{"schema":"https://ver.cy/schemas/card/1.0.0","id":"vr.tr.transistor","code":"thing-q5339","url":"https://ver.cy/models/thing/q5339/","name":"transistor","alternateNames":["504 series integrated circuits","phototransistor","small-outline transistor","192 series integrated circuits","light-emitting transistor","Small-outline transistor 223","ITFET","power transistor","diffusion transistor","resonant-tunneling transistor","carbon nanotube transistor","thin-film transistor"],"kind":"thing","status":"published","version":"0.2.0-wave.3","language":"en","classifiers":{"family":"Thing Registry","category":"Physical world and living systems","entryKind":"thing","plane":"PHY","domain":["PHY.OBJ"],"industry":[],"navPath":"","tags":[],"facets":{}},"whatItIs":"A semiconductor device that amplifies or switches electrical signals, typically with three or more accessible terminals, although some variants such as phototransistors can have only two accessible terminals, invented at Bell Labs in 1947, in main families of bipolar junction transistors and field-effect transistors including MOSFETs, with variants such as phototransistors and light-emitting transistors, and packages such as small-outline transistor packages; transistors are the basic building block of modern electronics, with billions integrated on single chips and discrete parts used in power and signal circuits.","purpose":"Let an agent explain how transistors work and their families, relay specifications, packages and applications from datasheets and references, describe history and manufacturing, and distinguish transistors from diodes and integrated circuits.","scope":{"in":[],"out":[],"boundaries":[]},"distinguishingFeatures":["Amplification and switching","Bipolar and field-effect families","Extreme miniaturisation","Foundation of digital electronics"],"structure":{"bundles":[{"id":"understand","name":"Understand","description":"How transistors work.","layers":[{"id":"operation","name":"Operation","description":"Operation.","findings":[{"id":"operation-finding","name":"Operation","description":"Operation.","questions":[{"text":"How do bipolar and field-effect transistors amplify and switch?","kind":"definition"},{"text":"Is the device a transistor, a diode or an integrated circuit?","kind":"boundary"}]}]},{"id":"families","name":"Families","description":"Families and variants.","findings":[{"id":"families-finding","name":"Families","description":"Families.","questions":[{"text":"What families and variants exist, and how do they differ?","kind":"definition"},{"text":"Which entry fits the specific type?","kind":"action"}]}]}]},{"id":"use","name":"Use","description":"Design and application.","layers":[{"id":"specs","name":"Specs","description":"Specifications.","findings":[{"id":"specs-finding","name":"Specs","description":"Specs.","questions":[{"text":"How are transistors specified in datasheets, and how are packages chosen?","kind":"provenance"},{"text":"Which references are standard?","kind":"provenance"}]}]},{"id":"circuits","name":"Circuits","description":"Circuits.","findings":[{"id":"circuits-finding","name":"Circuits","description":"Circuits.","questions":[{"text":"How are transistors used in amplifiers, switches and logic gates?","kind":"provenance"},{"text":"Which entry fits the specific circuit?","kind":"action"}]}]}]},{"id":"make","name":"Make","description":"Manufacturing and scaling.","layers":[{"id":"fabrication","name":"Fabrication","description":"Fabrication.","findings":[{"id":"fabrication-finding","name":"Fabrication","description":"Fabrication.","questions":[{"text":"How are transistors fabricated on silicon, and what do advanced nodes involve?","kind":"provenance"},{"text":"Which entry fits semiconductor fabrication?","kind":"action"}]}]},{"id":"scaling","name":"Scaling","description":"Moore law and limits.","findings":[{"id":"scaling-finding","name":"Scaling","description":"Scaling.","questions":[{"text":"How has transistor scaling progressed, and what limits exist, with sources?","kind":"provenance"},{"text":"Which sources are cited?","kind":"provenance"}]}]}]},{"id":"context","name":"Context","description":"History and industry.","layers":[{"id":"history","name":"History","description":"History.","findings":[{"id":"history-finding","name":"History","description":"History.","questions":[{"text":"How was the transistor invented and developed, from Bardeen, Brattain and Shockley to the MOSFET?","kind":"provenance"},{"text":"Which entry fits the history of electronics?","kind":"action"}]}]},{"id":"industry","name":"Industry","description":"Industry and policy.","findings":[{"id":"industry-finding","name":"Industry","description":"Industry.","questions":[{"text":"How is the semiconductor industry structured, and what policy issues exist, with positions attributed?","kind":"provenance"},{"text":"Which entry fits semiconductor industry?","kind":"action"}]}]}]}]},"agentConduct":{"may":["Explain how transistor families work and compare their characteristics.","Measure, test and report transistor parameters on equipment it is authorized to use."],"mustNot":["Operate a transistor beyond its rated voltage, current or temperature.","Substitute a part in safety or medical equipment without qualification of the change.","Present counterfeit or untraced parts as genuine and qualified.","Work on live circuits where the voltage can injure a person."],"requiresHuman":["Approving a component change in safety-critical or medical equipment."]