{"schema":"https://ver.cy/schemas/card/1.0.0","id":"vr.tr.ferrous-metal","code":"thing-q65122087","url":"https://ver.cy/models/thing/q65122087/","name":"ferrous metal","alternateNames":[],"kind":"thing","status":"research-draft","version":"0.1.0-research.1","language":"en","classifiers":{"family":"Thing Registry","category":"Physical world and living systems","entryKind":"thing","plane":"PHY","domain":["PHY.MAT"],"industry":[],"navPath":"","tags":[],"facets":{}},"whatItIs":"A ferrous metal is iron or a metallic alloy in which iron is the principal constituent, encompassing steels and cast irons with properties determined by composition and processing.","purpose":"Enable an agent to identify an iron-based metallic material, assess its condition and suitability, and select appropriate processing, protection, reuse or recycling actions.","scope":{"in":["Iron-based material identity, alloy family, grade and composition","Material form, production history and heat-treatment condition","Microstructure and properties under stated measurement conditions","Corrosion, damage, contamination and protective surface condition","Compatibility with fabrication, service, reuse and recycling routes"],"out":["Iron ores, iron salts, iron oxides and other nonmetallic iron compounds","Nonferrous alloys in which iron is an incidental or secondary constituent","Design and performance of complete products containing ferrous metal","Steelmaking plants, furnaces and manufacturing operations as systems","Standalone coating formulations and treatment chemicals"],"boundaries":[]},"distinguishingFeatures":["Establish that the material is metallic iron or an iron-based alloy; detecting iron alone does not distinguish ferrous metal from an iron compound or an iron-containing nonferrous alloy.","Use composition and an applicable material designation to distinguish steel, cast iron and other iron-based families; appearance alone does not establish the family.","Treat magnetic response as supporting evidence rather than a membership test: some ferrous grades can show weak magnetic attraction.","Assess the metallic substrate separately from rust, plating and coatings, which can obscure its identity and affect surface measurements.","Do not assign one chemical identifier, melting point or hazard classification to the entire ferrous-metal class; establish the specific composition and physical form first."],"structure":{"bundles":[{"id":"ferrous-identity-and-grade","name":"Ferrous identity and grade","description":"Establish whether the material belongs to the iron-based metallic class and how precisely it can be identified.","layers":[{"id":"metallic-class-boundary","name":"Metallic class boundary","description":"Separate iron-based metallic material from iron compounds and nonferrous alloys containing iron.","findings":[{"id":"iron-based-metal-evidence","name":"Evidence for iron-based metallic identity","description":"Record the basis for class membership and distinguish the substrate from surface deposits or coatings.","questions":[{"text":"What compositional or documentary evidence establishes that iron is the base metal rather than a minor constituent?","id":"iron-based-metal-evidence-q01","kind":"definition"},{"text":"Does the examined material represent the metallic substrate, a corrosion product, a coating or a mixture?","id":"iron-based-metal-evidence-q02","kind":"boundary"}]}]},{"id":"family-and-grade-resolution","name":"Family and grade resolution","description":"Resolve the material family and grade to the precision supported by evidence.","findings":[{"id":"composition-backed-designation","name":"Composition-backed designation","description":"Associate a claimed grade with a specification and measurements capable of distinguishing plausible alternatives.","questions":[{"text":"Which standard and edition define the claimed grade, and is its certificate traceable to this heat or lot?","id":"composition-backed-designation-q01","kind":"provenance"},{"text":"Were carbon and the alloying or residual elements needed to distinguish candidate grades measured by suitable methods?","id":"composition-backed-designation-q02","kind":"measurement"}]}]}]},{"id":"metallurgical-state-and-properties","name":"Metallurgical state and properties","description":"Connect composition with processing history, microstructure and measured behavior.","layers":[{"id":"processing-and-microstructure","name":"Processing and microstructure","description":"Record the material history and structural observations needed to interpret its current condition.","findings":[{"id":"current-metallurgical-condition","name":"Current metallurgical condition","description":"Distinguish documented treatment from an inferred condition and record relevant microstructural evidence.","questions":[{"text":"Which casting, working and heat-treatment steps are documented for this material lot?","id":"current-metallurgical-condition-q01","kind":"provenance"},{"text":"What observed phases, grain features or graphite morphology support the assigned condition?","id":"current-metallurgical-condition-q02","kind":"measurement"}]}]},{"id":"condition-specific-performance","name":"Condition-specific