{"schema":"https://ver.cy/schemas/card/1.0.0","id":"vr.tr.paronymy","code":"thing-q42728280","url":"https://ver.cy/models/thing/q42728280/","name":"paronymy","alternateNames":[],"kind":"thing","status":"research-draft","version":"0.2.0-wave.2","language":"en","classifiers":{"family":"Thing Registry","category":"Cross-cutting context","entryKind":"thing","plane":"XCT","domain":["XCT.REL"],"industry":[],"navPath":"","tags":[],"facets":{}},"whatItIs":"The semantic and formal relation between words that are similar in form or sound and often related in derivation but differ in meaning, such as affect and effect or economic and economical, so that they are easily confused, treated in lexicology as a relation distinct from homonymy and near homophony; paronymy is important in language teaching, translation, spelling and the study of malapropisms and false friends.","purpose":"Let an agent explain paronymy and paronyms, distinguish them from homonyms, homophones and false friends, support avoiding confusion in writing and translation, and support learning in linguistics.","scope":{"in":[],"out":[],"boundaries":[]},"distinguishingFeatures":["Formal similarity","Meaning difference","Confusability","Derivational links"],"structure":{"bundles":[{"id":"understand","name":"Understand","description":"What paronymy is.","layers":[{"id":"concept","name":"Concept","description":"Concept and distinctions.","findings":[{"id":"concept-finding","name":"Concept","description":"Concept.","questions":[{"text":"What is paronymy, and how does it differ from homonymy, homophony and false friends?","kind":"definition"},{"text":"Which language is meant?","kind":"boundary"}]}]},{"id":"examples","name":"Examples","description":"Examples.","findings":[{"id":"examples-finding","name":"Examples","description":"Examples.","questions":[{"text":"What are common paronyms in English and other languages, and what causes their confusion?","kind":"definition"},{"text":"Which entry fits a specific language?","kind":"action"}]}]}]},{"id":"use","name":"Use","description":"Avoiding confusion.","layers":[{"id":"writing","name":"Writing","description":"Writing.","findings":[{"id":"writing-finding","name":"Writing","description":"Writing.","questions":[{"text":"Which of these paronyms is correct in this context, and how can they be told apart?","kind":"action"},{"text":"Which entry fits usage guides?","kind":"action"}]}]},{"id":"translation","name":"Translation","description":"Translation and learning.","findings":[{"id":"translation-finding","name":"Translation","description":"Translation.","questions":[{"text":"How do paronyms and false friends cause errors in translation and language learning, and how are they taught?","kind":"provenance"},{"text":"Which entry fits language teaching?","kind":"action"}]}]}]},{"id":"theory","name":"Theory","description":"Lexicology and rhetoric.","layers":[{"id":"lexicology","name":"Lexicology","description":"Lexicological treatment.","findings":[{"id":"lexicology-finding","name":"Lexicology","description":"Lexicology.","questions":[{"text":"How do lexicologists classify and document paronyms, and what dictionaries exist?","kind":"provenance"},{"text":"Which references are standard?","kind":"provenance"}]}]},{"id":"rhetoric","name":"Rhetoric","description":"Wordplay and malapropism.","findings":[{"id":"rhetoric-finding","name":"Rhetoric","description":"Rhetoric.","questions":[{"text":"How are paronyms used in puns and how do malapropisms arise?","kind":"provenance"},{"text":"Which entry fits wordplay?","kind":"action"}]}]}]},{"id":"learn","name":"Learn","description":"Teaching.","layers":[{"id":"teach","name":"Teach","description":"Teaching.","findings":[{"id":"teach-finding","name":"Teach","description":"Teaching.","questions":[{"text":"How can paronyms be taught in language classes?","kind":"action"},{"text":"Which misconceptions arise?","kind":"provenance"}]}]},{"id":"history","name":"History","description":"History of the term.","findings":[{"id":"history-finding","name":"History","description":"History.","questions":[{"text":"How did the term paronym develop in grammar and linguistics?","kind":"provenance"},{"text":"Which entry fits lexical semantics?","kind":"action"}]}]}]}]},"agentConduct":{"may":["Explain the difference between paronyms such as affect and effect, with examples.","Suggest corrections when a paronym is used in the wrong sense, leaving the choice to the writer."],"mustNot":["Change words in a legal or medical text silently where a paronym alters the meaning.","Mock a person for confusing paronyms.","Assert a usage rule as universal when varieties of the language differ."],"requiresHuman":["Correcting wording in a signed contract or official document."]},"ethics":{"considerations":["Language corrections can carry class and dialect prejudice.","Confusions between paronyms in instructions or prescriptions can cause real harm."],"affectedParties":["Writers and learners","Readers of official texts"]},"owners":{"steward":"Nobody: a feature of language held in common.","roles":[],"masterSystems":[]},"relations":[{"target":"Q2268906","type":"parent","note":"registry parent class"},{"target":"Q42728571","type":"parent","note":"registry parent class"},{"target":"semantic relation","type":"related","note":"category"},{"target":"homophony","type":"related","note":"category"},{"target":"troponymy","type":"related","note":"another lexical relation entry"},{"target":"sense","type":"related","note":"word senses"}],"interaction":{"identity":{"applicability":"required","items":["Vercy registry: vr.tr.paronymy","Wikidata: Q42728280 (https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42728280)"]},"properties":{"applicability":"not-applicable","items":[]},"recognition":{"applicability":"optional","items":["Words similar in form but different in meaning","Often related in derivation","Homonyms share form entirely; homophones share sound; false friends cross languages","Not physical; a lexical relation."]},"capabilities":{"applicability":"required","items":["explain the relation","distinguish related phenomena","support writing and translation","support learning"]},"hazards":{"applicability":"required","items":["Confusing paronymy with homonymy","Usage errors in writing","Mistranslation through false friends"]},"interfaces":{"applicability":"required","items":["Usage and style guides","Dictionaries of paronyms in some languages","No regulation"]},"context":{"applicability":"required","items":["Relation between similar-sounding words with different meanings.","derivational paronyms such as economic and economical","sound-alike paronyms such as affect and effect","paronyms in inflected languages","cross-language false friends as a related phenomenon","malapropisms arising from paronymy"]}},"sources":[{"title":"Wikidata item Q42728280: paronymy","url":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42728280","note":"identity and sense of the item"}],"openQuestions":["Should false friends be a separate entry?","How should paronym dictionaries be linked?","How should language teaching resources be linked?"],"resources":{"spec":"/models/things/publications/thing-q42728280/spec.json"},"provenance":{"origin":"thing registry research (pass 2)","builtFrom":["models/things/publications/thing-q42728280/spec.json"],"providers":["Claude"],"researchStatus":"unreviewed","generatedAt":"2026-09-12T04:34:36Z","builder":"tools/build_cards.py@1.0.0"},"completeness":{"sections":{"classifiers":"filled","whatItIs":"filled","purpose":"filled","distinguishingFeatures":"filled","structure":"filled","agentConduct":"filled","ethics":"filled","owners":"filled","relations":"filled","interaction.identity":"filled","interaction.properties":"not-applicable","interaction.recognition":"filled","interaction.capabilities":"filled","interaction.hazards":"filled","interaction.interfaces":"filled","interaction.context":"filled","sources":"filled"},"notes":{"interaction.properties":"Plane XCT: no invented physical properties."},"score":1.0}}