{"schema":"https://ver.cy/schemas/card/1.0.0","id":"vr.tr.orthography","code":"thing-q43091","url":"https://ver.cy/models/thing/q43091/","name":"orthography","alternateNames":["punctuation","Japanese punctuation","Bamum punctuation","hanging punctuation","comma rules in the German language","serial comma","East Asian punctuation","÷","߷","፠","‣","kaeriten"],"kind":"thing","status":"published","version":"0.2.0-wave.2","language":"en","classifiers":{"family":"Thing Registry","category":"Information and virtual systems","entryKind":"thing","plane":"INF","domain":["INF.MED"],"industry":[],"navPath":"","tags":[],"facets":{}},"whatItIs":"The set of conventions for writing a language, including spelling, capitalisation, word breaks, diacritics and punctuation, such as comma rules in German, the serial comma in English, Japanese punctuation and the punctuation of scripts such as Bamum; orthographies are standardised by academies, ministries or usage, reformed over time, taught in schools and studied in linguistics, and they differ from the writing system itself.","purpose":"Let an agent explain orthography and its components, describe the orthographic rules of a language with sources, support spelling and punctuation questions, and describe reforms and debates.","scope":{"in":[],"out":[],"boundaries":[]},"distinguishingFeatures":["Standardised conventions","Spelling and punctuation","Reformable","Language-specific"],"structure":{"bundles":[{"id":"understand","name":"Understand","description":"What orthography is.","layers":[{"id":"components","name":"Components","description":"Components.","findings":[{"id":"components-finding","name":"Components","description":"Components.","questions":[{"text":"What do spelling, punctuation, capitalisation, diacritics and word division cover, and how does orthography differ from a writing system?","kind":"definition"},{"text":"Which entry fits a specific writing system?","kind":"action"}]}]},{"id":"language","name":"Language","description":"Orthography of a language.","findings":[{"id":"language-finding","name":"Language","description":"By language.","questions":[{"text":"What are the orthographic rules of this language, according to its official or standard sources?","kind":"provenance"},{"text":"Which entry fits the language?","kind":"action"}]}]}]},{"id":"apply","name":"Apply","description":"Spelling and punctuation.","layers":[{"id":"spelling","name":"Spelling","description":"Spelling questions.","findings":[{"id":"spelling-finding","name":"Spelling","description":"Spelling.","questions":[{"text":"How is this word spelled in this variety, and which references decide?","kind":"action"},{"text":"Which variants are accepted?","kind":"provenance"}]}]},{"id":"punctuation","name":"Punctuation","description":"Punctuation questions.","findings":[{"id":"punctuation-finding","name":"Punctuation","description":"Punctuation.","questions":[{"text":"How should this sentence be punctuated, including comma rules, the serial comma and language-specific marks such as Japanese punctuation?","kind":"action"},{"text":"Which style guide applies?","kind":"provenance"}]}]}]},{"id":"change","name":"Change","description":"Reforms and debates.","layers":[{"id":"reforms","name":"Reforms","description":"Orthographic reforms.","findings":[{"id":"reforms-finding","name":"Reforms","description":"Reforms.","questions":[{"text":"Which orthographic reforms have occurred in this language, and what were the attributed positions for and against?","kind":"provenance"},{"text":"Is the presentation neutral?","kind":"boundary"}]}]},{"id":"minority","name":"Minority","description":"Creating orthographies.","findings":[{"id":"minority-finding","name":"Minority","description":"New orthographies.","questions":[{"text":"How are orthographies developed for previously unwritten languages, and who decides?","kind":"provenance"},{"text":"Which entry fits language planning?","kind":"action"}]}]}]},{"id":"learn","name":"Learn","description":"Teaching and history.","layers":[{"id":"teach","name":"Teach","description":"Teaching orthography.","findings":[{"id":"teach-finding","name":"Teach","description":"Teaching.","questions":[{"text":"How are spelling and punctuation taught, and what does research say about methods?","kind":"provenance"},{"text":"Which misconceptions arise?","kind":"provenance"}]}]},{"id":"history","name":"History","description":"History.","findings":[{"id":"history-finding","name":"History","description":"History.","questions":[{"text":"How