{"schema":"https://ver.cy/schemas/card/1.0.0","id":"vr.tr.rust-q4273292","code":"thing-q4273292","url":"https://ver.cy/models/thing/q4273292/","name":"rust","alternateNames":["rust of beet","late blight of potato","White rust of chrysanthemum","Rust of sunflower","Barley leaf rust"],"kind":"thing","status":"published","version":"0.2.0-wave.5","language":"en","classifiers":{"family":"Thing Registry","category":"Activities and processes","entryKind":"thing","plane":"ACT","domain":["ACT.PRC"],"industry":[],"navPath":"","tags":[],"facets":{}},"whatItIs":"Any of the plant diseases caused by rust fungi (order Pucciniales, formerly Uredinales), obligate parasites that form reddish-brown, orange or yellow pustules of spores on leaves and stems; wheat rusts and coffee leaf rust are among the most damaging.","purpose":"Let an agent recognise rust diseases by host, symptoms and pathogen, explain their life cycles, and route control decisions to plant health advisers.","scope":{"in":[],"out":[],"boundaries":[]},"distinguishingFeatures":["Caused by rust fungi of the order Pucciniales.","Many rusts need two unrelated host plants to complete their life cycle.","White rust and late blight are caused by oomycetes, not rust fungi, despite their names."],"structure":{"bundles":[{"id":"disease-identity","name":"Disease identity","description":"Which rust it is.","layers":[{"id":"pathogen","name":"Pathogen","description":"Species and race.","findings":[{"id":"pathogen-species","name":"Pathogen species","description":"Species, form and race.","questions":[{"text":"Which rust fungus causes this disease?","kind":"provenance"},{"text":"Is a specific race involved?","kind":"boundary"}]}]},{"id":"host","name":"Host","description":"Crop or plant affected.","findings":[{"id":"host-plant","name":"Host plant","description":"Host species and variety.","questions":[{"text":"Which host and variety is affected?","kind":"definition"},{"text":"Is there an alternate host nearby?","kind":"definition"}]}]}]},{"id":"symptoms","name":"Symptoms","description":"What is seen.","layers":[{"id":"pustules","name":"Pustules","description":"Colour, shape, position.","findings":[{"id":"pustule-description","name":"Pustule description","description":"Colour and arrangement.","questions":[{"text":"What colour and arrangement do the pustules have?","kind":"measurement"},{"text":"On which plant parts do they appear?","kind":"definition"}]}]},{"id":"look-alikes","name":"Look-alikes","description":"Other diseases with rust-like signs.","findings":[{"id":"differential","name":"Differential","description":"Diseases often confused.","questions":[{"text":"Could this be another disease, such as an oomycete?","kind":"boundary"},{"text":"Which test confirms it?","kind":"action"}]}]}]},{"id":"life-cycle","name":"Life cycle","description":"How the fungus spreads.","layers":[{"id":"spore-stages","name":"Spore stages","description":"Up to five spore types.","findings":[{"id":"spore-stages","name":"Spore stages","description":"Autoecious or heteroecious; macrocyclic, demicyclic or microcyclic; not every rust has all five spore stages.","questions":[{"text":"Which spore stages occur on this host?","kind":"definition"},{"text":"Does it need an alternate host?","kind":"boundary"}]}]},{"id":"spread","name":"Spread","description":"Wind and conditions.","findings":[{"id":"epidemiology","name":"Epidemiology","description":"Weather and spread.","questions":[{"text":"Which weather favours spread?","kind":"measurement"},{"text":"How far can spores travel?","kind":"measurement"}]}]}]},{"id":"management","name":"Management","description":"Control and monitoring.","layers":[{"id":"control","name":"Control","description":"Resistant varieties, fungicides, sanitation.","findings":[{"id":"control-options","name":"Control options","description":"Approaches in general terms.","questions":[{"text":"Which resistant varieties exist?","kind":"provenance"},{"text":"Who should advise on fungicide use?","kind":"action"}]}]},{"id":"surveillance","name":"Surveillance","description":"Monitoring and reporting.","findings":[{"id":"surveillance","name":"Surveillance","description":"Reporting and alerts.","questions":[{"text":"Is this rust a regulated or notifiable pest here?","kind":"boundary"},{"text":"Which agency monitors it?","kind":"provenance"}]}]}]}]},"agentConduct":{"may":["describe symptoms, pathogens and general management","point to extension services and plant health authorities"],"mustNot":["give pesticide doses or mixing instructions","declare a crop free of a regulated disease","advise moving infected plant material across borders"],"requiresHuman":["diagnosis