{"schema":"https://ver.cy/schemas/card/1.0.0","id":"vr.tr.scientific-method","code":"thing-q46857","url":"https://ver.cy/models/thing/q46857/","name":"scientific method","alternateNames":["sham comparator","Celsius temperature scale","research tool","health impact assessment","microscopic technique","hypothetico-deductive model","sequence analysis","medical method","materials testing","social science methodology","randomized experiment","diatom analysis"],"kind":"thing","status":"published","version":"0.2.0-wave.1","language":"en","classifiers":{"family":"Thing Registry","category":"Information and virtual systems","entryKind":"thing","plane":"INF","domain":["INF.KNW"],"industry":[],"navPath":"","tags":[],"facets":{}},"whatItIs":"A systematic approach to building knowledge through observation, forming hypotheses, making predictions, testing them by experiment or observation, and revising theories, with controls, replication and peer review.","purpose":"Let an agent explain the scientific method by steps, variants, evidence quality and limits, and help evaluate claims.","scope":{"in":[],"out":[],"boundaries":[]},"distinguishingFeatures":["Testable claims","Controls and replication","Open to revision","Not a single fixed recipe"],"structure":{"bundles":[{"id":"steps","name":"Steps","description":"How it works.","layers":[{"id":"hypothesis","name":"Hypothesis","description":"Testable claim.","findings":[{"id":"hypothesis-finding","name":"Hypothesis","description":"Hypothesis.","questions":[{"text":"Is the hypothesis testable and falsifiable?","kind":"boundary"},{"text":"What prediction follows?","kind":"definition"}]}]},{"id":"test","name":"Test","description":"Experiment or observation.","findings":[{"id":"test-finding","name":"Test","description":"Testing.","questions":[{"text":"How is the prediction tested, with which controls?","kind":"definition"},{"text":"How large is the sample?","kind":"measurement"}]}]}]},{"id":"quality","name":"Quality","description":"Evidence strength.","layers":[{"id":"design","name":"Design","description":"Controls and blinding.","findings":[{"id":"design-finding","name":"Design","description":"Study design.","questions":[{"text":"Does the design control for bias, for example with randomisation or blinding?","kind":"boundary"},{"text":"Was it preregistered?","kind":"provenance"}]}]},{"id":"replication","name":"Replication","description":"Confirmation.","findings":[{"id":"replication-finding","name":"Replication","description":"Replication.","questions":[{"text":"Has the result been replicated independently?","kind":"provenance"},{"text":"Is there a systematic review?","kind":"provenance"}]}]}]},{"id":"evaluation","name":"Evaluation","description":"Claims.","layers":[{"id":"claims","name":"Claims","description":"Science or not.","findings":[{"id":"claims-finding","name":"Claims","description":"Evaluating claims.","questions":[{"text":"Is a claim based on scientific method or on anecdote?","kind":"boundary"},{"text":"What evidence supports it?","kind":"provenance"}]}]},{"id":"uncertainty","name":"Uncertainty","description":"Limits.","findings":[{"id":"uncertainty-finding","name":"Uncertainty","description":"Uncertainty.","questions":[{"text":"What are the limits and uncertainties?","kind":"boundary"},{"text":"Are they reported?","kind":"provenance"}]}]}]},{"id":"teaching","name":"Teaching","description":"Learning.","layers":[{"id":"fair-test","name":"Fair test","description":"Activities.","findings":[{"id":"fair-test-finding","name":"Fair test","description":"Fair tests.","questions":[{"text":"How can a fair test be designed at school?","kind":"action"},{"text":"Which variables are controlled?","kind":"definition"}]}]},{"id":"variants","name":"Variants","description":"Across fields.","findings":[{"id":"variants-finding","name":"Variants","description":"Field variants.","questions":[{"text":"How does the method differ across fields?","kind":"definition"},{"text":"Is there one scientific method?","kind":"boundary"}]}]}]}]},"agentConduct":{"may":["Explain the scientific method and how it builds and corrects knowledge.","Help researchers design, document and check analyses."],"mustNot":["Fabricate, falsify or selectively report data.","Present a hypothesis or preliminary result as established fact.","Claim scientific backing for a statement that lacks evidence.","Run experiments on people or animals without ethical approval and consent."],"requiresHuman":["Approving research involving human participants or animals.","Retracting or correcting published work."]},"ethics":{"considerations":["Science depends on honesty; 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