performance","description":"Describe properties with the conditions and sampling limits that govern their interpretation.","findings":[{"id":"qualified-property-evidence","name":"Qualified property evidence","description":"Keep measured properties distinct from typical handbook values and grade minima.","questions":[{"text":"Which mechanical and physical properties were measured for this lot, using what methods, orientations and temperatures?","id":"qualified-property-evidence-q01","kind":"measurement"},{"text":"Do the available results cover the intended service temperature, loading and material thickness?","id":"qualified-property-evidence-q02","kind":"boundary"}]}]}]},{"id":"corrosion-and-material-integrity","name":"Corrosion and material integrity","description":"Assess the interaction between ferrous substrate, protective surface, exposure and accumulated damage.","layers":[{"id":"surface-and-exposure","name":"Surface and exposure","description":"Identify substrate protection and the environments relevant to its effectiveness.","findings":[{"id":"protection-environment-match","name":"Protection and environment match","description":"Record coatings, plating or passive-surface treatment together with exposure conditions.","questions":[{"text":"What coating, plating or surface treatment is present, and what evidence establishes its coverage and condition?","id":"protection-environment-match-q01","kind":"measurement"},{"text":"What moisture, chloride, chemical or dissimilar-metal contact must the alloy and its protection tolerate?","id":"protection-environment-match-q02","kind":"boundary"}]}]},{"id":"damage-and-remaining-section","name":"Damage and remaining section","description":"Separate visible deterioration from quantified section loss and other integrity concerns.","findings":[{"id":"integrity-evidence-for-disposition","name":"Integrity evidence for disposition","description":"Record corrosion loss, cracks and relevant inspection results before deciding on further use.","questions":[{"text":"What remaining thickness, pit depth, cracking or other damage has been established, and over what inspected area?","id":"integrity-evidence-for-disposition-q01","kind":"measurement"},{"text":"Which acceptance criteria and additional inspections determine whether this material can be reused, repaired or rejected?","id":"integrity-evidence-for-disposition-q02","kind":"action"}]}]}]},{"id":"fabrication-and-thermal-compatibility","name":"Fabrication and thermal compatibility","description":"Identify material-specific constraints on joining, forming, machining and thermal treatment.","layers":[{"id":"joining-and-working","name":"Joining and working","description":"Relate proposed fabrication to alloy family, metallurgical condition and section dimensions.","findings":[{"id":"fabrication-route-qualification","name":"Fabrication route qualification","description":"Identify the evidence needed to qualify a joining or working route for the specific ferrous material.","questions":[{"text":"What grade, thickness, hardness and microstructural evidence supports the proposed welding, forming or machining operation?","id":"fabrication-route-qualification-q01","kind":"action"},{"text":"If a carbon-equivalent calculation is used to assess steel weldability, which formula and applicability limits govern it?","id":"fabrication-route-qualification-q02","kind":"boundary"}]}]},{"id":"thermal-response","name":"Thermal response","description":"Account for transformations and property changes caused by heating and cooling.","findings":[{"id":"heat-cycle-consequences","name":"Heat-cycle consequences","description":"Record how a proposed thermal cycle may alter the established material condition.","questions":[{"text":"Which grade-specific transformation or treatment data support the proposed temperatures, hold times and cooling route?","id":"heat-cycle-consequences-q01","kind":"provenance"},{"text":"What verification is required after heating to detect unacceptable hardness, distortion, cracking or loss of required properties?","id":"heat-cycle-consequences-q02","kind":"action"}]}]}]},{"id":"handling-reuse-and-recovery","name":"Handling, reuse and recovery","description":"Connect physical form, alloy constituents and contamination with handling and recovery decisions.","layers":[{"id":"form-and-process-exposure","name":"Form and process exposure","description":"Identify hazards associated with the actual material form and proposed operation.","findings":[{"id":"specific-material-hazard-evidence","name":"Specific material hazard evidence","description":"Tie handling requirements to the supplied material, its constituents and operation-generated dust or fumes.","questions":[{"text":"Which safety data or assessment applies to this alloy, physical form and surface contamination?","id":"specific-material-hazard-evidence-q01","kind":"provenance"},{"text":"Will cutting, grinding, welding or powder handling create exposures or ignition concerns that require operation-specific