for regulatory or trade purposes","pesticide application decisions"]},"ethics":{"considerations":["food security","livelihoods of farmers"],"affectedParties":["farmers","consumers"]},"owners":{"steward":"nobody; a disease, monitored by plant health authorities","roles":[],"masterSystems":["EPPO Global Database","national plant protection organisation records"]},"relations":[{"target":"Q3281225","type":"parent","note":"registry parent class"},{"target":"rust fungus","type":"related","note":"order Pucciniales"},{"target":"plant disease","type":"related","note":"fungal disease"},{"target":"late blight","type":"related","note":"an oomycete disease merged into this entry"},{"target":"alternate host","type":"related","note":"for heteroecious rusts, such as barberry for stem rust"}],"interaction":{"identity":{"applicability":"required","items":["Vercy registry: vr.tr.rust-q4273292","Wikidata: Q4273292 (https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4273292)","EPPO code: per pathogen for example codes of the EPPO Global Database"]},"properties":{"applicability":"not-applicable","items":["disease incidence: 0-100 % of plants or leaves - for a stated host population, place, date and method","disease severity: 0-100 % of tissue area affected - by a stated assessment scale"]},"recognition":{"applicability":"optional","items":["Raised powdery pustules that rub off as coloured dust","Pustule colour and arrangement differ by rust species","Spots on the alternate host for heteroecious rusts","Powdery pustules of rust-coloured, orange, yellow or black spores on leaves, stems or fruit, often surrounded by yellowing tissue."]},"capabilities":{"applicability":"required","items":["identify a rust disease from host and symptoms with stated uncertainty","name the pathogen and its life cycle","describe general management approaches","point to plant health authorities and reporting"]},"hazards":{"applicability":"required","items":["Severe crop losses and epidemics, such as new races of wheat stem rust","Spread of spores by wind over long distances","Fungicide resistance"]},"interfaces":{"applicability":"required","items":["International Plant Protection Convention standards (ISPMs) for regulated pests","National plant health regulations listing quarantine rusts"]},"context":{"applicability":"required","items":["wheat stem rust","wheat leaf rust","wheat stripe rust","coffee leaf rust","soybean rust","cedar-apple rust","sunflower rust","barley leaf rust"]}},"sources":[{"title":"Q4273292","url":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4273292","note":"identity of the registry item, labels and sitelinks"},{"title":"Rust (fungus)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rust_(fungus)","note":"general description of the subject"},{"title":"What Are Rust Fungi?","url":"https://ag.purdue.edu/department/btny/herbaria/arthur/arthur_rust_fungi.html","note":"rust fungi and their life cycles"},{"title":"Puccinia graminis: host plants","url":"https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/PUCCGR/hosts","note":"wheat stem rust hosts"},{"title":"Soybean rust","url":"https://extension.umn.edu/agriculture/crop-production/soybean/soybean-rust","note":"a major rust disease"},{"title":"Oomycetes","url":"https://www.apsnet.org/edcenter/Pages/OomycetesLab.aspx","note":"why white rust and late blight are not rusts"}],"openQuestions":["The registry merges late blight of potato and white rust, which are oomycete diseases; they need separate entries.","Should the major wheat rusts have their own entries?"],"resources":{"spec":"/models/things/publications/thing-q4273292/spec.json"},"provenance":{"origin":"thing registry research (pass 2)","builtFrom":["models/things/publications/thing-q4273292/spec.json"],"providers":["Claude"],"researchStatus":"unreviewed","generatedAt":"2026-10-21T19:11:20Z","builder":"tools/build_cards.py@1.0.0"},"completeness":{"sections":{"classifiers":"filled","whatItIs":"filled","purpose":"filled","distinguishingFeatures":"filled","structure":"filled","agentConduct":"filled","ethics":"filled","owners":"filled","relations":"filled","interaction.identity":"filled","interaction.properties":"not-applicable","interaction.recognition":"filled","interaction.capabilities":"filled","interaction.hazards":"filled","interaction.interfaces":"filled","interaction.context":"filled","sources":"filled"},"notes":{"_gate":"Published through the thing publication gate 1.0 on 2026-10-21T19:18:37+00:00: completeness 1.00; sense: Wikidata description; 5 live sources; review by codex: pass","interaction.properties":"Plane ACT: no invented physical properties."},"score":1.0}}