{"schema":"https://ver.cy/schemas/card/1.0.0","id":"vr.tr.jihad","code":"thing-q44311","url":"https://ver.cy/models/thing/q44311/","name":"jihad","alternateNames":["Sexual Jihad","Fula jihads","Jihadism","offensive jihad"],"kind":"thing","status":"published","version":"0.1.0-research.1","language":"en","classifiers":{"family":"Thing Registry","category":"Activities and processes","entryKind":"thing","plane":"ACT","domain":["ACT.ACT"],"industry":[],"navPath":"","tags":[],"facets":{}},"whatItIs":"Jihad is an Arabic word meaning striving or struggling, especially with a praiseworthy aim; its meaning in a particular use depends on context, and Islamic religious uses include moral striving and, in some legal and theological interpretations, armed struggle.","purpose":"Enable an AI agent to recognise an activity described as jihad, assess its evidenced state and contested interpretation, and determine appropriate handling without treating religious attribution as authorization.","scope":{"in":["Activities explicitly described as jihad by participants, interpreters or external observers, with attribution preserved","The religious purpose, intended transformation and form of striving claimed for an activity","Differences between inward discipline, nonviolent outward activity and armed activity within the interpretation being recorded","Tradition-specific claims about obligation, authority, conditions and limits","Evidence of conduct, consequences and changes in the activity's state"],"out":["Islamic theology and jurisprudence as complete systems","People, religious communities and organizations as independently modelled entities","Wars, campaigns and individual violent incidents beyond their relationship to the jihad attribution","Jihadist ideologies, recruitment networks and propaganda artifacts as separate things","Generic self-improvement or political struggle without an evidenced jihad attribution","Personal names, titles or incidental word occurrences that do not identify an activity"],"boundaries":[]},"distinguishingFeatures":["Require an attributable connection between a specific activity and the term jihad; a participant's Muslim identity alone does not establish that connection.","Record the religious purpose claimed for the activity and distinguish it from an observer's generic translation as struggle.","Establish the actual means used before classifying an activity as armed; the label alone does not demonstrate violence.","Distinguish an activity described as jihad from an ideology called jihadism, an organization's name or a text discussing jihad.","Separate evidence that someone calls an activity jihad from evidence that a specified religious authority accepts that classification."],"structure":{"bundles":[{"id":"meaning-and-attribution","name":"Meaning and attribution","description":"Establish what jihad means in this record and who applies that meaning to the activity.","layers":[{"id":"attributed-designation","name":"Attributed designation","description":"Connect the expression to an identifiable activity and speaker.","findings":[{"id":"jihad-designation-evidence","name":"Jihad designation evidence","description":"Record the exact wording, speaker, date and referent without silently upgrading a label into an accepted classification.","questions":[{"text":"Who calls this activity jihad, in what words and in which accessible source?","id":"jihad-designation-evidence-q01","kind":"provenance"},{"text":"Does the expression identify an enacted activity, a proposed duty, a quotation, a personal name or an organization?","id":"jihad-designation-evidence-q02","kind":"boundary"}]}]},{"id":"interpretive-meaning","name":"Interpretive meaning","description":"Identify the sense of jihad used and the limits of that interpretation.","findings":[{"id":"source-specific-sense","name":"Source-specific sense","description":"Retain source-defined distinctions between forms of striving. One contemporary Muslim scholarly treatment discusses inward struggle and armed combat; use it as an attributed interpretation rather than a universal taxonomy: [Yaqeen Institute paper](https://yaqeeninstitute.org/read/paper/is-islam-a-conquest-ideology-on-jihad-war-peace).","questions":[{"text":"What does jihad denote in the cited interpretation, and which form is claimed here?","id":"source-specific-sense-q01","kind":"definition"},{"text":"Which interpreter, tradition and historical setting support that reading?","id":"source-specific-sense-q02","kind":"provenance"},{"text":"Which alternative readings are relevant to this activity, and where do they disagree?","id":"source-specific-sense-q03","kind":"boundary"}]}]}]},{"id":"religious-purpose-and-striving","name":"Religious purpose and