controls?","id":"specific-material-hazard-evidence-q02","kind":"action"}]}]},{"id":"reuse-and-scrap-segregation","name":"Reuse and scrap segregation","description":"Preserve useful identity evidence and separate materials according to the destination's requirements.","findings":[{"id":"evidence-based-recovery-route","name":"Evidence-based recovery route","description":"Distinguish qualified reusable stock from scrap and record alloy or contamination constraints on recovery.","questions":[{"text":"Does the material retain sufficient grade, condition and inspection evidence for its proposed reuse?","id":"evidence-based-recovery-route-q01","kind":"boundary"},{"text":"Which alloy segregation, coating removal or contaminant checks are required by the receiving recovery route?","id":"evidence-based-recovery-route-q02","kind":"action"}]}]}]},{"id":"evidence-and-external-alignment","name":"Evidence and external alignment","description":"What the world already says about this thing, gathered so the model can be checked against it.","layers":[{"id":"reported-evidence","name":"Reported evidence","description":"Findings from the breadth pass, kept separate from the structural claims.","findings":[{"id":"evidence-confidence-notes","name":"Check these first","description":"Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.","questions":[{"text":"Which of these check these first hold for the sense of ferrous metal this model covers, and on what evidence?","id":"evidence-confidence-notes-q01","kind":"provenance"}]},{"id":"evidence-kinds","name":"Kinds and varieties","description":"Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.","questions":[{"text":"Which of these kinds and varieties hold for the sense of ferrous metal this model covers, and on what evidence?","id":"evidence-kinds-q01","kind":"provenance"}]},{"id":"evidence-identifiers","name":"Identifiers and schemes","description":"Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.","questions":[{"text":"Which of these identifiers and schemes hold for the sense of ferrous metal this model covers, and on what evidence?","id":"evidence-identifiers-q01","kind":"provenance"}]},{"id":"evidence-standards-and-regulation","name":"Standards and regulation","description":"Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.","questions":[{"text":"Which of these standards and regulation hold for the sense of ferrous metal this model covers, and on what evidence?","id":"evidence-standards-and-regulation-q01","kind":"provenance"}]},{"id":"evidence-real-world-use","name":"Real-world use","description":"Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.","questions":[{"text":"Which of these real-world use hold for the sense of ferrous metal this model covers, and on what evidence?","id":"evidence-real-world-use-q01","kind":"provenance"}]},{"id":"evidence-measurements","name":"Typical measurements","description":"Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.","questions":[{"text":"Which of these typical measurements hold for the sense of ferrous metal this model covers, and on what evidence?","id":"evidence-measurements-q01","kind":"provenance"}]},{"id":"evidence-failure-modes-and-hazards","name":"Failure modes and hazards","description":"Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.","questions":[{"text":"Which of these failure modes and hazards hold for the sense of ferrous metal this model covers, and on what evidence?","id":"evidence-failure-modes-and-hazards-q01","kind":"provenance"}]},{"id":"evidence-regional-variation","name":"Regional variation","description":"Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.","questions":[{"text":"Which of these regional variation hold for the sense of ferrous metal this model covers, and on what evidence?","id":"evidence-regional-variation-q01","kind":"provenance"}]},{"id":"evidence-neighbours","name":"Neighbouring kinds and how to tell them apart","description":"Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.","questions":[{"text":"Which of these neighbouring kinds and how to tell them apart hold for the sense of ferrous metal this model covers, and on what evidence?","id":"evidence-neighbours-q01","kind":"provenance"}]}]}]}]},"agentConduct":{"may":["Identify ferrous metals for sorting and recycling using tests it is authorized to run.","Report grade, condition and corrosion from markings and inspection."],"mustNot":["Certify a ferrous part as fit for structural or pressure use without required testing.","Accept scrap of unknown origin, such as possibly stolen cables or parts, without checks the law requires.","Cut or heat coated or contaminated metal without controlling the fumes.","Misrepresent the grade or origin of metal sold."],"requiresHuman":["Approving metal for safety-critical use.","Buying scrap that may be stolen."]