{"schema":"https://ver.cy/schemas/card/1.0.0","id":"vr.tr.industrial-action","code":"thing-q628191","url":"https://ver.cy/models/thing/q628191/","name":"industrial action","alternateNames":["mass resignation","overtime ban"],"kind":"thing","status":"published","version":"0.1.0-research.1","language":"en","classifiers":{"family":"Thing Registry","category":"Activities and processes","entryKind":"thing","plane":"ACT","domain":["ACT.ACT"],"industry":[],"navPath":"","tags":[],"facets":{}},"whatItIs":"Industrial action is a collective measure taken by trade unions or other organised labour to reduce workplace productivity by withdrawing, restricting or disrupting normal work to exert pressure over employment conditions or related demands.","purpose":"Enable an agent to recognise industrial action, assess its mandate and operational state, and identify possible next steps while keeping disputed classifications and jurisdiction-dependent constraints explicit.","scope":{"in":["The employment dispute, demands and intended targets of collective pressure","Action forms, including strikes, selective stoppages, overtime bans and work-to-rule","Participants, organisers, representation and the mandate for action","Action boundaries, timing, escalation, suspension and termination","Effects on work and services, negotiations and settlement","Competing classifications and applicable procedural constraints"],"out":["The complete employment relationship and individual employment contract are outside this model.","The general governance and finances of a trade union or employer organisation are outside this model.","Collective bargaining unrelated to the action episode is outside this model.","General political protest without an established employment-dispute connection is outside this model.","Routine absenteeism or operational disruption without evidence of coordinated pressure is outside this model.","The full legal proceedings or emergency response triggered by an action are outside this model.","Employer lockouts are outside this worker-led sense of industrial action."],"boundaries":[]},"distinguishingFeatures":["Look for evidence that changed work participation or related conduct is intended to exert collective pressure over an employment-related dispute; disruption alone is insufficient.","Identify the employment connection between participants, demands and targets, recording contested cases such as solidarity action and political strikes.","Distinguish action from ordinary bargaining by an announced or enacted pressure tactic affecting work, access to work or associated operations.","Distinguish coordinated work-to-rule or overtime refusal from ordinary compliance or individual unavailability through evidence of shared intent and organisation.","Distinguish action taken by trade unions or other organised labour from employer exclusion through a lockout, which is outside this sense."],"structure":{"bundles":[{"id":"dispute-and-classification","name":"Dispute and classification","description":"Establishes why the episode is treated as industrial action and what employment dispute it expresses.","layers":[{"id":"industrial-action-boundary","name":"Industrial action boundary","description":"Tests inclusion against explicit definitions and neighbouring forms of conduct.","findings":[{"id":"classification-and-competing-accounts","name":"Classification and competing accounts","description":"Record the definition used, its holder and evidence supporting or contesting inclusion.","questions":[{"text":"Under whose definition does this conduct qualify as industrial action, and what observable features satisfy that definition?","id":"classification-and-competing-accounts-q01","kind":"definition"},{"text":"Is the episode disputed as a lockout, political protest, solidarity action, individual refusal or ordinary operational disruption?","id":"classification-and-competing-accounts-q02","kind":"boundary"}]}]},{"id":"demands-and-pressure-targets","name":"Demands and pressure targets","description":"Connects the disputed employment issues to the intended mechanism of pressure.","findings":[{"id":"demand-target-fit","name":"Demand and target fit","description":"Identify the demands, their proponents and the parties whose decisions could satisfy them.","questions":[{"text":"What demands prompted the action, and which participant statements or dispute records establish them?","id":"demand-target-fit-q01","kind":"provenance"},{"text":"Who can grant each demand, and how is disruption intended to influence that party?","id":"demand-target-fit-q02","kind":"action"}]}]}]},{"id":"participants-and-mandate","name":"Participants and mandate","description":"Describes who acts collectively and who can speak or decide for them.","layers":[{"id":"participating-constituency","name":"Participating constituency","description":"Defines the groups participating, eligible to participate or directly targeted.","findings":[{"id":"workforce-and-representation","name":"Workforce and representation","description":"Record participating groups and representation relationships without assuming a uniform workforce.","questions":[{"text":"Which occupations, employers, sites, shifts