{"schema":"https://ver.cy/schemas/card/1.0.0","id":"vr.tr.laurionite","code":"thing-q424140","url":"https://ver.cy/models/thing/q424140/","name":"laurionite","alternateNames":[],"kind":"thing","status":"published","version":"0.1.0-research.1","language":"en","classifiers":{"family":"Thing Registry","category":"Physical world and living systems","entryKind":"thing","plane":"PHY","domain":["PHY.MAT"],"industry":[],"navPath":"","tags":[],"facets":{}},"whatItIs":"Laurionite is an orthorhombic lead hydroxychloride mineral with the chemical formula Pb(OH)Cl, found in some oxidized lead deposits and altered lead-bearing slags.","purpose":"Enable an agent to recognize laurionite, assess the identity and condition of a specimen, and select justified analytical, handling, and preservation actions.","scope":{"in":["Laurionite phase identification and differentiation from paralaurionite","Measured composition, phase purity, inclusions, and associated minerals","Crystal morphology and physical identification evidence","Natural, slag-associated, or synthetic provenance","Specimen alteration, sampling suitability, and handling evidence"],"out":["Paralaurionite as a separately modeled mineral species","Lead-bearing slags, ores, and deposits as whole materials or geological systems","Manufacturing processes for lead hydroxychlorides","Commercial pigments or products containing lead compounds","Clinical effects and treatment of lead exposure"],"boundaries":[]},"distinguishingFeatures":["Require both PbCl(OH)-compatible chemistry and orthorhombic structural evidence; paralaurionite has the same composition but a monoclinic structure. [Structural study](https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/mineralogical-magazine/article/abs/crystal-structure-of-paralaurionite-and-its-OD-relationships-with-laurionite/A088C24E6E7DEAD5B98767023240099D)","Use a full diffraction-pattern match to distinguish laurionite from associated lead minerals; elemental detection of lead and chlorine alone is insufficient.","Check for colorless or white, transparent, tabular-prismatic crystals as supporting evidence, without treating appearance as decisive. [Handbook of Mineralogy](https://www.handbookofmineralogy.org/pdfs/laurionite.pdf)","Compare measured hardness and density with reported hardness 3-3.5 Mohs and measured density 6.241 g/cm³, accounting for mixed specimens. [Handbook of Mineralogy](https://www.handbookofmineralogy.org/pdfs/laurionite.pdf)"],"structure":{"bundles":[{"id":"species-and-phase-identity","name":"Species and phase identity","description":"Establish whether the examined material is the laurionite phase represented by vr.tr.laurionite.","layers":[{"id":"chemical-identity","name":"Chemical identity","description":"Connect the specimen's analytical evidence to the nominal hydroxychloride composition.","findings":[{"id":"formula-compatibility","name":"Formula compatibility","description":"Record analytical support for PbCl(OH), distinguishing measured constituents from inferred hydroxyl content.","questions":[{"text":"Which measurements support PbCl(OH), and which parts of the formula remain inferred?","id":"formula-compatibility-q01","kind":"measurement"},{"text":"Were the analyses taken from a laurionite candidate crystal or from a mixed bulk sample?","id":"formula-compatibility-q02","kind":"boundary"}]}]},{"id":"structural-discrimination","name":"Structural discrimination","description":"Resolve laurionite from its same-composition structural relative.","findings":[{"id":"polymorph-resolution","name":"Polymorph resolution","description":"Laurionite and paralaurionite require structural discrimination; their orthorhombic and monoclinic structures are related through ordering. [Structural study](https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/mineralogical-magazine/article/abs/crystal-structure-of-paralaurionite-and-its-OD-relationships-with-laurionite/A088C24E6E7DEAD5B98767023240099D)","questions":[{"text":"Which diffraction observations establish orthorhombic laurionite rather than monoclinic paralaurionite?","id":"polymorph-resolution-q01","kind":"measurement"},{"text":"Do unexplained reflections or structural disorder require a mixed or unresolved phase assignment?","id":"polymorph-resolution-q02","kind":"boundary"}]}]}]},{"id":"diagnostic-specimen-evidence","name":"Diagnostic specimen evidence","description":"Relate visible crystals and measured properties to the phase being identified.","layers":[{"id":"crystal-observation","name":"Crystal observation","description":"Document habit and surfaces before sampling changes the specimen.","findings":[{"id":"habit-and-surface-record","name":"Habit and surface record","description":"Record crystal dimensions, transparency, color, habit, and any face indexing as observations tied to a specific