striving","description":"Record the activity's professed religious aim and the effort through which participants pursue it.","layers":[{"id":"professed-intention","name":"Professed intention","description":"Capture stated religious intention without claiming access to a person's inner sincerity.","findings":[{"id":"intention-and-religious-reference","name":"Intention and religious reference","description":"Record participants' accounts of striving in relation to God and any passages they invoke. Qur'an 22:78 provides a textual reference to striving for Allah, but its application to a particular activity requires separate evidence: [Qur'an 22:78](https://legacy.quran.com/22/78).","questions":[{"text":"What religious aim do participants explicitly state for this activity?","id":"intention-and-religious-reference-q01","kind":"definition"},{"text":"Which testimony or text supports the recorded intention, and which motives are only attributed by observers?","id":"intention-and-religious-reference-q02","kind":"provenance"}]}]},{"id":"object-of-striving","name":"Object of striving","description":"Identify the condition participants seek to change and how their practice addresses it.","findings":[{"id":"sought-transformation","name":"Sought transformation","description":"Specify whether the claimed effort concerns personal conduct, communication, service, a collective condition or armed opposition, using the source's own distinctions.","questions":[{"text":"What precisely is being resisted, cultivated, protected or changed according to participants?","id":"sought-transformation-q01","kind":"definition"},{"text":"What observable change would support the claimed practical outcome without purporting to measure divine acceptance?","id":"sought-transformation-q02","kind":"measurement"},{"text":"Where does this religiously framed activity begin and end relative to ordinary worship, service or political action?","id":"sought-transformation-q03","kind":"boundary"}]}]}]},{"id":"obligation-and-authority","name":"Obligation and authority","description":"Represent attributed judgments about duty, standing and conditions for participation.","layers":[{"id":"claimed-duty","name":"Claimed duty","description":"Determine whether and for whom an obligation is asserted.","findings":[{"id":"obligation-basis","name":"Obligation basis","description":"Record any classification as individual duty, collective duty or another normative status only within its cited interpretive frame.","questions":[{"text":"Is this activity presented as obligatory, encouraged or otherwise classified, and by whom?","id":"obligation-basis-q01","kind":"definition"},{"text":"What conditions, exemptions and participant qualifications does that source specify?","id":"obligation-basis-q02","kind":"boundary"}]}]},{"id":"authority-claims","name":"Authority claims","description":"Assess the provenance and applicability of claimed authorization.","findings":[{"id":"authorization-and-dispute","name":"Authorization and dispute","description":"Distinguish personal commitment, scholarly interpretation and political or command authority where the cited framework makes those distinctions.","questions":[{"text":"Does the cited framework require authorization for this form of jihad, and whose authorization is claimed?","id":"authorization-and-dispute-q01","kind":"definition"},{"text":"What verifies the ruling's authorship, date and applicability to this activity?","id":"authorization-and-dispute-q02","kind":"provenance"},{"text":"Which unresolved authority claims require qualified review before the agent relies on them?","id":"authorization-and-dispute-q03","kind":"action"}]}]}]},{"id":"enactment-and-conduct","name":"Enactment and conduct","description":"Establish what people actually do under the jihad designation and which conduct-specific questions apply.","layers":[{"id":"practice-and-participation","name":"Practice and participation","description":"Describe enacted effort and participants' roles without inferring affiliation from religion.","findings":[{"id":"observed-practice","name":"Observed practice","description":"Separate private discipline, expression, service, material support and direct force, recording mixed or changing practices when evidenced.","questions":[{"text":"What actions constitute this activity in practice, and which are only announced or alleged?","id":"observed-practice-q01","kind":"measurement"},{"text":"Who performs each evidenced role, and what distinguishes participation from sympathy or external attribution?","id":"observed-practice-q02","kind":"boundary"}]}]},{"id":"coercion-and-armed-activity","name":"Coercion and armed activity","description":"Apply additional scrutiny when conduct includes coercion or armed