{"schema":"https://ver.cy/schemas/card/1.0.0","id":"vr.tr.dropout-q5308465","code":"thing-q5308465","url":"https://ver.cy/models/thing/q5308465/","name":"dropout","alternateNames":[],"kind":"thing","status":"published","version":"0.2.0-wave.2","language":"en","classifiers":{"family":"Thing Registry","category":"Physical world and living systems","entryKind":"thing","plane":"PHY","domain":["PHY.SPC"],"industry":[],"navPath":"","tags":[],"facets":{}},"whatItIs":"In astronomical surveys, an object detected in images at longer wavelengths but undetected at shorter wavelengths; the Lyman-break or dropout method uses this pattern to select distant galaxy candidates whose shorter-wavelength light may be absorbed by intervening hydrogen at high redshift, although cool stars and dusty foreground galaxies can produce similar observational patterns, so dropout selection alone does not confirm a distant galaxy.","purpose":"Let an agent explain the dropout technique for finding high-redshift galaxies, describe how candidates are selected and confirmed, and present results with attribution.","scope":{"in":[],"out":[],"boundaries":[]},"distinguishingFeatures":["Selection by colour","High-redshift candidates","Need spectroscopic confirmation","Named by the dropout band"],"structure":{"bundles":[{"id":"method","name":"Method","description":"How the technique works.","layers":[{"id":"physics","name":"Physics","description":"Why objects drop out.","findings":[{"id":"physics-finding","name":"Physics","description":"Physics.","questions":[{"text":"Why does light from high-redshift galaxies vanish in short-wavelength bands?","kind":"definition"},{"text":"How does the dropout band indicate redshift?","kind":"definition"}]}]},{"id":"selection","name":"Selection","description":"Selecting candidates.","findings":[{"id":"selection-finding","name":"Selection","description":"Selection.","questions":[{"text":"How are dropout candidates selected from colours in this survey?","kind":"provenance"},{"text":"Which criteria reduce contamination?","kind":"provenance"}]}]}]},{"id":"confirm","name":"Confirm","description":"Verification.","layers":[{"id":"spectroscopy","name":"Spectroscopy","description":"Confirming redshift.","findings":[{"id":"spectroscopy-finding","name":"Spectroscopy","description":"Confirmation.","questions":[{"text":"How are dropout candidates confirmed spectroscopically?","kind":"provenance"},{"text":"Is this object confirmed or still a candidate?","kind":"boundary"}]}]},{"id":"contaminants","name":"Contaminants","description":"False positives.","findings":[{"id":"contaminants-finding","name":"Contaminants","description":"False positives.","questions":[{"text":"Which objects mimic dropouts, such as cool stars and dusty galaxies?","kind":"provenance"},{"text":"How are they excluded?","kind":"provenance"}]}]}]},{"id":"discoveries","name":"Discoveries","description":"Results.","layers":[{"id":"records","name":"Records","description":"Most distant galaxies.","findings":[{"id":"records-finding","name":"Records","description":"Records.","questions":[{"text":"Which dropout discoveries hold distance records, and are they confirmed?","kind":"provenance"},{"text":"Which telescopes found them?","kind":"provenance"}]}]},{"id":"science","name":"Science","description":"What they reveal.","findings":[{"id":"science-finding","name":"Science","description":"Science.","questions":[{"text":"What do dropout galaxies reveal about the early universe and reionisation?","kind":"provenance"},{"text":"Which questions remain open?","kind":"provenance"}]}]}]},{"id":"learn","name":"Learn","description":"Explaining.","layers":[{"id":"explain","name":"Explain","description":"Plain language.","findings":[{"id":"explain-finding","name":"Explain","description":"Plain explanation.","questions":[{"text":"How can the dropout method be explained simply?","kind":"action"},{"text":"Which images help?","kind":"action"}]}]},{"id":"senses","name":"Senses","description":"Other senses.","findings":[{"id":"senses-finding","name":"Senses","description":"Other senses.","questions":[{"text":"Is dropout meant as a data dropout, a school dropout or a network dropout?","kind":"boundary"},{"text":"Which entry fits?","kind":"action"}]}]}]}]},"agentConduct":{"may":["Explain the dropout technique and how it selects high-redshift candidates.","Report catalogued dropout galaxies with their survey source and redshift status."],"mustNot":["Present a dropout candidate as a confirmed distant galaxy without spectroscopic confirmation.","Ignore known contaminants such as cool stars or dusty galaxies when reporting results.","Confuse this sense with dropout in education or machine learning."],"requiresHuman":["Announcing a record-distance galaxy from a dropout selection."]