{"schema":"https://ver.cy/schemas/card/1.0.0","id":"vr.tr.collective-ownership","code":"thing-q4227971","url":"https://ver.cy/models/thing/q4227971/","name":"collective ownership","alternateNames":["parciante organisation"],"kind":"thing","status":"published","version":"0.1.0-research.1","language":"en","classifiers":{"family":"Thing Registry","category":"Physical world and living systems","entryKind":"thing","plane":"PHY","domain":["PHY.OBJ"],"industry":[],"navPath":"","tags":[],"facets":{}},"whatItIs":"Collective ownership is an arrangement in which ownership rights over assets are vested in a group or in an entity constituted to hold them for that group, with rules governing control, use, benefits and transfer.","purpose":"Enable an agent to recognise collective ownership arrangements, assess how ownership rights are held and exercised, and determine which actions require collective authority.","scope":{"in":["Assets and ownership rights held collectively","Identification of the owning collective and its membership boundaries","Relationship between legal title, collective control and beneficial interests","Rules for authorising use, exclusion, transfer and encumbrance","Allocation of benefits, contributions, liabilities and stewardship duties","Changes to membership, ownership rules and the collective estate"],"out":["Technical properties and operating condition of the owned assets","The full institutional model of a cooperative, association, trust or other holding entity","Shared access, rental or collaboration arrangements without ownership rights","Public ownership unless the relationship to a defined owning collective is established","General political theories advocating collective ownership"],"boundaries":[]},"distinguishingFeatures":["An identifiable group holds ownership interests; multiple people merely using an asset does not establish collective ownership.","The arrangement specifies how ownership powers belong to or are exercised for the group, rather than relying solely on informal cooperation.","Where an entity holds title, evidence connects its ownership powers and benefits to the collective; the entity's name or legal form alone is insufficient.","The model distinguishes separately disposable individual shares from an indivisible collective estate and records mixed arrangements explicitly.","Collective ownership does not by itself establish equal benefits, equal voting power, open membership or unrestricted public access."],"structure":{"bundles":[{"id":"collective-and-estate","name":"Collective and estate","description":"Establishes who owns together and precisely what is owned.","layers":[{"id":"owning-group-boundary","name":"Owning group boundary","description":"Identifies the people or groups whose membership carries ownership interests.","findings":[{"id":"membership-as-ownership","name":"Membership as ownership","description":"Record which membership statuses carry ownership rights and distinguish members from users, workers, beneficiaries and administrators.","questions":[{"text":"What makes a person or subgroup part of the owning collective?","id":"membership-as-ownership-q01","kind":"definition"},{"text":"Which users, workers or beneficiaries lack ownership interests, and which owners do not use the assets?","id":"membership-as-ownership-q02","kind":"boundary"}]}]},{"id":"estate-boundary","name":"Estate boundary","description":"Separates collectively owned assets and rights from members' personal property and third-party property.","findings":[{"id":"owned-assets-and-rights","name":"Owned assets and rights","description":"Identify the estate and any partial, layered or excluded rights rather than treating physical possession as ownership.","questions":[{"text":"Which assets and ownership rights are included in the collective estate?","id":"owned-assets-and-rights-q01","kind":"definition"},{"text":"Which apparently shared assets are leased, borrowed or individually owned?","id":"owned-assets-and-rights-q02","kind":"boundary"}]}]}]},{"id":"ownership-basis-and-rights","name":"Ownership basis and rights","description":"Connects documentary or customary ownership claims to the rights held by the collective and its members.","layers":[{"id":"title-and-recognition","name":"Title and recognition","description":"Records how the arrangement is established and who recognises or contests it.","findings":[{"id":"evidence-of-collective-holding","name":"Evidence of collective holding","description":"Link ownership claims to instruments, records or documented customary practices, including the relationship between any titleholding entity and the collective.","questions":[{"text":"What evidence establishes collective ownership, and whose recognition does that evidence support?","id":"evidence-of-collective-holding-q01","kind":"provenance"},{"text":"If another entity holds title, what binds its exercise of ownership to the