and employment arrangements define the participating constituency?","id":"workforce-and-representation-q01","kind":"boundary"},{"text":"Who claims to represent each group, and what evidence supports or challenges that claim?","id":"workforce-and-representation-q02","kind":"provenance"}]}]},{"id":"collective-decision-authority","name":"Collective decision authority","description":"Tracks the basis and limits of decisions to begin, change or end action.","findings":[{"id":"mandate-and-decision-rights","name":"Mandate and decision rights","description":"Separate evidence of collective support from authority to commit participants to particular decisions.","questions":[{"text":"What vote, meeting, organising process or other evidence establishes support for this particular tactic and period?","id":"mandate-and-decision-rights-q01","kind":"provenance"},{"text":"Who may announce escalation, suspend action or accept a settlement, and what further participant approval is required?","id":"mandate-and-decision-rights-q02","kind":"action"}]}]}]},{"id":"tactics-and-operational-course","name":"Tactics and operational course","description":"Captures what participants change about work and how the action develops over time.","layers":[{"id":"work-intervention","name":"Work intervention","description":"Specifies the conduct that produces pressure and its operational limits.","findings":[{"id":"tactic-and-work-boundary","name":"Tactic and work boundary","description":"Describe the exact work withheld, restricted, strictly performed or prevented.","questions":[{"text":"Which duties, hours or access arrangements change, and how does the chosen tactic differ from normal working practice?","id":"tactic-and-work-boundary-q01","kind":"definition"},{"text":"Which workers, tasks or services are exempted, and who established those exceptions?","id":"tactic-and-work-boundary-q02","kind":"boundary"}]}]},{"id":"action-timeline","name":"Action timeline","description":"Separates planned action from observed participation and changes in phase.","findings":[{"id":"announced-and-observed-course","name":"Announced and observed course","description":"Track notices, actual start and end times, interruptions and changes of tactic.","questions":[{"text":"When and where was action announced and observed, including partial shifts, rolling stoppages and suspensions?","id":"announced-and-observed-course-q01","kind":"measurement"},{"text":"What stated conditions trigger escalation, resumption or cancellation, and who decides whether they have been met?","id":"announced-and-observed-course-q02","kind":"action"}]}]}]},{"id":"constraints-and-conduct","name":"Constraints and conduct","description":"Records the rules and operational arrangements relevant to particular acts within the episode.","layers":[{"id":"applicable-rules-and-procedures","name":"Applicable rules and procedures","description":"Locates procedural and legal assessments in their jurisdiction, date and factual scope.","findings":[{"id":"specific-constraint-assessment","name":"Specific constraint assessment","description":"Record sourced assessments and unresolved questions about the proposed or observed conduct.","questions":[{"text":"Which jurisdiction, agreements and current instruments govern the specific conduct, and what authoritative material supports that assessment?","id":"specific-constraint-assessment-q01","kind":"provenance"},{"text":"Which notice, authorisation or other prerequisites are evidenced, disputed or still require checking before the next step?","id":"specific-constraint-assessment-q02","kind":"action"}]}]},{"id":"access-and-service-arrangements","name":"Access and service arrangements","description":"Captures arrangements governing picketing, workplace access and continued services.","findings":[{"id":"conduct-and-continuity-boundaries","name":"Conduct and continuity boundaries","description":"Distinguish agreed arrangements, asserted requirements and observed practice.","questions":[{"text":"What arrangements address picketing, access, emergency work or service continuity, and are they agreed, imposed or contested?","id":"conduct-and-continuity-boundaries-q01","kind":"boundary"},{"text":"Who can resolve an access or continuity dispute during action, and what process has been established?","id":"conduct-and-continuity-boundaries-q02","kind":"action"}]}]}]},{"id":"effects-and-resolution","name":"Effects and resolution","description":"Assesses participation, disruption, bargaining developments and the eventual disposition of demands.","layers":[{"id":"participation-and-disruption","name":"Participation and disruption","description":"Measures action scale and operational effects with explicit attribution limits.","findings":[{"id":"scale-and-attributable-effects","name":"Scale and attributable effects","description":"Separate participation estimates from work loss and wider effects attributed to the action.","questions":[{"text":"How many workers participated and how much work time was withheld or prevented, using which denominator and counting method?","id":"scale-and-attributable-effects-q01","kind":"measurement"},{"text":"Which service or production changes can be attributed to