crystal.","questions":[{"text":"What dimensions, habit, transparency, and surface features does the candidate crystal exhibit?","id":"habit-and-surface-record-q01","kind":"measurement"},{"text":"Could an observed coating, intergrowth, or adjacent crystal account for the apparent identification features?","id":"habit-and-surface-record-q02","kind":"boundary"}]}]},{"id":"property-corroboration","name":"Property corroboration","description":"Use physical measurements as supporting evidence with explicit specimen limitations.","findings":[{"id":"property-measurement-validity","name":"Property measurement validity","description":"Distinguish properties measured on an isolated candidate crystal from values affected by matrix, porosity, or preparation.","questions":[{"text":"Which measured physical properties independently support the identification, and what uncertainty accompanies them?","id":"property-measurement-validity-q01","kind":"measurement"},{"text":"Would a hardness or density measurement consume or damage material needed for more decisive diffraction analysis?","id":"property-measurement-validity-q02","kind":"action"}]}]}]},{"id":"phase-purity-and-associations","name":"Phase purity and associations","description":"Describe how much laurionite is present and how it relates spatially to other material.","layers":[{"id":"phase-abundance","name":"Phase abundance","description":"Separate mineral presence from quantified purity.","findings":[{"id":"laurionite-fraction","name":"Laurionite fraction","description":"Record laurionite abundance only within the sampled volume and the capabilities of the analytical method.","questions":[{"text":"What laurionite phase fraction was measured, using which method and uncertainty estimate?","id":"laurionite-fraction-q01","kind":"measurement"},{"text":"Does the result describe a selected crystal, a powder aliquot, or the whole specimen?","id":"laurionite-fraction-q02","kind":"boundary"}]}]},{"id":"associated-material","name":"Associated material","description":"Locate other phases that could interfere with analysis or explain specimen history.","findings":[{"id":"intergrowth-and-matrix","name":"Intergrowth and matrix","description":"Map identified neighbouring phases and distinguish inclusions, substrates, and later surface deposits.","questions":[{"text":"Which associated phases are independently identified, and where are they relative to laurionite?","id":"intergrowth-and-matrix-q01","kind":"measurement"},{"text":"Which mapped region can provide a representative laurionite measurement with minimal contribution from adjacent material?","id":"intergrowth-and-matrix-q02","kind":"action"}]}]}]},{"id":"occurrence-and-origin","name":"Occurrence and origin","description":"Establish the specimen's origin without using locality as proof of mineral identity.","layers":[{"id":"formation-setting","name":"Formation setting","description":"Distinguish geological occurrence, alteration of human-produced material, and laboratory preparation.","findings":[{"id":"origin-evidence","name":"Origin evidence","description":"Reported settings include saline alteration of lead-bearing slag and oxidized lead deposits; an individual specimen needs its own supporting record. [Handbook of Mineralogy](https://www.handbookofmineralogy.org/pdfs/laurionite.pdf)","questions":[{"text":"What evidence places this specimen in a deposit, slag-alteration, or synthetic setting?","id":"origin-evidence-q01","kind":"provenance"},{"text":"Does the origin statement describe observed context or an interpretation inferred from the locality name?","id":"origin-evidence-q02","kind":"boundary"}]}]},{"id":"specimen-attribution","name":"Specimen attribution","description":"Link locality claims and analytical results to the same physical specimen.","findings":[{"id":"label-and-analysis-link","name":"Label and analysis link","description":"Maintain specimen identifiers, label history, sampling locations, and analytical references together.","questions":[{"text":"Which collection or field records substantiate the locality and specimen identity?","id":"label-and-analysis-link-q01","kind":"provenance"},{"text":"Can every analytical aliquot be traced to its parent specimen and sampled crystal or region?","id":"label-and-analysis-link-q02","kind":"provenance"}]}]}]},{"id":"preservation-and-operation-readiness","name":"Preservation and operation readiness","description":"Connect specimen condition and chemical identity to proposed examination or treatment.","layers":[{"id":"treatment-compatibility","name":"Treatment compatibility","description":"Assess whether cleaning, storage changes, or preparation could change the specimen.","findings":[{"id":"water-and-treatment-response","name":"Water and treatment response","description":"Reported water solubility increases from cold