},"ethics":{"considerations":["Record claims about distant galaxies attract attention and can be overturned.","Survey teams deserve credit for the data used."],"affectedParties":["Researchers","Students and the public"]},"owners":{"steward":"Nobody: an observational category; survey teams curate their catalogues.","roles":[],"masterSystems":["Astronomical survey catalogues"]},"relations":[{"target":"Q6999","type":"parent","note":"registry parent class"},{"target":"astronomical object","type":"related","note":"category"},{"target":"Lyman-alpha blob","type":"related","note":"high-redshift objects"},{"target":"telescope","type":"related","note":"instrument"},{"target":"cosmic-dust","type":"related","note":"dust affecting colours"}],"interaction":{"identity":{"applicability":"required","items":["Vercy registry: vr.tr.dropout-q5308465","Wikidata: Q5308465 (https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5308465)"]},"properties":{"applicability":"required","items":["Spectral flux density:  Jy - Measure flux density in each survey band and report an upper limit when the source is undetected.","Observed spectral break wavelength:  nm - Estimate the break position from calibrated photometry or spectroscopy while accounting for filter transmission.","Angular extent:  arcsec - Measure the source profile in detected bands while accounting for the instrument's point spread function."]},"recognition":{"applicability":"required","items":["Absent in short-wavelength bands","Present in longer-wavelength bands","A transient dropout in data is a different concept","Objects visible in red or infrared images but missing in bluer bands."]},"capabilities":{"applicability":"required","items":["explain the dropout method","describe how candidates are selected","explain confirmation and contamination","find notable dropout discoveries"]},"hazards":{"applicability":"required","items":["Contamination by low-redshift interlopers","Overstating unconfirmed candidates","Confusing with other senses of dropout"]},"interfaces":{"applicability":"required","items":["No regulation"]},"context":{"applicability":"required","items":["Extragalactic astronomy and the study of the early universe.","Lyman-break galaxies","U-dropouts, B-dropouts and other band dropouts","infrared dropouts at very high redshift","dropout candidates from space telescopes"]}},"sources":[{"title":"Wikidata item Q5308465: dropout","url":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5308465","note":"identity and sense of the item"},{"title":"Wikipedia: Dropout (astronomy)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dropout_%28astronomy%29","note":"general description of the item"}],"openQuestions":["Should Lyman-break galaxies be a separate entry?","How should survey catalogues be linked?","How should confirmation status be tracked?"],"resources":{"spec":"/models/things/publications/thing-q5308465/spec.json"},"provenance":{"origin":"thing registry research (pass 2)","builtFrom":["models/things/publications/thing-q5308465/spec.json"],"providers":["Claude"],"researchStatus":"unreviewed","generatedAt":"2026-09-11T20:51:21Z","builder":"tools/build_cards.py@1.0.0"},"completeness":{"sections":{"classifiers":"filled","whatItIs":"filled","purpose":"filled","distinguishingFeatures":"filled","structure":"filled","agentConduct":"filled","ethics":"filled","owners":"filled","relations":"filled","interaction.identity":"filled","interaction.properties":"filled","interaction.recognition":"filled","interaction.capabilities":"filled","interaction.hazards":"filled","interaction.interfaces":"filled","interaction.context":"filled","sources":"filled"},"notes":{"_gate":"Published through the thing publication gate 1.0 on 2026-10-07T12:16:33+00:00: completeness 1.00; sense: Wikidata description; 2 live sources; review by codex: pass"},"score":1.0}}