":"measurement"}]}]}]},{"id":"carthamin-integrity-and-storage","name":"Carthamin integrity and storage","description":"Assess deterioration and determine which storage or exposure conditions preserve a particular material.","layers":[{"id":"exposure-history","name":"Exposure history","description":"Connect the material's current condition to documented preparation and environmental exposure.","findings":[{"id":"condition-specific-retention","name":"Condition-specific retention","description":"Assess retention for the actual material form rather than transferring stability claims between solutions, powders and dyed substrates.","questions":[{"text":"What temperature, light, oxygen, humidity and solution-pH history is documented for this carthamin material?","id":"condition-specific-retention-q01","kind":"provenance"},{"text":"What chemical and colour retention is measured after a defined exposure in this same material form?","id":"condition-specific-retention-q02","kind":"measurement"}]}]},{"id":"deterioration-decisions","name":"Deterioration decisions","description":"Distinguish physical redistribution and reversible colour changes from loss of chemical integrity.","findings":[{"id":"fading-versus-decomposition","name":"Fading versus decomposition","description":"Use carthamin-specific analysis alongside appearance to decide whether a changed material remains fit for its intended use.","questions":[{"text":"Does reduced colour reflect precipitation, substrate release, a reversible response or confirmed carthamin degradation?","id":"fading-versus-decomposition-q01","kind":"measurement"},{"text":"Which measured change triggers retesting, revised storage, quarantine or rejection for the intended use?","id":"fading-versus-decomposition-q02","kind":"action"}]}]}]},{"id":"carthamin-use-qualification","name":"Carthamin use qualification","description":"Connect a characterized carthamin material to evidence supporting a specific handling or application decision.","layers":[{"id":"colourant-performance","name":"Colourant performance","description":"Evaluate carthamin in the intended medium or substrate.","findings":[{"id":"application-specific-performance","name":"Application-specific performance","description":"Require testing that reflects the intended dyeing, formulation or analytical-reference role.","questions":[{"text":"At the proposed carthamin loading, what colour strength, uniformity and retention does the target medium or substrate achieve?","id":"application-specific-performance-q01","kind":"measurement"},{"text":"Which compatibility or performance result permits use of this batch for the stated application?","id":"application-specific-performance-q02","kind":"action"}]}]},{"id":"handling-and-eligibility","name":"Handling and eligibility","description":"Determine which hazard information and application requirements apply to the substance and its preparation.","findings":[{"id":"grade-specific-evidence","name":"Grade-specific evidence","description":"Keep carthamin-specific evidence distinct from solvent hazards, extract specifications and unsupported claims of safety.","questions":[{"text":"Which current hazard classification and exposure-limit records apply to carthamin itself, and which apply only to the supplied preparation?","id":"grade-specific-evidence-q01","kind":"boundary"},{"text":"Which dated jurisdictional requirements and impurity results support the proposed food, cosmetic, textile or laboratory use?","id":"grade-specific-evidence-q02","kind":"action"},{"text":"Which handling or disposal decision remains unresolved because evidence for this grade is missing?","id":"grade-specific-evidence-q03","kind":"action"}]}]}]},{"id":"evidence-and-external-alignment","name":"Evidence and external alignment","description":"What the world already says about this thing, gathered so the model can be checked against it.","layers":[{"id":"reported-evidence","name":"Reported evidence","description":"Findings from the breadth pass, kept separate from the structural claims.","findings":[{"id":"evidence-confidence-notes","name":"Check these first","description":"Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.","questions":[{"text":"Which of these check these first hold for the sense of carthamin this model covers, and on what evidence?","id":"evidence-confidence-notes-q01","kind":"provenance"}]},{"id":"evidence-identifiers","name":"Identifiers and schemes","description":"Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.","questions":[{"text":"Which of these identifiers and schemes hold for the sense of carthamin this model covers, and on what evidence?","id":"evidence-identifiers-q01","kind":"provenance"}]},{"id":"evidence-real-world-use","name":"Real-world use","description":"Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.","questions":[{"text":"Which of these real-world use hold for the sense of carthamin this model covers, and on what evidence?","id":"evidence-real-world-use-q01","kind":"provenance"}]},{"id":"evidence-measurements","name":"Typical measurements","description":"Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.","questions":[{"text":"Which of these typical measurements hold for the sense of carthamin this model covers, and on what evidence?","id":"evidence-measurements-q01","kind":"provenance"}]},{"id":"evidence-failure-modes-and-hazards","name":"Failure modes and hazards","description":"Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.","questions":[{"text":"Which of these failure modes and hazards hold for the sense of carthamin this model covers, and on what evidence?","id":"evidence-failure-modes-and-hazards-q01","kind":"provenance"}]},{"id":"evidence-regional-variation","name":"Regional variation","description":"Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.","questions":[{"text":"Which of these regional variation hold for the sense of carthamin this model covers, and on what evidence?","id":"evidence-regional-variation-q01","kind":"provenance"}]},{"id":"evidence-neighbours","name":"Neighbouring kinds and how to tell them apart","description":"Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.","questions":[{"text":"Which of these neighbouring kinds and how to tell them apart hold for the sense of carthamin this model covers, and on what evidence?","id":"evidence-neighbours-q01","kind":"provenance"}]}]}]}]},"agentConduct":{"may":["Identify carthamin by name and source, citing sources.","Describe its traditional uses as a dye and cosmetic colour.","Report its permitted uses in a stated country from official sources."],"mustNot":["Present carthamin dyes as safe in food or cosmetics where they are not permitted.","Misattribute traditional textiles or cosmetics to a culture without evidence.","Mislabel synthetic dyes as natural safflower red."],"requiresHuman":["Changing a product formulation sold to the public."]