to hot water, so aqueous treatment requires compatibility evidence. [Handbook of Mineralogy](https://www.handbookofmineralogy.org/pdfs/laurionite.pdf)","questions":[{"text":"What previous washing, heating, mounting, or chemical treatment has the specimen undergone?","id":"water-and-treatment-response-q01","kind":"provenance"},{"text":"What evidence supports the proposed treatment's compatibility with laurionite and its associated phases?","id":"water-and-treatment-response-q02","kind":"action"}]}]},{"id":"sampling-and-handling-decision","name":"Sampling and handling decision","description":"Determine whether a specific operation is supported by specimen and handling evidence.","findings":[{"id":"operation-specific-assessment","name":"Operation-specific assessment","description":"Record the proposed operation, physical form, applicable handling documentation, and unresolved requirements for the lead-containing material.","questions":[{"text":"Will the proposed operation leave crystals intact or generate powder, liquid residues, or heated material?","id":"operation-specific-assessment-q01","kind":"action"},{"text":"Which applicable assessment supports the handling and residue-management measures for that operation?","id":"operation-specific-assessment-q02","kind":"provenance"},{"text":"What minimum sample can resolve the identification while preserving a documented reference portion?","id":"operation-specific-assessment-q03","kind":"action"}]}]}]},{"id":"evidence-and-external-alignment","name":"Evidence and external alignment","description":"What the world already says about this thing, gathered so the model can be checked against it.","layers":[{"id":"reported-evidence","name":"Reported evidence","description":"Findings from the breadth pass, kept separate from the structural claims.","findings":[{"id":"evidence-confidence-notes","name":"Check these first","description":"Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.","questions":[{"text":"Which of these check these first hold for the sense of laurionite this model covers, and on what evidence?","id":"evidence-confidence-notes-q01","kind":"provenance"}]},{"id":"evidence-identifiers","name":"Identifiers and schemes","description":"Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.","questions":[{"text":"Which of these identifiers and schemes hold for the sense of laurionite this model covers, and on what evidence?","id":"evidence-identifiers-q01","kind":"provenance"}]},{"id":"evidence-real-world-use","name":"Real-world use","description":"Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.","questions":[{"text":"Which of these real-world use hold for the sense of laurionite this model covers, and on what evidence?","id":"evidence-real-world-use-q01","kind":"provenance"}]},{"id":"evidence-measurements","name":"Typical measurements","description":"Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.","questions":[{"text":"Which of these typical measurements hold for the sense of laurionite this model covers, and on what evidence?","id":"evidence-measurements-q01","kind":"provenance"}]},{"id":"evidence-failure-modes-and-hazards","name":"Failure modes and hazards","description":"Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.","questions":[{"text":"Which of these failure modes and hazards hold for the sense of laurionite this model covers, and on what evidence?","id":"evidence-failure-modes-and-hazards-q01","kind":"provenance"}]},{"id":"evidence-neighbours","name":"Neighbouring kinds and how to tell them apart","description":"Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.","questions":[{"text":"Which of these neighbouring kinds and how to tell them apart hold for the sense of laurionite this model covers, and on what evidence?","id":"evidence-neighbours-q01","kind":"provenance"}]}]}]}]},"agentConduct":{"may":["Identify laurionite specimens from documented features, locality and analysis.","Explain its occurrence in oxidized lead deposits and slags, citing sources."],"mustNot":["Misstate whether a specimen formed naturally or in historical slag.","Collect from protected heritage slag sites without permission.","Handle lead-bearing specimens without hygiene measures or near children."],"requiresHuman":["Removing specimens from a heritage site or collection."]