{"schema":"https://ver.cy/schemas/card/1.0.0","id":"vr.tr.smile","code":"thing-q487","url":"https://ver.cy/models/thing/q487/","name":"smile","alternateNames":["malevolent smile","Baekje smile","archaic smile","Duchenne smile","smiling with teeth"],"kind":"thing","status":"published","version":"0.2.0-wave.2","language":"en","classifiers":{"family":"Thing Registry","category":"Activities and processes","entryKind":"thing","plane":"ACT","domain":["ACT.PRC"],"industry":[],"navPath":"","tags":[],"facets":{}},"whatItIs":"A facial expression formed by flexing the muscles at the sides of the mouth, often with the eyes, expressing pleasure, amusement, greeting or politeness, and sometimes other emotions, with forms such as the genuine Duchenne smile, social smiles, smiles with teeth and culturally specific depictions such as the archaic smile of Greek sculpture and the Baekje smile; smiles are studied in psychology and vary in meaning across cultures.","purpose":"Let an agent explain smiles and their kinds, describe research on smiling and its meanings with attribution, support intercultural understanding, and describe smiles in art and culture.","scope":{"in":[],"out":[],"boundaries":[]},"distinguishingFeatures":["Facial expression","Emotional and social","Genuine versus posed","Cultural variation"],"structure":{"bundles":[{"id":"understand","name":"Understand","description":"What smiles are.","layers":[{"id":"kinds","name":"Kinds","description":"Kinds of smile.","findings":[{"id":"kinds-finding","name":"Kinds","description":"Kinds.","questions":[{"text":"What are Duchenne and non-Duchenne smiles, and which muscles produce them?","kind":"definition"},{"text":"What other emotions can smiles express?","kind":"provenance"}]}]},{"id":"research","name":"Research","description":"Research on smiling.","findings":[{"id":"research-finding","name":"Research","description":"Research.","questions":[{"text":"What does psychology say about why people smile, how smiles are perceived and whether smiling affects mood?","kind":"provenance"},{"text":"How reliable is emotion detection from smiles, including by software?","kind":"boundary"}]}]}]},{"id":"culture","name":"Culture","description":"Smiles across cultures.","layers":[{"id":"variation","name":"Variation","description":"Cultural variation.","findings":[{"id":"variation-finding","name":"Variation","description":"Variation.","questions":[{"text":"How do the meanings and frequency of smiling vary across cultures, according to research?","kind":"provenance"},{"text":"Which misunderstandings arise in intercultural settings?","kind":"provenance"}]}]},{"id":"work","name":"Work","description":"Smiling at work.","findings":[{"id":"work-finding","name":"Work","description":"Work.","questions":[{"text":"What is known about emotional labour and expectations to smile in service work?","kind":"provenance"},{"text":"Which entry fits emotional labour?","kind":"action"}]}]}]},{"id":"art","name":"Art","description":"Smiles in art and depiction.","layers":[{"id":"art","name":"Art","description":"Smiles in art.","findings":[{"id":"art-finding","name":"Art","description":"Art.","questions":[{"text":"What are the archaic smile, the Baekje smile and famous smiles in painting, and what do art historians say about them?","kind":"provenance"},{"text":"Which entry fits a specific artwork?","kind":"action"}]}]},{"id":"photo","name":"Photo","description":"Smiling in photographs.","findings":[{"id":"photo-finding","name":"Photo","description":"Photographs.","questions":[{"text":"How did smiling in photographs become conventional, according to historians?","kind":"provenance"},{"text":"How do conventions differ by culture?","kind":"provenance"}]}]}]},{"id":"learn","name":"Learn","description":"Development and teaching.","layers":[{"id":"development","name":"Development","description":"Smiling in infants.","findings":[{"id":"development-finding","name":"Development","description":"Development.","questions":[{"text":"When and why do infants begin to smile, according to developmental research?","kind":"provenance"},{"text":"Is the user worried about a child development, which needs a professional?","kind":"boundary"}]}]},{"id":"teach","name":"Teach","description":"Teaching.","findings":[{"id":"teach-finding","name":"Teach","description":"Teaching.","questions":[{"text":"How