},"ethics":{"considerations":["Wrong grades in structures can lead to failures that kill people.","Metal theft damages infrastructure and endangers the public."],"affectedParties":["Users of structures and machines","Metal workers","Infrastructure owners"]},"owners":{"steward":"The holder of each piece of metal; standards bodies define steel grades.","roles":[],"masterSystems":[]},"relations":[{"target":"Q11426","type":"parent","note":"registry parent class"}],"interaction":{"identity":{"applicability":"required","items":["Vercy registry: vr.tr.ferrous-metal","Wikidata: Q65122087 (https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q65122087)"]},"properties":{"applicability":"required","items":["Material family: Metallic iron; steel; cast iron; other specified iron-based alloy; unresolved","Bulk chemical composition: Mass % of Fe, C and relevant alloying or residual elements, with analytical method and uncertainty","Grade designation and specification: Named grade linked to its issuing standard, edition and material certificate, where available","Physical form: Bulk stock; casting; sheet; wire; powder; chips; mixed scrap; other specified form","Metallurgical condition: As-cast; hot-worked; cold-worked; annealed; normalized; quenched and tempered; other documented or unknown condition","Microstructure: Observed phases and constituents, grain characteristics and graphite morphology where applicable","Mechanical properties: Yield or proof strength and tensile strength in MPa; elongation in %; hardness on a named scale; toughness by a named test","Magnetic response: Relative permeability or another specified magnetic measurement, with field and temperature conditions","Corrosion and section loss: Observed corrosion type and extent; remaining thickness and pit depth in mm where measured","Surface and contamination condition: Bare; scaled; rusted; coated; plated; oily; contaminated; mixed or unknown"]},"recognition":{"applicability":"required","items":["Most are attracted to a magnet, though some stainless steels are not.","Reddish-brown rust forms on unprotected surfaces."]},"capabilities":{"applicability":"required","items":["Classify a sample or lot as an iron-based material and narrow its alloy family using documentary and analytical evidence.","Match a verified grade and condition to stated service requirements while identifying missing property evidence.","Select candidate forming, machining, joining and heat-treatment routes for qualification.","Assess corrosion and damage to determine whether protection, further inspection or rejection is warranted.","Segregate reusable stock and scrap by alloy family, coating and contamination to support appropriate recovery routes."]},"hazards":{"applicability":"required","items":["Corrosion weakens structures over time.","Brittle fracture can occur at low temperatures in some steels."]},"interfaces":{"applicability":"required","items":["EN 10020, Definition and classification of grades of steel, European Committee for Standardization."]},"context":{"applicability":"required","items":["Ferrous metals are used in construction, machinery, transport, tools and household equipment.","Material selection considers the particular alloy's strength, formability, wear resistance and susceptibility to corrosion.","The category also supports scrap sorting and recycling, although broader industrial classifications sometimes group related metals differently."]}},"sources":[{"title":"Wikidata item Q65122087: ferrous metal","url":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q65122087","note":"identity and sense of the item"},{"title":"Wikipedia (ru): Чёрные металлы","url":"https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D1%91%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB%D1%8B","note":"general description of the item"}],"openQuestions":["Which authoritative classification should define iron-based membership for borderline multicomponent alloys without inventing a universal iron-content threshold?","Does an existing Vercy world model already own ferrous metal, and which neighbouring models own steel, cast iron and metallic iron?","Which grade standards and designation systems must be supported, and what evidence is required before recording cross-standard equivalence?","Which sampling and analytical methods are sufficient for unidentified, coated or heterogeneous material lots, especially when carbon content distinguishes candidate families?","Which service-specific acceptance criteria and jurisdiction-specific handling requirements should be linked for the intended applications?"],"resources":{"spec":"/models/things/publications/thing-q65122087/spec.json"},"provenance":{"origin":"thing registry research (pass 2)","builtFrom":["models/things/publications/thing-q65122087/spec.json"],"providers":["Codex"],"researchStatus":"unreviewed","generatedAt":"2026-09-12T09:40:37Z","builder":"tools/build_cards.py@1.0.0"},"completeness":{"sections":{"classifiers":"filled","whatItIs":"filled","purpose":"filled","distinguishingFeatures":"filled","structure":"filled","agentConduct":"filled","ethics":"filled","owners":"filled","relations":"filled","interaction.identity":"filled","interaction.properties":"filled","interaction.recognition":"filled","interaction.capabilities":"filled","interaction.hazards":"filled","interaction.interfaces":"filled","interaction.context":"filled","sources":"filled"},"notes":{},"score":1.0}}