{"schema":"https://ver.cy/schemas/card/1.0.0","id":"vr.tr.rubik-s-cube","code":"thing-q47043","url":"https://ver.cy/models/thing/q47043/","name":"Rubik's Cube","alternateNames":["Sudoku Cube","Void Cube"],"kind":"thing","status":"published","version":"0.1.0-research.1","language":"en","classifiers":{"family":"Thing Registry","category":"Information and virtual systems","entryKind":"thing","plane":"INF","domain":["INF.MED"],"industry":[],"navPath":"","tags":[],"facets":{}},"whatItIs":"A 3×3×3 face-turning cubic twisty puzzle, invented by Ernő Rubik in 1974, whose six faces rotate in multiples of 90° about three mutually orthogonal axes and thereby permute and orient eight corner cubies and twelve edge cubies around six centres, realising a group of 43,252,003,274,489,856,000 reachable configurations.","purpose":"Enable an AI agent to recognise a Rubik's Cube, interpret its configuration and condition, and choose justified moves or interventions toward a stated goal.","scope":{"in":["Identification of the puzzle's size, markings and move structure","Facelet observations and their interpretation as movable pieces","Current configuration, observation uncertainty and solved-state criteria","Permitted turns, move sequences and configuration transitions","Mechanical or interface conditions that affect puzzle manipulation"],"out":["General theory and classification of twisty puzzles","Manufacturing, materials engineering and detailed component design","Brand ownership, licensing and authenticity certification","Competition administration, records and participant rankings","A solver's general learning history or cognitive abilities"],"boundaries":[]},"distinguishingFeatures":["For the baseline puzzle, each of six faces presents a 3×3 arrangement of facelets; a different order requires variant identification.","Turning a layer relocates connected groups of markings across faces while preserving piece membership; a cube-shaped colour display with independently changeable cells fails this test.","The baseline interpretation distinguishes centre, edge and corner pieces by their positions and exposed facelets; a sliding-tile puzzle has a different position and move structure.","Configuration changes must follow the declared turn rules; arbitrary facelet recolouring is an edit or intervention, not a puzzle move.","Appearance and move structure can establish compatibility with a conventional cube puzzle, but do not by themselves establish Rubik's branding or authenticity."],"structure":{"bundles":[{"id":"cube-identity-and-boundaries","name":"Cube identity and boundaries","description":"Establish which cube puzzle or representation is being modelled and whether the baseline applies.","layers":[{"id":"puzzle-structure","name":"Puzzle structure","description":"Identify face order and the arrangement that moves as a puzzle.","findings":[{"id":"baseline-compatibility","name":"Baseline compatibility","description":"Record the observed face layout and move structure before applying conventional 3×3×3 assumptions.","questions":[{"text":"Does each face have a 3×3 facelet layout, and which layers can turn?","id":"baseline-compatibility-q01","kind":"definition"},{"text":"Which observed features require variant-specific rules instead of the baseline?","id":"baseline-compatibility-q02","kind":"boundary"}]}]},{"id":"identity-evidence","name":"Identity evidence","description":"Separate the represented puzzle from its medium and product attribution.","findings":[{"id":"medium-and-attribution","name":"Medium and attribution","description":"Record whether the subject is a physical puzzle, executable simulation or depiction, and the evidence for any product identity.","questions":[{"text":"Can this subject actually perform puzzle turns, or does it only depict a configuration?","id":"medium-and-attribution-q01","kind":"boundary"},{"text":"What markings, packaging or provider records support identifying it as a Rubik's Cube product?","id":"medium-and-attribution-q02","kind":"provenance"}]}]}]},{"id":"facelets-pieces-and-observation","name":"Facelets, pieces and observation","description":"Translate visible markings into a configuration with an explicit frame and known gaps.","layers":[{"id":"face-reference-frame","name":"Face reference frame","description":"Anchor face labels and distinguish viewpoint changes from changes within the puzzle.","findings":[{"id":"stable-face-labelling","name":"Stable face labelling","description":"Record how observations map to puzzle-relative faces throughout inspection and manipulation.","questions":[{"text":"Which observed faces establish the current up, front and right reference directions?","id":"stable-face-labelling-q01","kind":"definition"},{"text":"After the cube or camera rotates, how will the agent preserve the identity of previously observed faces?","id":"stable-face-labelling-q02","kind":"action"}]}]},{"id":"piece-reconstruction","name":"Piece reconstruction","description":"Associate facelets with pieces while retaining uncertainty.","findings":[{"id":"observed-piece-configuration","name":"Observed piece