{"schema":"https://ver.cy/schemas/card/1.0.0","id":"vr.tr.yeast","code":"thing-q45422","url":"https://ver.cy/models/thing/q45422/","name":"yeast","alternateNames":["distiller's yeast","Dematiaceous molds","kefir grains","nutritional yeast","yeast in winemaking","Holy Leaven","Saccharomyces pastorianus","beer yeast"],"kind":"thing","status":"published","version":"0.2.0-wave.3","language":"en","classifiers":{"family":"Thing Registry","category":"Physical world and living systems","entryKind":"thing","plane":"PHY","domain":["PHY.LIV"],"industry":[],"navPath":"","tags":[],"facets":{}},"whatItIs":"Single-celled fungi that reproduce by budding or fission, of which the species Saccharomyces cerevisiae is used to leaven bread, brew beer and ferment wine, and is a model organism in genetics and cell biology; yeasts also include wild and industrial strains, nutritional yeast products, and species that cause infections such as Candida.","purpose":"Let an agent explain what yeasts are and how they are used in food, drink, industry and research, relay food safety and handling information, distinguish yeast senses and products, and route questions about yeast infections to clinicians.","scope":{"in":[],"out":[],"boundaries":[]},"distinguishingFeatures":["Single-celled fungi","Fermentation of sugars to alcohol and carbon dioxide","Domesticated strains for food and drink","Model organism status"],"structure":{"bundles":[{"id":"biology","name":"Biology","description":"What yeast is.","layers":[{"id":"definition","name":"Definition","description":"Definition and kinds.","findings":[{"id":"definition-finding","name":"Definition","description":"Definition.","questions":[{"text":"What are yeasts, and which kinds and species matter?","kind":"definition"},{"text":"Is the question about food yeast, laboratory yeast or a yeast infection, which needs a clinician?","kind":"boundary"}]}]},{"id":"metabolism","name":"Metabolism","description":"Fermentation.","findings":[{"id":"metabolism-finding","name":"Metabolism","description":"Metabolism.","questions":[{"text":"How do yeasts ferment sugars, and what conditions affect them?","kind":"definition"},{"text":"Which entry fits fermentation?","kind":"action"}]}]}]},{"id":"use","name":"Use","description":"Food and drink.","layers":[{"id":"baking","name":"Baking","description":"Baking.","findings":[{"id":"baking-finding","name":"Baking","description":"Baking.","questions":[{"text":"How is yeast used in baking, and how are fresh and dried forms handled?","kind":"provenance"},{"text":"Which entry fits bread?","kind":"action"}]}]},{"id":"brewing","name":"Brewing","description":"Brewing and winemaking.","findings":[{"id":"brewing-finding","name":"Brewing","description":"Brewing.","questions":[{"text":"How are yeast strains used in beer, wine and spirits?","kind":"provenance"},{"text":"Which entry fits brewing?","kind":"action"}]}]}]},{"id":"science","name":"Science","description":"Research and industry.","layers":[{"id":"model","name":"Model","description":"Model organism.","findings":[{"id":"model-finding","name":"Model","description":"Model.","questions":[{"text":"Why is yeast a model organism, and what has it revealed?","kind":"provenance"},{"text":"Which references are standard?","kind":"provenance"}]}]},{"id":"industry","name":"Industry","description":"Industrial biotechnology.","findings":[{"id":"industry-finding","name":"Industry","description":"Industry.","questions":[{"text":"How are yeasts used to produce enzymes, medicines and biofuels?","kind":"provenance"},{"text":"Which entry fits industrial biotechnology?","kind":"action"}]}]}]},{"id":"context","name":"Context","description":"Safety and history.","layers":[{"id":"safety","name":"Safety","description":"Safety and regulation.","findings":[{"id":"safety-finding","name":"Safety","description":"Safety.","questions":[{"text":"What food safety and biosafety rules apply to yeasts?","kind":"provenance"},{"text":"Which entry fits food safety?","kind":"action"}]}]},{"id":"history","name":"History","description":"History.","findings":[{"id":"history-finding","name":"History","description":"History.","questions":[{"text":"How was yeast understood and domesticated, from ancient brewing to Pasteur?","kind":"provenance"},{"text":"Which entry fits the history of microbiology?","kind":"action"}]}]}]}]},"agentConduct":{"may":["Explain how yeast leavens bread and ferments beer and wine.","Help with baking and home fermentation within food safety guidance.","Distinguish baker's yeast, nutritional yeast and yeasts that cause infections."],"mustNot":["Give personal medical advice on yeast infections in place of a clinician.","Advise fermentation methods that skip hygiene or produce unsafe alcohol.","Confuse food yeast with Candida in health information.","Present nutritional yeast as a treatment or cure for disease."],"requiresHuman":["Any treatment decision for a suspected yeast infection."]