},"ethics":{"considerations":["Safflower red is part of traditional craft heritage, notably in East Asia.","Natural-dye claims are used to sell products and must be honest."],"affectedParties":["Craft communities","Consumers","Textile conservators"]},"owners":{"steward":"Nobody owns the substance; producers answer for the products that contain it.","roles":[],"masterSystems":[]},"relations":[{"target":"Q111729262","type":"parent","note":"registry parent class"}],"interaction":{"identity":{"applicability":"required","items":["Vercy registry: vr.tr.carthamin","Wikidata: Q419193 (https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q419193)"]},"properties":{"applicability":"required","items":["Chemical identity assignment: confirmed carthamin | provisional assignment | conflicting evidence | unidentified","Identifier correspondence: Registry id linked to verified structure, CAS, PubChem and EC records where available","Carthamin mass fraction: % w/w or mg/g; report dry or as-received basis, method and uncertainty","Colouring-matter assay basis: Selective carthamin quantification | total colouring matter expressed as carthamin | unverified label claim","Material presentation: Solid | dissolved | suspended | substrate-bound; include solvent or substrate identity","Absorption spectrum: Wavelength in nm and absorbance; record solvent, pH where applicable, concentration and path length","Solubility: mg/L or g/L at stated solvent composition, pH, temperature and equilibration time","Chemical and colour retention: % carthamin remaining and colour difference over stated exposure duration","Thermal behaviour: °C with method, atmosphere and identification of melting versus decomposition","Application eligibility: Material grade linked to intended use, jurisdiction, dated requirements and supporting evidence"]},"recognition":{"applicability":"required","items":["Red colour extracted from safflower petals.","Fades on light exposure in textiles and artworks.","Analysis distinguishes it from synthetic red dyes."]},"capabilities":{"applicability":"required","items":["Compare an unknown pigment with authenticated carthamin using complementary analytical evidence.","Quantify carthamin while separating its concentration from total colour strength.","Evaluate dissolution or dispersion under a proposed solvent and pH condition.","Compare storage or substrate conditions using measured chemical and colour retention.","Accept, quarantine or reject a batch against an explicitly selected application specification."]},"hazards":{"applicability":"required","items":["Light fading damages historic textiles.","Mislabelled dyes mislead buyers and conservators."]},"interfaces":{"applicability":"required","items":["The Colour Index International, maintained by the Society of Dyers and Colourists and the American Association of Textile Chemists and Colorists, classifies carthamin as Natural Red 26."]},"context":{"applicability":"required","items":["Carthamin is encountered in safflower-derived red dyes, traditional cosmetics and historically dyed textiles.","It is studied in natural colorant research and heritage conservation to identify pigments and understand fading or other changes.","A proposed modern application requires evidence about the material's composition, stability and applicable use restrictions."]}},"sources":[{"title":"Wikidata item Q419193: carthamin","url":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q419193","note":"identity and sense of the item"},{"title":"Wikipedia: Carthamin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carthamin","note":"general description of the item"}],"openQuestions":["Which authoritative structure and identifier records resolve carthamin's stereochemical representation and distinguish it from commercial carthamus-red preparations?","Which validated assay and authenticated reference distinguish carthamin mass fraction from total colouring matter expressed as carthamin?","What quantitative solubility and thermal-transition data are reliable for purified carthamin, with decomposition distinguished from melting or boiling?","How do pH, light, oxygen, temperature and substrate binding jointly affect chemical integrity, and which reported colour changes are reversible?","What current substance-specific hazard classifications, exposure limits and application permissions exist, and where is the evidence still absent?"],"resources":{"spec":"/models/things/publications/thing-q419193/spec.json"},"provenance":{"origin":"thing registry research (pass 2)","builtFrom":["models/things/publications/thing-q419193/spec.json"],"providers":["Codex"],"researchStatus":"unreviewed","generatedAt":"2026-09-12T08:24:21Z","builder":"tools/build_cards.py@1.0.0"},"completeness":{"sections":{"classifiers":"filled","whatItIs":"filled","purpose":"filled","distinguishingFeatures":"filled","structure":"filled","agentConduct":"filled","ethics":"filled","owners":"filled","relations":"filled","interaction.identity":"filled","interaction.properties":"filled","interaction.recognition":"filled","interaction.capabilities":"filled","interaction.hazards":"filled","interaction.interfaces":"filled","interaction.context":"filled","sources":"filled"},"notes":{"_gate":"Published through the thing publication gate 1.0 on 2026-10-07T10:10:30+00:00: completeness 1.00; sense: Wikidata description; 2 live sources; review by codex: pass"},"score":1.0}}