the action, and which may reflect employer responses or unrelated conditions?","id":"scale-and-attributable-effects-q02","kind":"boundary"}]}]},{"id":"bargaining-and-closure","name":"Bargaining and closure","description":"Relates negotiations and cessation of action to the original demands and implementation obligations.","findings":[{"id":"settlement-and-unresolved-demands","name":"Settlement and unresolved demands","description":"Record agreed terms, acceptance, outstanding issues and evidence of implementation.","questions":[{"text":"Which demands were accepted, modified, deferred or rejected, and what agreement or participant account establishes the outcome?","id":"settlement-and-unresolved-demands-q01","kind":"provenance"},{"text":"What ratification, return-to-work and implementation steps remain, and what could cause the action to resume?","id":"settlement-and-unresolved-demands-q02","kind":"action"}]}]}]},{"id":"evidence-and-external-alignment","name":"Evidence and external alignment","description":"What the world already says about this thing, gathered so the model can be checked against it.","layers":[{"id":"reported-evidence","name":"Reported evidence","description":"Findings from the breadth pass, kept separate from the structural claims.","findings":[{"id":"evidence-confidence-notes","name":"Check these first","description":"Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.","questions":[{"text":"Which of these check these first hold for the sense of industrial action this model covers, and on what evidence?","id":"evidence-confidence-notes-q01","kind":"provenance"}]},{"id":"evidence-kinds","name":"Kinds and varieties","description":"Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.","questions":[{"text":"Which of these kinds and varieties hold for the sense of industrial action this model covers, and on what evidence?","id":"evidence-kinds-q01","kind":"provenance"}]},{"id":"evidence-standards-and-regulation","name":"Standards and regulation","description":"Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.","questions":[{"text":"Which of these standards and regulation hold for the sense of industrial action this model covers, and on what evidence?","id":"evidence-standards-and-regulation-q01","kind":"provenance"}]},{"id":"evidence-real-world-use","name":"Real-world use","description":"Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.","questions":[{"text":"Which of these real-world use hold for the sense of industrial action this model covers, and on what evidence?","id":"evidence-real-world-use-q01","kind":"provenance"}]},{"id":"evidence-measurements","name":"Typical measurements","description":"Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.","questions":[{"text":"Which of these typical measurements hold for the sense of industrial action this model covers, and on what evidence?","id":"evidence-measurements-q01","kind":"provenance"}]},{"id":"evidence-failure-modes-and-hazards","name":"Failure modes and hazards","description":"Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.","questions":[{"text":"Which of these failure modes and hazards hold for the sense of industrial action this model covers, and on what evidence?","id":"evidence-failure-modes-and-hazards-q01","kind":"provenance"}]},{"id":"evidence-regional-variation","name":"Regional variation","description":"Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.","questions":[{"text":"Which of these regional variation hold for the sense of industrial action this model covers, and on what evidence?","id":"evidence-regional-variation-q01","kind":"provenance"}]},{"id":"evidence-neighbours","name":"Neighbouring kinds and how to tell them apart","description":"Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.","questions":[{"text":"Which of these neighbouring kinds and how to tell them apart hold for the sense of industrial action this model covers, and on what evidence?","id":"evidence-neighbours-q01","kind":"provenance"}]}]}]}]},"agentConduct":{"may":["Explain what industrial action is and the legal rules that govern it in general terms.","Report strikes and their causes from sourced news, giving both sides.","Point workers and employers to unions, advisory or conciliation services."],"mustNot":["Act as a replacement worker to break a lawful strike.","Identify or blacklist workers for taking part in industrial action.","Present advice on a specific dispute as legal advice.","Spread false claims about either side to influence a dispute."],"requiresHuman":["Any action that affects workers' jobs or pay during a dispute.","Deciding whether essential services must continue during a strike."]