},"ethics":{"considerations":["Food safety in fermentation affects anyone who eats or drinks the product.","Infections can carry stigma, and accurate information supports dignity."],"affectedParties":["Bakers and brewers","People who eat and drink fermented foods","People with infections"]},"owners":{"steward":"The person or business that holds it; culture collections keep reference strains.","roles":[],"masterSystems":[]},"relations":[{"target":"Q764","type":"parent","note":"registry parent class"},{"target":"Q908833","type":"parent","note":"registry parent class"},{"target":"fungus","type":"related","note":"single-celled fungi"},{"target":"raising agent","type":"related","note":"in baking"},{"target":"Saccharomyces cerevisiae","type":"related","note":"the main species"},{"target":"fermentation","type":"related","note":"the process"}],"interaction":{"identity":{"applicability":"required","items":["Vercy registry: vr.tr.yeast","Wikidata: Q45422 (https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45422)","taxon: Saccharomyces cerevisiae main species","NCBI Taxonomy: 4932 for S. cerevisiae"]},"properties":{"applicability":"required","items":["cell size: about 3-10 micrometres","optimal fermentation temperature: about 25-35 degrees C - baking yeast"]},"recognition":{"applicability":"required","items":["Single-celled budding fungus","Sold as fresh, dried or nutritional yeast","Moulds are filamentous fungi; kefir grains are a mixed culture","Cream-coloured paste, granules or powder in commercial forms; single oval cells under the microscope."]},"capabilities":{"applicability":"required","items":["explain biology and kinds","explain uses in baking, brewing and winemaking","explain the model organism role","route infection questions to clinicians"]},"hazards":{"applicability":"required","items":["Fermentation failures in food and drink","Contamination by wild yeasts","Confusing food yeast with yeast infections","Agents giving medical advice on infections"]},"interfaces":{"applicability":"required","items":["Food safety and labelling rules for yeast products","Brewing and winemaking regulations","Biosafety rules for laboratory strains","Regulation of genetically modified yeasts"]},"context":{"applicability":"required","items":["Leavening, fermentation, industrial production and research.","baking yeast","brewing and distilling yeasts","wine yeasts","nutritional and extract yeast products","wild and non-Saccharomyces yeasts","pathogenic yeasts such as Candida, a related but distinct concern"]}},"sources":[{"title":"Wikidata item Q45422: yeast","url":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45422","note":"identity and sense of the item"},{"title":"Wikipedia: Yeast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yeast","note":"general description of the item"}],"openQuestions":["Should S. cerevisiae be the primary entry?","How should strain databases be linked?","The registry entry has merged aliases for moulds, kefir grains and a religious leaven; should they be split off?"],"resources":{"spec":"/models/things/publications/thing-q45422/spec.json"},"provenance":{"origin":"thing registry research (pass 2)","builtFrom":["models/things/publications/thing-q45422/spec.json"],"providers":["Claude"],"researchStatus":"unreviewed","generatedAt":"2026-09-12T21:10:47Z","builder":"tools/build_cards.py@1.0.0"},"completeness":{"sections":{"classifiers":"filled","whatItIs":"filled","purpose":"filled","distinguishingFeatures":"filled","structure":"filled","agentConduct":"filled","ethics":"filled","owners":"filled","relations":"filled","interaction.identity":"filled","interaction.properties":"filled","interaction.recognition":"filled","interaction.capabilities":"filled","interaction.hazards":"filled","interaction.interfaces":"filled","interaction.context":"filled","sources":"filled"},"notes":{"_gate":"Published through the thing publication gate 1.0 on 2026-10-06T19:52:00+00:00: completeness 1.00; sense: Wikidata description; 2 live sources; review by codex: pass"},"score":1.0}}