configuration","description":"Record inferred centre, edge and corner identities, positions and orientations without silently filling unseen facelets.","questions":[{"text":"Which piece positions and orientations are established by the observations, and which remain ambiguous?","id":"observed-piece-configuration-q01","kind":"measurement"},{"text":"Which additional face views would distinguish the remaining candidate configurations?","id":"observed-piece-configuration-q02","kind":"action"}]}]}]},{"id":"configuration-validity-and-goals","name":"Configuration validity and goals","description":"Determine whether the interpreted state fits the puzzle rules and whether it satisfies the requested target.","layers":[{"id":"turn-reachability","name":"Turn reachability","description":"Assess configuration consistency and reachability under the selected rule set.","findings":[{"id":"state-consistency-assessment","name":"State consistency assessment","description":"Keep inventory checks separate from the stronger claim that a configuration can be reached by permitted turns.","questions":[{"text":"Do the observed markings and reconstructed pieces match the declared puzzle inventory?","id":"state-consistency-assessment-q01","kind":"measurement"},{"text":"What validated checks establish reachability for this variant, and which checks have actually been applied?","id":"state-consistency-assessment-q02","kind":"provenance"},{"text":"If a check fails, what inspection can distinguish misreading from altered assembly or markings?","id":"state-consistency-assessment-q03","kind":"action"}]}]},{"id":"completion-criteria","name":"Completion criteria","description":"Define the requested target independently of a solver's informal judgement.","findings":[{"id":"explicit-target-predicate","name":"Explicit target predicate","description":"Record which arrangements count as complete, including any picture orientation or display orientation requirement.","questions":[{"text":"Does completion require uniform faces, aligned pictures or symbols, or a specified target pattern?","id":"explicit-target-predicate-q01","kind":"definition"},{"text":"Are whole-cube rotations equivalent for this goal, or must the result face a specified direction?","id":"explicit-target-predicate-q02","kind":"boundary"}]}]}]},{"id":"turn-language-and-planning","name":"Turn language and planning","description":"Connect unambiguous move instructions to predicted configuration changes and task objectives.","layers":[{"id":"move-semantics","name":"Move semantics","description":"Declare the vocabulary and interpretation of individual moves.","findings":[{"id":"unambiguous-turn-instructions","name":"Unambiguous turn instructions","description":"Specify the moved layer, angle and viewing convention, and distinguish a face turn from reorienting the whole cube.","questions":[{"text":"Which notation and viewing convention define each turn's layer and direction?","id":"unambiguous-turn-instructions-q01","kind":"definition"},{"text":"Which face, slice, wide or whole-cube moves are supported by this puzzle and executor?","id":"unambiguous-turn-instructions-q02","kind":"boundary"}]}]},{"id":"sequence-selection","name":"Sequence selection","description":"Choose a move sequence appropriate to the known configuration, goal and executor.","findings":[{"id":"plan-preconditions-and-objective","name":"Plan preconditions and objective","description":"Record the starting-state assumptions, target and optimisation criterion behind a proposed sequence.","questions":[{"text":"Which configuration and reference frame must hold before this sequence begins?","id":"plan-preconditions-and-objective-q01","kind":"definition"},{"text":"Should the sequence prioritise a declared move-count metric, execution reliability, speed or teachability?","id":"plan-preconditions-and-objective-q02","kind":"action"},{"text":"What simulation or derivation supports the claim that this sequence reaches the target?","id":"plan-preconditions-and-objective-q03","kind":"provenance"}]}]}]},{"id":"execution-and-intervention","name":"Execution and intervention","description":"Relate planned turns to actual manipulation and handle departures from normal puzzle operation.","layers":[{"id":"turn-execution-feedback","name":"Turn execution feedback","description":"Check readiness and compare actual results with predicted transitions.","findings":[{"id":"verified-turn-completion","name":"Verified turn completion","description":"Record whether a requested turn completed, stopped partway or affected a different layer.","questions":[{"text":"Are the relevant layers aligned and unobstructed, or does the simulation interface accept the intended move?","id":"verified-turn-completion-q01","kind":"measurement"},{"text":"What observation confirms that the intended layer moved through the intended angle?","id":"verified-turn-completion-q02","kind":"measurement"},{"text":"How should the agent stop, reobserve and update its configuration after a missed or unexpected turn?","id":"verified-turn-completion-q03","kind":"action"}]}]},{"id":"non-turn-interventions","name":"Non-turn