},"ethics":{"considerations":["The right to strike protects workers' bargaining power, and undermining it shifts power unfairly.","Strikes in essential services can affect people who are not party to the dispute."],"affectedParties":["Workers and unions","Employers","Service users and the public"]},"owners":{"steward":"The workers and unions taking part; labour authorities regulate it.","roles":[],"masterSystems":[]},"relations":[{"target":"Q2310419","type":"parent","note":"registry parent class"}],"interaction":{"identity":{"applicability":"required","items":["Vercy registry: vr.tr.industrial-action","Wikidata: Q628191 (https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q628191)"]},"properties":{"applicability":"not-applicable","items":["Classification basis: Named analytical, participant, statistical or jurisdiction-specific definition; accepted, disputed or unresolved inclusion","Action form: Strike; selective stoppage; overtime ban; work-to-rule; lockout where included; mixed; other specified form","Dispute and demand relationship: Links to disputed issues, stated demands, demand holders and parties able to respond","Mandate status: Proposed; consultation underway; authorisation claimed; authorisation evidenced; contested; withdrawn; unknown","Operational phase: Threatened; announced; active; suspended; resumed; ended; cancelled","Participation: Persons participating and percentage of an explicitly defined eligible workforce, by period and site","Work time withheld or prevented: Worker-hours or worker-days, with calculation method and treatment of partial action","Constraint assessment: Links to jurisdiction, applicable instrument, assessed conduct, assessor, date and disputed or unresolved conclusions","Resolution status: Unresolved; talks underway; provisional agreement; ratification pending; settled; ended without agreement; implementation disputed"]},"recognition":{"applicability":"not-applicable","items":[]},"capabilities":{"applicability":"required","items":["Classify a reported episode against explicit definitions and flag contested boundaries.","Map demands, participants and decision-makers to identify possible negotiation routes.","Compare proposed tactics by mandate, expected disruption and unresolved constraints.","Track announced and actual action across sites, shifts and participating groups.","Identify evidence needed before escalation, suspension or resumption can be assessed.","Evaluate settlement against original demands and monitor implementation commitments."]},"hazards":{"applicability":"required","items":["Retaliation and dismissal of striking workers.","Harm to vulnerable people when essential services stop.","Escalation into confrontation at picket lines."]},"interfaces":{"applicability":"required","items":["International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, United Nations, Article 8, which recognizes the right to strike.","Freedom of Association and Protection of the Right to Organise Convention, 1948 (No. 87), International Labour Organization."]},"context":{"applicability":"required","items":["Industrial action occurs in employment disputes over matters such as pay, working conditions, staffing and collective bargaining.","Workers and their representatives use collective withdrawal or restriction of work to exert pressure, while employers and service planners assess its operational consequences."]}},"sources":[{"title":"Wikidata item Q628191: industrial action","url":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q628191","note":"identity and sense of the item"},{"title":"Wikipedia: Industrial action","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_action","note":"general description of the item"}],"openQuestions":["Which reference definitions should anchor the registry entry, particularly on whether industrial action includes employer lockouts?","Where should the model draw its boundary for political strikes, solidarity action and collective refusals by workers whose employment status is disputed?","What evidence is sufficient to distinguish coordinated work-to-rule or overtime bans from ordinary compliance and individual choices?","When should rolling stoppages, renewed action and changing participant coalitions be treated as one episode rather than several related episodes?","Which measurement conventions permit comparison of partial action, full stoppages and lockouts without implying that equal work time lost means equal impact?"],"resources":{"spec":"/models/things/publications/thing-q628191/spec.json"},"provenance":{"origin":"thing registry research (pass 2)","builtFrom":["models/things/publications/thing-q628191/spec.json"],"providers":["Codex"],"researchStatus":"unreviewed","generatedAt":"2026-09-12T10:29:06Z","builder":"tools/build_cards.py@1.0.0"},"completeness":{"sections":{"classifiers":"filled","whatItIs":"filled","purpose":"filled","distinguishingFeatures":"filled","structure":"filled","agentConduct":"filled","ethics":"filled","owners":"filled","relations":"filled","interaction.identity":"filled","interaction.properties":"not-applicable","interaction.recognition":"not-applicable","interaction.capabilities":"filled","interaction.hazards":"filled","interaction.interfaces":"filled","interaction.context":"filled","sources":"filled"},"notes":{"_gate":"Published through the thing publication gate 1.0 on 2026-10-07T12:16:34+00:00: completeness 1.00; sense: Wikidata description; 2 live sources; review by codex: pass","interaction.properties":"Plane ACT: no invented physical properties.","interaction.recognition":"Industrial action cannot be reliably identified visually because a work stoppage or gathering does not by itself establish a collective employment dispute."},"score":1.0}}