did orthographies and punctuation develop historically?","kind":"provenance"},{"text":"Which references are standard?","kind":"provenance"}]}]}]}]},"agentConduct":{"may":["Explain the orthographic rules of a named language, citing the authority or reference used.","Check spelling, capitalisation and punctuation against the rules the user has chosen.","Note when a rule has changed in a reform and which version applies."],"mustNot":["Apply one language's spelling or punctuation rules to another.","Present outdated rules as current after a reform.","Correct a writer's deliberate dialect, historical or minority spelling without being asked.","Mock or judge people for spelling errors."],"requiresHuman":["Changing the orthography of a published or official text."]},"ethics":{"considerations":["Spelling is used to judge education and class, which can stigmatise people.","Orthography reforms and script choices can carry political and identity weight."],"affectedParties":["Writers and learners","Speakers of minority varieties","Readers"]},"owners":{"steward":"Nobody owns it; language academies or official bodies set the standard where one exists.","roles":[],"masterSystems":[]},"relations":[{"target":"Q1156854","type":"parent","note":"registry parent class"},{"target":"Q1759988","type":"parent","note":"registry parent class"},{"target":"Q8162","type":"parent","note":"registry parent class"},{"target":"linguistic norm","type":"related","note":"category"},{"target":"policy","type":"related","note":"category"},{"target":"Turkish","type":"related","note":"a language with a reformed orthography"},{"target":"coordination","type":"related","note":"punctuation of coordinated structures"}],"interaction":{"identity":{"applicability":"required","items":["Vercy registry: vr.tr.orthography","Wikidata: Q43091 (https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43091)"]},"properties":{"applicability":"not-applicable","items":[]},"recognition":{"applicability":"optional","items":["Spelling, punctuation, capitalisation rules","Language-specific","A script is the set of symbols; orthography is how they are used","Not physical; rules realised in written text."]},"capabilities":{"applicability":"required","items":["explain components","describe rules of a language","support spelling and punctuation","describe reforms"]},"hazards":{"applicability":"required","items":["Applying one language rules to another","Outdated rules after reforms","Prescriptive overreach"]},"interfaces":{"applicability":"required","items":["Academy and ministry orthographic standards","Style guides","Unicode and typographic standards for punctuation"]},"context":{"applicability":"required","items":["Conventions for writing a language.","spelling systems","punctuation systems","capitalisation and word division rules","orthographies of specific languages","orthographic reforms"]}},"sources":[{"title":"Wikidata item Q43091: orthography","url":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43091","note":"identity and sense of the item"},{"title":"Wikipedia: Orthography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthography","note":"general description of the item"}],"openQuestions":["Should punctuation be a separate entry?","How should official rules be linked by language?","How should reform debates be attributed?"],"resources":{"spec":"/models/things/publications/thing-q43091/spec.json"},"provenance":{"origin":"thing registry research (pass 2)","builtFrom":["models/things/publications/thing-q43091/spec.json"],"providers":["Claude"],"researchStatus":"unreviewed","generatedAt":"2026-09-12T00:43:31Z","builder":"tools/build_cards.py@1.0.0"},"completeness":{"sections":{"classifiers":"filled","whatItIs":"filled","purpose":"filled","distinguishingFeatures":"filled","structure":"filled","agentConduct":"filled","ethics":"filled","owners":"filled","relations":"filled","interaction.identity":"filled","interaction.properties":"not-applicable","interaction.recognition":"filled","interaction.capabilities":"filled","interaction.hazards":"filled","interaction.interfaces":"filled","interaction.context":"filled","sources":"filled"},"notes":{"_gate":"Published through the thing publication gate 1.0 on 2026-10-06T19:52:00+00:00: completeness 1.00; sense: Wikidata description; 2 live sources; review by codex: pass","interaction.properties":"Plane INF: no invented physical properties."},"score":1.0}}