force.","findings":[{"id":"force-and-claimed-limits","name":"Force and claimed limits","description":"Record evidence of force separately from claims about its justification; preserve the relevant interpreter's stated limits and link independent legal assessments.","questions":[{"text":"What evidence establishes coercion, threats or armed force rather than metaphorical language?","id":"force-and-claimed-limits-q01","kind":"measurement"},{"text":"Which limits concerning affected people, agreements and cessation are asserted, and what evidence shows compliance or breach?","id":"force-and-claimed-limits-q02","kind":"provenance"},{"text":"Which related conflict or incident model must supply conduct and legal findings before assistance is considered?","id":"force-and-claimed-limits-q03","kind":"action"}]}]}]},{"id":"state-outcomes-and-agent-handling","name":"State, outcomes and agent handling","description":"Track the activity's development and determine what the evidence permits an agent to do.","layers":[{"id":"continuity-and-outcomes","name":"Continuity and outcomes","description":"Track activity state and practical consequences without certifying spiritual merit.","findings":[{"id":"activity-continuity","name":"Activity continuity","description":"Date the activity's commencement, changes and cessation while distinguishing a bounded episode from an ongoing personal commitment.","questions":[{"text":"What dated evidence shows that this jihad-described activity is proposed, ongoing, paused or concluded?","id":"activity-continuity-q01","kind":"measurement"},{"text":"Does a change in means or purpose continue the same activity, create a new episode or invalidate the previous classification?","id":"activity-continuity-q02","kind":"boundary"}]},{"id":"claimed-and-observed-outcomes","name":"Claimed and observed outcomes","description":"Keep reported spiritual benefit, observable practical effects and consequences for others distinct.","questions":[{"text":"Which outcomes are participants' spiritual assessments, and which have independently observable evidence?","id":"claimed-and-observed-outcomes-q01","kind":"measurement"},{"text":"What benefits, harms or dissent do affected people report, and where does their account differ from participants' claims?","id":"claimed-and-observed-outcomes-q02","kind":"provenance"}]}]},{"id":"handling-decision","name":"Handling decision","description":"Use attributed meaning and observed conduct to select an appropriate agent response.","findings":[{"id":"assistance-boundary","name":"Assistance boundary","description":"Assess the requested action separately from the jihad label, preserving uncertainty and avoiding unsupported judgments about religious legitimacy.","questions":[{"text":"Is the agent being asked to explain a term, document an activity, support a benign practice or facilitate coercion or violence?","id":"assistance-boundary-q01","kind":"action"},{"text":"What evidence or qualified review is needed before the agent can responsibly perform the requested action?","id":"assistance-boundary-q02","kind":"action"},{"text":"How should competing interpretations be presented without implying that a religious claim establishes factual truth or permission?","id":"assistance-boundary-q03","kind":"action"}]}]}]},{"id":"evidence-and-external-alignment","name":"Evidence and external alignment","description":"What the world already says about this thing, gathered so the model can be checked against it.","layers":[{"id":"reported-evidence","name":"Reported evidence","description":"Findings from the breadth pass, kept separate from the structural claims.","findings":[{"id":"evidence-kinds","name":"Kinds and varieties","description":"Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.","questions":[{"text":"Which of these kinds and varieties hold for the sense of jihad this model covers, and on what evidence?","id":"evidence-kinds-q01","kind":"provenance"}]},{"id":"evidence-identifiers","name":"Identifiers and schemes","description":"Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.","questions":[{"text":"Which of these identifiers and schemes hold for the sense of jihad this model covers, and on what evidence?","id":"evidence-identifiers-q01","kind":"provenance"}]},{"id":"evidence-standards-and-regulation","name":"Standards and regulation","description":"Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.","questions":[{"text":"Which of these standards and regulation hold for the sense of jihad this model covers, and on what evidence?","id":"evidence-standards-and-regulation-q01","kind":"provenance"}]},{"id":"evidence-real-world-use","name":"Real-world use","description":"Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.","questions":[{"text":"Which