collective?","id":"evidence-of-collective-holding-q02","kind":"boundary"}]}]},{"id":"collective-and-individual-rights","name":"Collective and individual rights","description":"Separates powers held by the group from entitlements exercisable by individual members.","findings":[{"id":"division-of-ownership-powers","name":"Division of ownership powers","description":"Record who may use, exclude, manage, obtain income, transfer or encumber the estate and whether members hold separable interests.","questions":[{"text":"Which ownership powers belong to the collective, individual members or outside parties?","id":"division-of-ownership-powers-q01","kind":"definition"},{"text":"Can a member sell, pledge or demand partition of an individual interest, and under what conditions?","id":"division-of-ownership-powers-q02","kind":"action"}]}]}]},{"id":"collective-control","name":"Collective control","description":"Models how collective ownership powers become valid decisions and how delegated power is checked.","layers":[{"id":"ownership-decisions","name":"Ownership decisions","description":"Distinguishes routine asset decisions from decisions that alter or dispose of the collective estate.","findings":[{"id":"decision-rules-by-action","name":"Decision rules by action","description":"Record the electorate, voting weights, quorum, consent threshold and reserved approvals applicable to each ownership action.","questions":[{"text":"Who may authorise use, major investment, sale or encumbrance, and what decision rule applies to each?","id":"decision-rules-by-action-q01","kind":"action"},{"text":"What evidence demonstrates that the required participation and approval conditions were met?","id":"decision-rules-by-action-q02","kind":"provenance"}]}]},{"id":"delegation-and-accountability","name":"Delegation and accountability","description":"Tracks the limits and review of ownership powers exercised by representatives or managers.","findings":[{"id":"accountable-exercise-of-control","name":"Accountable exercise of control","description":"Identify delegated powers, member oversight and remedies when actual control diverges from the collective's rules.","questions":[{"text":"Which powers are delegated, and how can the collective revise or revoke that delegation?","id":"accountable-exercise-of-control-q01","kind":"action"},{"text":"How can members inspect decisions, challenge conflicts of interest or contest unauthorised dealings?","id":"accountable-exercise-of-control-q02","kind":"action"}]}]}]},{"id":"benefits-and-burdens","name":"Benefits and burdens","description":"Models how the value and costs of collective ownership are shared.","layers":[{"id":"benefit-entitlements","name":"Benefit entitlements","description":"Records member entitlements and benefits retained for collective purposes.","findings":[{"id":"allocation-of-ownership-benefits","name":"Allocation of ownership benefits","description":"Distinguish access and use benefits, distributable returns and value retained in the collective estate.","questions":[{"text":"Which benefits can members claim, and which must remain available to the collective?","id":"allocation-of-ownership-benefits-q01","kind":"definition"},{"text":"How are member entitlements calculated when contributions, use or membership duration differ?","id":"allocation-of-ownership-benefits-q02","kind":"measurement"}]}]},{"id":"contributions-and-exposure","name":"Contributions and exposure","description":"Records obligations to maintain the estate and bear its costs or losses.","findings":[{"id":"allocation-of-ownership-burdens","name":"Allocation of ownership burdens","description":"Separate required contributions, stewardship work, internal loss allocation and externally enforceable liabilities.","questions":[{"text":"What money, labour or maintenance must members contribute, and how are those obligations allocated?","id":"allocation-of-ownership-burdens-q01","kind":"measurement"},{"text":"What evidence establishes who bears losses or liabilities, including any exposure beyond the collective estate?","id":"allocation-of-ownership-burdens-q02","kind":"provenance"}]}]}]},{"id":"membership-and-estate-continuity","name":"Membership and estate continuity","description":"Models how collective ownership persists or ends as members and governing rules change.","layers":[{"id":"member-transitions","name":"Member transitions","description":"Connects admission, withdrawal, exclusion and succession to ownership interests.","findings":[{"id":"ownership-effects-of-membership-change","name":"Ownership effects of membership change","description":"Record whether membership changes create, extinguish, transfer or redeem an ownership interest.","questions":[{"text":"What ownership rights and contribution obligations arise when a member joins?","id":"ownership-effects-of-membership-change-q01","kind":"action"},{"text":"On withdrawal, exclusion or death, what happens to voting rights, asset claims and