},"ethics":{"considerations":["Counterfeit semiconductors have caused failures in medical and aerospace equipment.","Semiconductor fabrication uses hazardous chemicals and large amounts of water."],"affectedParties":["Users of the equipment","Technicians","Communities near fabrication plants"]},"owners":{"steward":"The manufacturer for the part; the owner of the equipment it sits in.","roles":[],"masterSystems":[]},"relations":[{"target":"Q12492106","type":"parent","note":"registry parent class"},{"target":"Q175805","type":"parent","note":"registry parent class"},{"target":"active electronic component","type":"related","note":"in registry terms"},{"target":"semiconductor device","type":"related","note":"in registry terms"},{"target":"integrated circuit","type":"related","note":"in digital electronics"},{"target":"diode","type":"related","note":"a two-terminal device"}],"interaction":{"identity":{"applicability":"required","items":["Vercy registry: vr.tr.transistor","Wikidata: Q5339 (https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5339)","JEDEC: part numbering 2N series","Pro Electron: part numbering BC series"]},"properties":{"applicability":"required","items":["invention: 1947 year - Bell Labs","transistors per chip: over 100 billion count - largest chips","gate length: a few nm - advanced nodes"]},"recognition":{"applicability":"required","items":["A transistor is a semiconductor amplifier or switch, typically with three accessible terminals, although some phototransistors have only two.","Examples include BJT, FET, MOSFET and phototransistor devices in various packages.","Diodes have two terminals, but terminal count alone does not distinguish them from all transistors, and integrated circuits contain many transistors.","A small three-legged component, or a surface-mount package, or microscopic structures on a chip."]},"capabilities":{"applicability":"required","items":["explain operation and families","relay specifications and packages","describe manufacturing and scaling","distinguish from related devices"]},"hazards":{"applicability":"required","items":["Thermal and electrical overstress","Electrostatic discharge damage","Confusing families and pinouts"]},"interfaces":{"applicability":"required","items":["JEDEC and IEC component standards","RoHS and materials rules","Export controls on advanced semiconductor technology"]},"context":{"applicability":"required","items":["Amplifying and switching electrical signals.","bipolar junction transistors","field-effect transistors including JFET and MOSFET","power transistors including IGBTs","phototransistors and light-emitting transistors","packages such as SOT-23 and SOT-223","transistors in integrated circuit series"]}},"sources":[{"title":"Wikidata item Q5339: transistor","url":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5339","note":"identity and sense of the item"},{"title":"Wikipedia: Transistor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transistor","note":"general description of the item"}],"openQuestions":["Should MOSFET and BJT be separate primary entries?","How should datasheet sources be linked?","The registry entry has merged aliases naming packages and IC series; should they be split off?"],"resources":{"spec":"/models/things/publications/thing-q5339/spec.json"},"provenance":{"origin":"thing registry research (pass 2)","builtFrom":["models/things/publications/thing-q5339/spec.json"],"providers":["Claude"],"researchStatus":"unreviewed","generatedAt":"2026-09-13T00:18:36Z","builder":"tools/build_cards.py@1.0.0"},"completeness":{"sections":{"classifiers":"filled","whatItIs":"filled","purpose":"filled","distinguishingFeatures":"filled","structure":"filled","agentConduct":"filled","ethics":"filled","owners":"filled","relations":"filled","interaction.identity":"filled","interaction.properties":"filled","interaction.recognition":"filled","interaction.capabilities":"filled","interaction.hazards":"filled","interaction.interfaces":"filled","interaction.context":"filled","sources":"filled"},"notes":{"_gate":"Published through the thing publication gate 1.0 on 2026-10-07T10:10:31+00:00: completeness 1.00; sense: Wikidata description; 2 live sources; review by codex: pass"},"score":1.0}}