of these real-world use hold for the sense of jihad this model covers, and on what evidence?","id":"evidence-real-world-use-q01","kind":"provenance"}]},{"id":"evidence-measurements","name":"Typical measurements","description":"Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.","questions":[{"text":"Which of these typical measurements hold for the sense of jihad this model covers, and on what evidence?","id":"evidence-measurements-q01","kind":"provenance"}]},{"id":"evidence-failure-modes-and-hazards","name":"Failure modes and hazards","description":"Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.","questions":[{"text":"Which of these failure modes and hazards hold for the sense of jihad this model covers, and on what evidence?","id":"evidence-failure-modes-and-hazards-q01","kind":"provenance"}]},{"id":"evidence-regional-variation","name":"Regional variation","description":"Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.","questions":[{"text":"Which of these regional variation hold for the sense of jihad this model covers, and on what evidence?","id":"evidence-regional-variation-q01","kind":"provenance"}]},{"id":"evidence-neighbours","name":"Neighbouring kinds and how to tell them apart","description":"Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.","questions":[{"text":"Which of these neighbouring kinds and how to tell them apart hold for the sense of jihad this model covers, and on what evidence?","id":"evidence-neighbours-q01","kind":"provenance"}]}]}]}]},"agentConduct":{"may":["Explain jihad as a concept in Islamic thought, including inner moral striving, citing recognised scholars and sources.","Distinguish classical legal teaching from modern political uses of the word.","Present the range of Muslim views fairly."],"mustNot":["Assist in planning, promoting or glorifying violence or terrorism in the name of jihad.","Produce recruitment, propaganda or justification for armed groups.","Equate Islam or Muslims as a whole with violence.","Issue religious rulings as if the agent were a recognised authority."],"requiresHuman":["Reporting content that appears to incite or plan violence."]},"ethics":{"considerations":["The word is used by extremists to justify killing and by others to stigmatise Muslims.","Accurate teaching protects both believers and the public."],"affectedParties":["Muslims and their communities","Victims of political violence","Students and the public"]},"owners":{"steward":"Nobody owns the concept; Islamic scholars and communities hold its interpretation.","roles":[],"masterSystems":[]},"relations":[{"target":"Q118471175","type":"parent","note":"registry parent class"}],"interaction":{"identity":{"applicability":"required","items":["Vercy registry: vr.tr.jihad","Wikidata: Q44311 (https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44311)"]},"properties":{"applicability":"not-applicable","items":["Jihad attribution: Activity linked to attributing speaker, exact expression, source and date","Interpretive frame: Named interpreter, tradition, text and historical context; unspecified or disputed where necessary","Form of striving: Inward discipline; nonviolent outward activity; armed activity; mixed; unresolved, with source terminology retained","Claimed religious purpose: Source-described purpose, with multiple or disputed purposes allowed","Claimed obligation: Individual duty; collective duty; encouraged; other source-defined status; disputed; unspecified","Authority and participation basis: Participant linked to claimed authorizer, relevant ruling and participation conditions, where applicable","Activity state: Proposed; declared; ongoing; paused; concluded; abandoned; unknown, each dated and evidenced","Observed means: Private practice; speech; teaching; service; material contribution; coercion; armed force; other; unknown; multiple allowed","Claim assessment: Supported; challenged; unresolved; not assessed, separately for attribution, conduct and normative claims"]},"recognition":{"applicability":"not-applicable","items":[]},"capabilities":{"applicability":"required","items":["Register a bounded activity and preserve competing jihad attributions with their sources.","Compare interpretations without issuing a universal theological ruling.","Select questions appropriate to inward, nonviolent outward, armed or mixed activity.","Track changes in stated purpose, observed means, participation and cessation.","Link relevant people, texts, rulings and conflict records without duplicating their models.","Determine whether an agent may summarize, request evidence, support a benign activity or refer a consequential judgment for qualified review."]