interventions","description":"Distinguish solving from changes to assembly, markings or simulated state.","findings":[{"id":"intervention-boundary","name":"Intervention boundary","description":"Record resets, disassembly, piece reorientation or relabelling as interventions that require a new state assessment.","questions":[{"text":"Which proposed actions alter assembly, markings or stored state instead of applying a permitted puzzle turn?","id":"intervention-boundary-q01","kind":"boundary"},{"text":"Which interventions does the task authorise, and what observations must be repeated afterward?","id":"intervention-boundary-q02","kind":"action"}]}]}]},{"id":"evidence-and-external-alignment","name":"Evidence and external alignment","description":"What the world already says about this thing, gathered so the model can be checked against it.","layers":[{"id":"reported-evidence","name":"Reported evidence","description":"Findings from the breadth pass, kept separate from the structural claims.","findings":[{"id":"evidence-kinds","name":"Kinds and varieties","description":"Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.","questions":[{"text":"Which of these kinds and varieties hold for the sense of Rubik's Cube this model covers, and on what evidence?","id":"evidence-kinds-q01","kind":"provenance"}]},{"id":"evidence-identifiers","name":"Identifiers and schemes","description":"Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.","questions":[{"text":"Which of these identifiers and schemes hold for the sense of Rubik's Cube this model covers, and on what evidence?","id":"evidence-identifiers-q01","kind":"provenance"}]},{"id":"evidence-standards-and-regulation","name":"Standards and regulation","description":"Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.","questions":[{"text":"Which of these standards and regulation hold for the sense of Rubik's Cube this model covers, and on what evidence?","id":"evidence-standards-and-regulation-q01","kind":"provenance"}]},{"id":"evidence-real-world-use","name":"Real-world use","description":"Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.","questions":[{"text":"Which of these real-world use hold for the sense of Rubik's Cube this model covers, and on what evidence?","id":"evidence-real-world-use-q01","kind":"provenance"}]},{"id":"evidence-measurements","name":"Typical measurements","description":"Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.","questions":[{"text":"Which of these typical measurements hold for the sense of Rubik's Cube this model covers, and on what evidence?","id":"evidence-measurements-q01","kind":"provenance"}]},{"id":"evidence-failure-modes-and-hazards","name":"Failure modes and hazards","description":"Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.","questions":[{"text":"Which of these failure modes and hazards hold for the sense of Rubik's Cube this model covers, and on what evidence?","id":"evidence-failure-modes-and-hazards-q01","kind":"provenance"}]},{"id":"evidence-regional-variation","name":"Regional variation","description":"Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.","questions":[{"text":"Which of these regional variation hold for the sense of Rubik's Cube this model covers, and on what evidence?","id":"evidence-regional-variation-q01","kind":"provenance"}]},{"id":"evidence-neighbours","name":"Neighbouring kinds and how to tell them apart","description":"Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.","questions":[{"text":"Which of these neighbouring kinds and how to tell them apart hold for the sense of Rubik's Cube this model covers, and on what evidence?","id":"evidence-neighbours-q01","kind":"provenance"}]}]}]}]},"agentConduct":{"may":["Explain solving methods and notation for the puzzle.","Generate scrambles and time solves under competition rules."],"mustNot":["Misrepresent solve times or records.","Sell copies under the protected name or trade dress without permission.","Use cubes with loose small parts around young children."],"requiresHuman":["Ratifying a record."]},"ethics":{"considerations":["Competition depends on honest timing and scrambles."],"affectedParties":["Competitors","Children"]},"owners":{"steward":"The owner of each puzzle; the rights holder controls the name and design.","roles":[],"masterSystems":[]},"relations":[{"target":"Q5150814","type":"parent","note":"registry parent class"}],"interaction":{"identity":{"applicability":"required","items":["Vercy registry: vr.tr.rubik-s-cube","Wikidata: Q47043 (https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47043)"]},"properties":{"applicability":"not-applicable","items":["Puzzle order: Facelet positions per face edge; baseline 3","Representation medium: Physical puzzle, interactive simulation, static depiction, unknown","Marking scheme: Colours, symbols, pictures, mixed markings, unknown","Observation frame: Mapping between observed faces, puzzle-relative face labels and agent viewpoint","Configuration knowledge: Unobserved, partial, ambiguous, complete but unchecked, validated, inconsistent","Turn reachability: Reachable under declared rules, unreachable under declared rules, undetermined","Goal configuration: Declared solved-state predicate or target pattern, including permitted whole-cube rotations","Manipulation readiness: Ready, misaligned, obstructed, damaged, interface unavailable, unknown"]},"recognition":{"applicability":"optional","items":["A cube with each face divided into a 3 by 3 grid of coloured stickers or tiles.","Six face colours, with faces that turn independently."]