any redeemable interest?","id":"ownership-effects-of-membership-change-q02","kind":"action"}]}]},{"id":"estate-transformation-and-ending","name":"Estate transformation and ending","description":"Records constraints on changing the ownership arrangement or distributing its remaining assets.","findings":[{"id":"collective-estate-disposition","name":"Collective estate disposition","description":"Identify the authority and allocation rules for conversion, partition, merger or dissolution, including any restrictions on private distribution.","questions":[{"text":"What approvals and restrictions govern conversion, partition, merger or dissolution of the ownership arrangement?","id":"collective-estate-disposition-q01","kind":"action"},{"text":"Who receives remaining assets or proceeds, and what rules preserve any indivisible reserve or collective purpose?","id":"collective-estate-disposition-q02","kind":"boundary"}]}]}]},{"id":"evidence-and-external-alignment","name":"Evidence and external alignment","description":"What the world already says about this thing, gathered so the model can be checked against it.","layers":[{"id":"reported-evidence","name":"Reported evidence","description":"Findings from the breadth pass, kept separate from the structural claims.","findings":[{"id":"evidence-confidence-notes","name":"Check these first","description":"Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.","questions":[{"text":"Which of these check these first hold for the sense of collective ownership this model covers, and on what evidence?","id":"evidence-confidence-notes-q01","kind":"provenance"}]},{"id":"evidence-kinds","name":"Kinds and varieties","description":"Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.","questions":[{"text":"Which of these kinds and varieties hold for the sense of collective ownership this model covers, and on what evidence?","id":"evidence-kinds-q01","kind":"provenance"}]},{"id":"evidence-standards-and-regulation","name":"Standards and regulation","description":"Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.","questions":[{"text":"Which of these standards and regulation hold for the sense of collective ownership this model covers, and on what evidence?","id":"evidence-standards-and-regulation-q01","kind":"provenance"}]},{"id":"evidence-real-world-use","name":"Real-world use","description":"Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.","questions":[{"text":"Which of these real-world use hold for the sense of collective ownership this model covers, and on what evidence?","id":"evidence-real-world-use-q01","kind":"provenance"}]},{"id":"evidence-failure-modes-and-hazards","name":"Failure modes and hazards","description":"Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.","questions":[{"text":"Which of these failure modes and hazards hold for the sense of collective ownership this model covers, and on what evidence?","id":"evidence-failure-modes-and-hazards-q01","kind":"provenance"}]},{"id":"evidence-regional-variation","name":"Regional variation","description":"Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.","questions":[{"text":"Which of these regional variation hold for the sense of collective ownership this model covers, and on what evidence?","id":"evidence-regional-variation-q01","kind":"provenance"}]},{"id":"evidence-neighbours","name":"Neighbouring kinds and how to tell them apart","description":"Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.","questions":[{"text":"Which of these neighbouring kinds and how to tell them apart hold for the sense of collective ownership this model covers, and on what evidence?","id":"evidence-neighbours-q01","kind":"provenance"}]}]}]}]},"agentConduct":{"may":["Explain the forms of collective ownership, such as cooperatives and communal land, from reliable sources.","Report the rules and records of a collectively owned asset from its official documents."],"mustNot":["Present one member's view as the decision of the whole group.","Help a member or outsider take collective assets in breach of the group's rules.","Misrepresent who holds rights in collectively owned land or property.","Ignore customary or Indigenous rights in descriptions of land ownership."],"requiresHuman":["Transferring, selling or encumbering collectively owned assets."]