},"hazards":{"applicability":"required","items":["Treating every use of the term as a reference to violence can produce religious discrimination and serious errors of interpretation.","Treating a religious attribution as sufficient authorization for violence can endanger people and obscure accountability.","Presenting a contested interpretation as universally accepted can misrepresent communities and intensify conflict."]},"interfaces":{"applicability":"not-applicable","items":[]},"context":{"applicability":"required","items":["The term occurs in Islamic scripture, jurisprudence, ethical teaching and discussions of religious obligation.","It can describe personal moral striving or armed struggle, with meanings and conditions differing across historical settings and interpretive traditions.","It also appears in political rhetoric and reporting, where attribution and context are necessary to understand the intended meaning."]}},"sources":[{"title":"The Qurʾān (esp. 2:190-193, 2:216, 4:74-76, 8:39, 9:5, 9:29, 22:39-40, 25:52, 29:69)","url":"https://quran.com","note":"Primary scriptural uses of jihād and qitāl: permission to fight those who fight you, fighting in the path of God, striving with the Qurʾān, and striving as a general religious exertion."},{"title":"Jihad (Q177551)","url":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177551","note":"Stable identifier and interwiki links for the concept as catalogued by Wikidata."},{"title":"Jihad","url":"https://www.britannica.com/topic/jihad","note":"Standard encyclopedic distinction between greater (spiritual) and lesser (military) jihad, and the classical legal framing."},{"title":"War (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)","url":"https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/war/","note":"Places Islamic jihad-as-just-war discourse among comparative theories of organised political violence."},{"title":"Jihad","url":"","note":"Reference treatment of jihad as a polyvalent legal and spiritual institution in Islamic studies, including farḍ ʿayn / farḍ kifāya and the role of public authority."},{"title":"Understanding Jihad","url":"","note":"Historical survey of how jihad was defined in classical law, later revivalist writing, and modern militant movements; useful for kinds and neighbours."},{"title":"Wikidata item Q44311: jihad","url":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44311","note":"identity and sense of the item"},{"title":"Wikipedia: Jihad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jihad","note":"general description of the item"}],"openQuestions":["Does the registry intend jihad to cover activity instances, an ongoing religious practice, a doctrinal action category or all three, and does an existing world model already own that scope?","Which historical, Sunni, Shia and other interpretive sources are needed to avoid building the model around one contemporary account?","How should externally imposed or retrospective jihad labels be represented when participants reject them or their own descriptions are unavailable?","Which source-specific distinctions among inward striving, nonviolent outward activity and armed activity are stable enough for shared categories, and which must remain local?","What evidence and qualified interpretation are needed to assess obligation, authority and cessation in particular cases without implying universal religious agreement?"],"resources":{"spec":"/models/things/publications/thing-q44311/spec.json"},"provenance":{"origin":"thing registry research (pass 2)","builtFrom":["models/things/publications/thing-q44311/spec.json"],"providers":["Codex","Grok"],"researchStatus":"unreviewed","generatedAt":"2026-09-07T09:43:05Z","builder":"tools/build_cards.py@1.0.0"},"completeness":{"sections":{"classifiers":"filled","whatItIs":"filled","purpose":"filled","distinguishingFeatures":"filled","structure":"filled","agentConduct":"filled","ethics":"filled","owners":"filled","relations":"filled","interaction.identity":"filled","interaction.properties":"not-applicable","interaction.recognition":"not-applicable","interaction.capabilities":"filled","interaction.hazards":"filled","interaction.interfaces":"not-applicable","interaction.context":"filled","sources":"filled"},"notes":{"_gate":"Published through the thing publication gate 1.0 on 2026-10-07T12:16:33+00:00: completeness 1.00; sense: Wikidata description; 5 live sources; review by codex: pass","interaction.properties":"Plane ACT: no invented physical properties.","interaction.interfaces":"No single technical standard or official classification governs this religious concept across its ethical, theological and armed senses.","interaction.recognition":"This interpretive religious concept has no visual features that reliably establish its presence or meaning."},"score":1.0}}