can facial expression and smiling be taught in psychology?","kind":"action"},{"text":"Which misconceptions arise?","kind":"provenance"}]}]}]}]},"agentConduct":{"may":["Describe the smile, its forms and cultural meanings from research sources.","Respond to a user's smile in a friendly way when operating as a social robot or avatar."],"mustNot":["Infer a person's true emotions, honesty or intentions from a smile as if it were proof.","Use smile detection to judge job candidates, students or suspects.","Pressure workers or users to smile or score them on smiling.","Record or analyse people's faces for smiles without their consent."],"requiresHuman":["Using automated expression analysis in any decision about a person."]},"ethics":{"considerations":["Smiles mean different things across cultures and individuals; reading them wrongly can wrong people.","Emotion recognition from faces is scientifically contested and invasive."],"affectedParties":["People whose faces are analysed","Service workers expected to smile","Neurodivergent people"]},"owners":{"steward":"Nobody: a human expression belonging to the person who makes it.","roles":[],"masterSystems":[]},"relations":[{"target":"Q124957980","type":"parent","note":"registry parent class"},{"target":"smiling or laughing","type":"related","note":"category"},{"target":"gesture","type":"related","note":"non-verbal communication"},{"target":"comedy","type":"related","note":"amusement"},{"target":"photograph","type":"related","note":"smiling in portraits"}],"interaction":{"identity":{"applicability":"required","items":["Vercy registry: vr.tr.smile","Wikidata: Q487 (https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q487)"]},"properties":{"applicability":"not-applicable","items":[]},"recognition":{"applicability":"optional","items":["Mouth corners raised","Genuine or social","A grimace expresses pain or displeasure","Upturned corners of the mouth, often with crinkled eyes."]},"capabilities":{"applicability":"required","items":["explain kinds of smile","describe research on smiling","support intercultural understanding","describe smiles in art"]},"hazards":{"applicability":"required","items":["Misreading smiles across cultures","Overstating emotion detection from faces","Pressure to smile in service work"]},"interfaces":{"applicability":"required","items":["Research ethics for expression studies","No regulation of smiling"]},"context":{"applicability":"required","items":["A facial expression of pleasure or greeting.","Duchenne or genuine smiles","social and polite smiles","smiles with teeth and closed-lip smiles","smiles conveying other emotions such as embarrassment","smiles in art such as the archaic smile"]}},"sources":[{"title":"Wikidata item Q487: smile","url":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q487","note":"identity and sense of the item"},{"title":"Wikipedia: Smile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smile","note":"general description of the item"}],"openQuestions":["Should facial expressions be a single entry?","How should research be linked?","How should cultural variation be documented?"],"resources":{"spec":"/models/things/publications/thing-q487/spec.json"},"provenance":{"origin":"thing registry research (pass 2)","builtFrom":["models/things/publications/thing-q487/spec.json"],"providers":["Claude"],"researchStatus":"unreviewed","generatedAt":"2026-09-11T23:38:08Z","builder":"tools/build_cards.py@1.0.0"},"completeness":{"sections":{"classifiers":"filled","whatItIs":"filled","purpose":"filled","distinguishingFeatures":"filled","structure":"filled","agentConduct":"filled","ethics":"filled","owners":"filled","relations":"filled","interaction.identity":"filled","interaction.properties":"not-applicable","interaction.recognition":"filled","interaction.capabilities":"filled","interaction.hazards":"filled","interaction.interfaces":"filled","interaction.context":"filled","sources":"filled"},"notes":{"_gate":"Published through the thing publication gate 1.0 on 2026-10-06T19:52:00+00:00: completeness 1.00; sense: Wikidata description; 2 live sources; review by codex: pass","interaction.properties":"Plane ACT: no invented physical properties."},"score":1.0}}