{"schema":"https://ver.cy/schemas/card/1.0.0","id":"vr.tr.boson","code":"thing-q43101","url":"https://ver.cy/models/thing/q43101/","name":"boson","alternateNames":["phonon","acoustic phonon","optical phonon","surface phonon","Cooper pair","quarkonium","bottomonium","charmonium","Upsilon meson","deuteron","bottom eta meson","charmed eta meson"],"kind":"thing","status":"published","version":"0.2.0-wave.4","language":"en","classifiers":{"family":"Thing Registry","category":"Physical world and living systems","entryKind":"thing","plane":"PHY","domain":["PHY.OBJ"],"industry":[],"navPath":"","tags":[],"facets":{}},"whatItIs":"A particle or quasiparticle with integer spin that obeys Bose-Einstein statistics, so any number can occupy the same quantum state, named after Satyendra Nath Bose, including the elementary gauge bosons that carry forces, the photon, W and Z bosons and gluons, and the Higgs boson discovered at CERN in 2012, composite bosons such as mesons including quarkonium states of a quark and its antiquark, atoms with an even total number of constituent fermions such as helium-4 and Cooper pairs of electrons in superconductors, and quasiparticles such as phonons, quantised lattice vibrations including acoustic, optical and surface phonons. Bosons underlie Bose-Einstein condensates, lasers and superfluidity.","purpose":"Let an agent explain bosons, relay statistics, elementary and composite examples, quasiparticles and phenomena from physics sources, describe the named aliases, and distinguish bosons from fermions, the Higgs field itself, force as a classical concept and anyons in two dimensions.","scope":{"in":[],"out":[],"boundaries":[]},"distinguishingFeatures":["Integer spin","Can share quantum states","Force carriers","Condensation phenomena"],"structure":{"bundles":[{"id":"understand","name":"Understand","description":"What a boson is.","layers":[{"id":"definition","name":"Definition","description":"Definition.","findings":[{"id":"definition-finding","name":"Definition","description":"Definition.","questions":[{"text":"What is a boson, and how does it differ from fermions, the Higgs field, classical force and anyons?","kind":"definition"},{"text":"Is the question about particle physics, condensed matter or history?","kind":"boundary"}]}]},{"id":"aliases","name":"Aliases","description":"Named aliases.","findings":[{"id":"aliases-finding","name":"Aliases","description":"Aliases.","questions":[{"text":"What are phonons, Cooper pairs and quarkonium, and why are they bosons?","kind":"definition"},{"text":"Which entry fits the specific boson?","kind":"action"}]}]}]},{"id":"physics","name":"Physics","description":"Statistics.","layers":[{"id":"statistics","name":"Statistics","description":"Bose-Einstein statistics.","findings":[{"id":"statistics-finding","name":"Statistics","description":"Statistics.","questions":[{"text":"How do Bose-Einstein statistics differ from Fermi-Dirac statistics?","kind":"provenance"},{"text":"Which references are standard?","kind":"provenance"}]}]},{"id":"spin","name":"Spin-statistics","description":"Spin-statistics theorem.","findings":[{"id":"spin-finding","name":"Spin-statistics","description":"Spin-statistics.","questions":[{"text":"What does the spin-statistics theorem say?","kind":"provenance"},{"text":"Which sources are cited?","kind":"provenance"}]}]}]},{"id":"examples","name":"Examples","description":"Examples.","layers":[{"id":"gauge","name":"Gauge bosons","description":"Force carriers.","findings":[{"id":"gauge-finding","name":"Gauge bosons","description":"Gauge bosons.","questions":[{"text":"How do photons, W and Z bosons and gluons mediate forces?","kind":"provenance"},{"text":"Which entry fits gauge boson?","kind":"action"}]}]},{"id":"higgs","name":"Higgs","description":"Higgs boson.","findings":[{"id":"higgs-finding","name":"Higgs","description":"Higgs.","questions":[{"text":"How was the Higgs boson discovered in 2012?","kind":"provenance"},{"text":"Which entry fits Higgs boson?","kind":"action"}]}]}]},{"id":"context","name":"Context","description":"Phenomena.","layers":[{"id":"bec","name":"Condensates","description":"Bose-Einstein condensates.","findings":[{"id":"bec-finding","name":"Condensates","description":"Condensates.","questions":[{"text":"What is a Bose-Einstein condensate?","kind":"provenance"},{"text":"Which entry fits Bose-Einstein