},"ethics":{"considerations":["Historic mining slags are archaeological heritage as well as mineral sources.","Lead content poses risks to collectors and families."],"affectedParties":["Collectors","Children in collectors' households","Heritage site holders"]},"owners":{"steward":"The collector or museum that holds a specimen; landowners and heritage authorities for sites.","roles":[],"masterSystems":[]},"relations":[{"target":"Q729283","type":"parent","note":"registry parent class"}],"interaction":{"identity":{"applicability":"required","items":["Vercy registry: vr.tr.laurionite","Wikidata: Q424140 (https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q424140)"]},"properties":{"applicability":"required","items":["Phase identity: Laurionite confirmed; laurionite probable; unresolved PbCl(OH) phase; excluded","Composition agreement: Element concentrations in wt%; atomic ratios; analytical uncertainty and detection limits","Crystallographic assignment: Orthorhombic laurionite; monoclinic paralaurionite; mixed; unresolved","Diffraction evidence: d-spacings in Å; relative intensities; radiation wavelength; reference accession and fit assessment","Laurionite phase fraction: wt% with method and uncertainty, or not quantified","Crystal dimensions and habit: Dimensions in mm; indexed faces where established; habit and surface observations","Associated phases: Identified mineral or material linked by intergrowth, inclusion, coating, or substrate relation","Formation context: Deposit-associated; slag alteration; laboratory-grown; unresolved","Specimen integrity: Intact; fractured; powdering; surface-altered; previously treated; unassessed","Handling evidence status: Applicable assessment documented; assessment incomplete; proposed operation awaiting assessment"]},"recognition":{"applicability":"required","items":["Colourless to white prismatic crystals in lead-bearing material.","Often found in ancient slags that met seawater.","Confirmation requires analytical testing."]},"capabilities":{"applicability":"required","items":["Confirm or qualify an identification using composition and diffraction together","Select a crystal or mapped region for phase-specific analysis","Estimate laurionite abundance while recording associated phases","Trace a specimen label to collection, locality, and analytical evidence","Assess whether cleaning, sampling, or mounting is supported by condition and compatibility evidence","Flag unresolved phase identity or handling requirements before an operation"]},"hazards":{"applicability":"required","items":["Lead exposure from handling or dust.","Damage to heritage sites from collecting."]},"interfaces":{"applicability":"required","items":["The International Mineralogical Association, through its Commission on New Minerals, Nomenclature and Classification, recognizes laurionite as a distinct mineral species."]},"context":{"applicability":"required","items":["Laurionite occurs in some oxidized lead deposits and in lead-bearing slags altered by chloride-rich environments.","It is encountered in mineral collections and geological investigations of secondary lead minerals.","Researchers examine it to understand mineral formation and the alteration of lead-bearing materials."]}},"sources":[{"title":"Wikidata item Q424140: laurionite","url":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q424140","note":"identity and sense of the item"},{"title":"Wikipedia: Laurionite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurionite","note":"general description of the item"}],"openQuestions":["Which validated diffraction and spectroscopic references best distinguish laurionite, paralaurionite, and mixtures, and what detection limits apply?","Which CAS, PubChem, or EC identifiers, if any, identify laurionite specifically rather than a broader lead hydroxychloride substance?","What quantitative dissolution, alteration, and thermal-transformation data apply under specified temperature, pH, chloride activity, and humidity conditions?","Which current hazard classifications and exposure requirements apply to the actual material form and jurisdiction, and which are supported only at the broader lead-compound level?","What compositional departures or structural disorder can be accepted within laurionite before the specimen requires a different or unresolved phase assignment?"],"resources":{"spec":"/models/things/publications/thing-q424140/spec.json"},"provenance":{"origin":"thing registry research (pass 2)","builtFrom":["models/things/publications/thing-q424140/spec.json"],"providers":["Codex"],"researchStatus":"unreviewed","generatedAt":"2026-09-12T10:54:37Z","builder":"tools/build_cards.py@1.0.0"},"completeness":{"sections":{"classifiers":"filled","whatItIs":"filled","purpose":"filled","distinguishingFeatures":"filled","structure":"filled","agentConduct":"filled","ethics":"filled","owners":"filled","relations":"filled","interaction.identity":"filled","interaction.properties":"filled","interaction.recognition":"filled","interaction.capabilities":"filled","interaction.hazards":"filled","interaction.interfaces":"filled","interaction.context":"filled","sources":"filled"},"notes":{"_gate":"Published through the thing publication gate 1.0 on 2026-10-07T10:10:30+00:00: completeness 1.00; sense: Wikidata description; 2 live sources; review by codex: pass"},"score":1.0}}