},"ethics":{"considerations":["Collective ownership protects shared resources and livelihoods of communities.","Disputes over collective land have led to dispossession of Indigenous and rural people."],"affectedParties":["Members of the group","Indigenous and rural communities","Future members"]},"owners":{"steward":"The group or the entity it constitutes to hold the assets.","roles":[],"masterSystems":["Land registries","Registers of cooperatives and companies"]},"relations":[{"target":"Q1400881","type":"parent","note":"registry parent class"},{"target":"Q43229","type":"parent","note":"registry parent class"}],"interaction":{"identity":{"applicability":"required","items":["Vercy registry: vr.tr.collective-ownership","Wikidata: Q4227971 (https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4227971)"]},"properties":{"applicability":"required","items":["Owning collective: Group identity, membership criteria and recognised member classes","Collectively owned estate: Assets, asset portions and included or excluded ownership rights","Title-holding arrangement: Direct group holding; entity holding for the collective; mixed; disputed; unresolved","Ownership basis: Formal instrument; customary arrangement; combined basis; contested basis; unknown","Interest divisibility: Indivisible estate; quantified member interests; mixed; unresolved","Decision authority: Ownership action mapped to deciding body, decision rule and delegation limits","Benefit allocation rule: Equal; contribution-based; use-based; needs-based; collective retention; mixed; other documented rule","Member interest transferability: Prohibited; conditional; permitted; disputed; unknown, with applicable conditions","Collective ownership integrity: Supported by current evidence; partly documented; contested; undergoing transition; ended"]},"recognition":{"applicability":"not-applicable","items":[]},"capabilities":{"applicability":"required","items":["Identify the collective, titleholders and assets connected by an ownership arrangement.","Trace a proposed asset use, sale or pledge to the required collective decision and evidence of authority.","Assess whether admitting, excluding or replacing a member changes ownership interests.","Explain benefit entitlements and contribution duties under the recorded rules.","Detect gaps between formal ownership, actual control and member benefits.","Evaluate how withdrawal, partition or dissolution would affect the collective estate."]},"hazards":{"applicability":"required","items":["Unclear rules can lead to capture of the assets by a few members.","Poor records leave collective land vulnerable to seizure."]},"interfaces":{"applicability":"required","items":["The International Labour Organization Promotion of Cooperatives Recommendation, 2002 (No. 193), provides policy guidance for collective ownership organized through jointly owned and democratically controlled cooperatives."]},"context":{"applicability":"required","items":["Collective ownership is encountered in cooperatives, community enterprises and arrangements for holding shared productive assets.","It establishes how members share control, access, benefits and responsibilities.","Agents use the governing ownership rules to identify who can authorize asset use or transfer."]}},"sources":[{"title":"Wikidata item Q4227971: collective ownership","url":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4227971","note":"identity and sense of the item"},{"title":"Wikipedia: Collective ownership","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collective_ownership","note":"general description of the item"}],"openQuestions":["Does the registry intend collective ownership to include all joint ownership with individually transferable shares, or only arrangements with meaningful group control?","How should state or municipal ownership be distinguished from collective ownership when the claimed owning group is the public?","What evidence is sufficient to recognise customary collective ownership where formal title records identify a different holder or no holder?","Under what conditions should ownership through a corporation, cooperative or trust count as collective ownership rather than an aggregation of individual investments?","How should the model represent arrangements whose formal collective rights persist while effective control or benefits have shifted to a small subset of members?"],"resources":{"spec":"/models/things/publications/thing-q4227971/spec.json"},"provenance":{"origin":"thing registry research (pass 2)","builtFrom":["models/things/publications/thing-q4227971/spec.json"],"providers":["Codex"],"researchStatus":"unreviewed","generatedAt":"2026-09-12T08:46:56Z","builder":"tools/build_cards.py@1.0.0"},"completeness":{"sections":{"classifiers":"filled","whatItIs":"filled","purpose":"filled","distinguishingFeatures":"filled","structure":"filled","agentConduct":"filled","ethics":"filled","owners":"filled","relations":"filled","interaction.identity":"filled","interaction.properties":"filled","interaction.recognition":"not-applicable","interaction.capabilities":"filled","interaction.hazards":"filled","interaction.interfaces":"filled","interaction.context":"filled","sources":"filled"},"notes":{"_gate":"Published through the thing publication gate 1.0 on 2026-10-07T10:10:30+00:00: completeness 1.00; sense: Wikidata description; 2 live sources; review by codex: pass","interaction.recognition":"Collective ownership is a legal and social arrangement whose existence cannot be established from visual appearance."},"score":1.0}}