condensate?","kind":"action"}]}]},{"id":"bose","name":"Bose","description":"Satyendra Nath Bose.","findings":[{"id":"bose-finding","name":"Bose","description":"Bose.","questions":[{"text":"How did Bose and Einstein develop the statistics in 1924?","kind":"provenance"},{"text":"Which entry fits Satyendra Nath Bose?","kind":"action"}]}]}]}]},"agentConduct":{"may":["Explain bosons, their spin and statistics, and examples such as photons and the Higgs boson.","Distinguish elementary bosons, composite bosons and quasiparticles."],"mustNot":["Present composite bosons as elementary particles.","Call the Higgs boson the God particle without explaining that the nickname is popular, not scientific.","Treat quasiparticles as free particles.","Present speculative particles as discovered."],"requiresHuman":["Publishing a summary of unconfirmed particle physics results."]},"ethics":{"considerations":["Accurate science communication protects public trust in research."],"affectedParties":["Students","Researchers","The public"]},"owners":{"steward":"Nobody owns the concept; it belongs to physics.","roles":[],"masterSystems":[]},"relations":[{"target":"Q28693603","type":"parent","note":"registry parent class"},{"target":"quantum particle","type":"related","note":"in registry terms"},{"target":"Satyendra Nath Bose","type":"related"},{"target":"Higgs boson","type":"related"},{"target":"fermion","type":"related"}],"interaction":{"identity":{"applicability":"required","items":["Vercy registry: vr.tr.boson","Wikidata: Q43101 (https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43101)"]},"properties":{"applicability":"required","items":["spin: 0, 1, 2 and other integers note","Higgs boson discovery: 2012 year - ATLAS and CMS at CERN","first Bose-Einstein condensate: 1995 year - Cornell and Wieman"]},"recognition":{"applicability":"required","items":["Integer-spin particle obeying Bose-Einstein statistics","Phonon, acoustic phonon, optical phonon, surface phonon, Cooper pair, quarkonium","Fermions have half-integer spin; the Higgs field is a field; classical force is macroscopic; anyons exist in two dimensions","Not visible; detected in particle experiments and inferred from material properties."]},"capabilities":{"applicability":"required","items":["explain Bose-Einstein statistics","relay elementary and composite bosons","describe phonons and Cooper pairs","distinguish related particle classes"]},"hazards":{"applicability":"required","items":["Confusing composite bosons with elementary ones","Calling the Higgs the God particle without context","Treating quasiparticles as free particles"]},"interfaces":{"applicability":"required","items":["No regulation; Particle Data Group reviews"]},"context":{"applicability":"required","items":["Classifying particles by quantum statistics.","gauge bosons","scalar bosons such as the Higgs","mesons and quarkonium","bosonic atoms","quasiparticle bosons such as phonons and magnons"]}},"sources":[{"title":"Wikidata item Q43101: boson","url":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43101","note":"identity and sense of the item"},{"title":"Wikipedia: Boson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boson","note":"general description of the item"}],"openQuestions":["Should phonon aliases be moved to a phonon entry?","How should Particle Data Group sources be linked?","Should Cooper pairs be a separate entry?"],"resources":{"spec":"/models/things/publications/thing-q43101/spec.json"},"provenance":{"origin":"thing registry research (pass 2)","builtFrom":["models/things/publications/thing-q43101/spec.json"],"providers":["Claude"],"researchStatus":"unreviewed","generatedAt":"2026-09-13T22:37:13Z","builder":"tools/build_cards.py@1.0.0"},"completeness":{"sections":{"classifiers":"filled","whatItIs":"filled","purpose":"filled","distinguishingFeatures":"filled","structure":"filled","agentConduct":"filled","ethics":"filled","owners":"filled","relations":"filled","interaction.identity":"filled","interaction.properties":"filled","interaction.recognition":"filled","interaction.capabilities":"filled","interaction.hazards":"filled","interaction.interfaces":"filled","interaction.context":"filled","sources":"filled"},"notes":{"_gate":"Published through the thing publication gate 1.0 on 2026-10-07T10:10:31+00:00: completeness 1.00; sense: Wikidata description; 2 live sources; review by codex: pass"},"score":1.0}}