},"capabilities":{"applicability":"required","items":["Inspect additional faces and reconcile observations into a consistent configuration.","Validate a configuration against the declared piece inventory and turn rules.","Generate, explain or compare move sequences toward a declared target.","Execute permitted turns through a physical manipulator or simulation interface.","Verify a turn's result and replan when execution differs from the prediction.","Identify when further inspection or a separately authorised repair is needed."]},"hazards":{"applicability":"required","items":["Detached small components can present a choking hazard, especially to young children.","Damaged or forcibly separated parts can expose sharp edges or pinch fingers.","Repeated forceful manipulation can contribute to hand or wrist discomfort."]},"interfaces":{"applicability":"required","items":["ISO 8124-1, issued by the International Organization for Standardization, addresses mechanical and physical safety when the puzzle is supplied as a toy.","EN 71-1, issued by the European Committee for Standardization, addresses mechanical and physical safety for versions marketed as toys in its applicable market."]},"context":{"applicability":"required","items":["This cubic twisty puzzle is used for recreation, spatial reasoning practice and timed solving competitions.","Its visible configuration also supports research and teaching in combinatorics, planning and robotic manipulation."]}},"sources":[{"title":"Rubik's Cube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubik%27s_Cube","note":"Invention date and original Hungarian name, mechanical anatomy, group order, trademarked product history, and common named variants."},{"title":"WCA Regulations","url":"https://www.worldcubeassociation.org/regulations/","note":"How the 3×3×3 is defined and constrained in competition, including event identity 333 and puzzle legality."},{"title":"The Diameter of the Rubik's Cube Group Is Twenty","url":"","note":"God's number: every reachable position can be solved in at most 20 face turns; 26 in the quarter-turn metric."},{"title":"Rubik's Cube (Q173154)","url":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173154","note":"Stable identifier and cross-links to patents, trademarks, and catalogue records."},{"title":"Notes on Rubik's Magic Cube","url":"","note":"Early specialist description of cubie orbits, orientation rules, and the distinction between reachable and illegal assemblies."},{"title":"Hungarian patent HU170062 (spatial logic toy)","url":"","note":"Primary legal identification of Rubik's 1975 filing of the mechanism later marketed as the Magic Cube / Rubik's Cube."},{"title":"Wikidata item Q47043: Rubik's Cube","url":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47043","note":"identity and sense of the item"}],"openQuestions":["Does the registry intend this entry to cover the conventional 3×3×3 puzzle concept, branded Rubik's products, or a broader family of sizes and variants?","How should ownership be divided between this INF / INF.MED entry and any existing physical-object or interactive-simulation models?","Which authoritative sources should establish the baseline move conventions and complete configuration-reachability checks?","Which picture, symbol, tactile or shape-changing variants belong within this entry, and how do their completion criteria differ?","Does an existing Vercy world model already own this concept or any proposed bundle that should be linked instead of duplicated?"],"resources":{"spec":"/models/things/publications/thing-q47043/spec.json"},"provenance":{"origin":"thing registry research (pass 2)","builtFrom":["models/things/publications/thing-q47043/spec.json"],"providers":["Codex","Grok"],"researchStatus":"unreviewed","generatedAt":"2026-09-07T10:10:51Z","builder":"tools/build_cards.py@1.0.0"},"completeness":{"sections":{"classifiers":"filled","whatItIs":"filled","purpose":"filled","distinguishingFeatures":"filled","structure":"filled","agentConduct":"filled","ethics":"filled","owners":"filled","relations":"filled","interaction.identity":"filled","interaction.properties":"not-applicable","interaction.recognition":"filled","interaction.capabilities":"filled","interaction.hazards":"filled","interaction.interfaces":"filled","interaction.context":"filled","sources":"filled"},"notes":{"_gate":"Published through the thing publication gate 1.0 on 2026-10-07T10:10:31+00:00: completeness 1.00; sense: Wikidata description; 4 live sources; review by codex: pass","interaction.properties":"Plane INF: no invented physical properties."},"score":1.0}}