{"schema":"https://ver.cy/schemas/card/1.0.0","id":"vr.tr.kerosene","code":"thing-q76904","url":"https://ver.cy/models/thing/q76904/","name":"kerosene","alternateNames":["clear kerosene","dyed kerosene","RP-1"],"kind":"thing","status":"published","version":"0.1.0-research.1","language":"en","classifiers":{"family":"Thing Registry","category":"Physical world and living systems","entryKind":"thing","plane":"PHY","domain":["PHY.MAT"],"industry":[],"navPath":"","tags":[],"facets":{}},"whatItIs":"Kerosene (ASTM spelling kerosine) is a refined middle-distillate hydrocarbon mixture, usually from petroleum and typically boiling about 150-300 °C with a C9-C16 alkane/cycloalkane/aromatic slate, sold and specified as illuminating, heating or aviation-turbine fuel by flash point, distillation curve, sulfur and freeze point rather than as a single compound.","purpose":"Enable an AI agent to recognise a kerosene material or batch, assess its condition and suitability, and determine which handling, storage and use actions its evidence supports.","scope":{"in":["Identification of kerosene products, batches and samples, including declared grade and production route","Composition, additives and properties relevant to distinguishing and using kerosene","Contamination, deterioration and changes caused by storage, transfer or mixing","Material-specific handling, storage and exposure constraints","Evidence of suitability for a specified combustion or solvent application"],"out":["Design, maintenance and operating state of engines, burners, heaters and lamps","Construction and integrity of tanks, pipelines, packages and containment systems","Refinery or synthetic-fuel production processes as operating systems","Transport operations, permits and jurisdiction-wide regulatory models","Combustion emissions inventories and environmental remediation programmes","Gasoline, diesel and other neighbouring petroleum-product models"],"boundaries":[]},"distinguishingFeatures":["Check the supplier identity and declared grade against the applicable product specification; a trade name or generic fuel label alone does not establish kerosene identity.","Compare a measured distillation profile and flash point with the declared kerosene specification and competing gasoline, diesel or solvent identities; do not classify from a single property.","Use composition, additive declarations and grade evidence to distinguish a kerosene product from a neighbouring middle-distillate product when their physical properties overlap.","Require application-specific qualification evidence before treating kerosene as an aviation turbine fuel; kerosene identity alone does not establish aviation suitability.","Treat colour, odour and apparent clarity as supporting observations rather than decisive identity tests, especially for dyed, deodorised or contaminated products."],"structure":{"bundles":[{"id":"kerosene-identity-and-grade","name":"Kerosene identity and grade","description":"Establishes what material is being called kerosene and how that claim is supported.","layers":[{"id":"product-boundary","name":"Product boundary","description":"Distinguishes the registered material from neighbouring fuels and solvents.","findings":[{"id":"evidence-for-kerosene-identity","name":"Evidence for kerosene identity","description":"Records the documentary and analytical basis for identifying the material as kerosene.","questions":[{"text":"What supplier designation, specification or analytical evidence supports identifying this material as kerosene?","id":"evidence-for-kerosene-identity-q01","kind":"definition"},{"text":"Which plausible alternative identity, such as diesel, gasoline-contaminated fuel or another petroleum solvent, remains unresolved?","id":"evidence-for-kerosene-identity-q02","kind":"boundary"}]}]},{"id":"grade-and-batch-evidence","name":"Grade and batch evidence","description":"Connects grade claims to a particular batch and its history.","findings":[{"id":"traceable-grade-claim","name":"Traceable grade claim","description":"Captures the declared grade, production route and evidence linking certificates to the current material.","questions":[{"text":"Which grade and specification revision are claimed, and which batch-specific records support that claim?","id":"traceable-grade-claim-q01","kind":"provenance"},{"text":"What production route, blending or subsequent mixing is known, and does the supplied certification still describe the material now present?","id":"traceable-grade-claim-q02","kind":"provenance"}]}]}]},{"id":"composition-and-performance-properties","name":"Composition and performance properties","description":"Records the kerosene properties that govern volatility, flow and application performance.","layers":[{"id":"volatility-and-flow","name":"Volatility and flow","description":"Characterises evaporation-related behaviour and delivery across expected temperatures.","findings":[{"id":"measured-property-envelope","name":"Measured property envelope","description":"Associates distillation, density, viscosity and low-temperature results with their methods and conditions.","questions":[{"text":"What distillation profile, density and viscosity have been measured, at which reference conditions and by which methods?","id":"measured-property-envelope-q01","kind":"measurement"},{"text":"Which low-temperature property does the intended application require, and what result supports use at its minimum operating temperature?","id":"measured-property-envelope-q02","kind":"measurement"}]}]},{"id":"constituents-and-additives","name":"Constituents and additives","description":"Captures composition evidence relevant to grade and use.","findings":[{"id":"composition-relevant-to-use","name":"Composition relevant to use","description":"Records sulfur, aromatic content and additives where applicable requirements make them relevant.","questions":[{"text":"What sulfur content, aromatic content or other constituent measurements are required for this grade or application, and what results are available?","id":"composition-relevant-to-use-q01","kind":"measurement"},{"text":"Which additives, dyes or treatments are declared, at what concentrations, and with what evidence of acceptance for the intended use?","id":"composition-relevant-to-use-q02","kind":"provenance"}]}]}]},{"id":"contamination-and-storage-condition","name":"Contamination and storage condition","description":"Assesses whether the current material differs materially from its supplied or certified condition.","layers":[{"id":"foreign-material","name":"Foreign material","description":"Investigates water, sediment and unintended fuel or chemical admixture.","findings":[{"id":"representative-contamination-assessment","name":"Representative contamination assessment","description":"Distinguishes observed contamination from a sampling result that may miss separate phases or tank-bottom material.","questions":[{"text":"What free water, dissolved water, particles, sediment or foreign-product contamination has been detected, using which methods?","id":"representative-contamination-assessment-q01","kind":"measurement"},{"text":"Where and when were samples taken, and could settled material or stratification make those samples unrepresentative?","id":"representative-contamination-assessment-q02","kind":"provenance"}]}]},{"id":"change-during-storage","name":"Change during storage","description":"Relates storage history to evidence of deterioration or biological contamination.","findings":[{"id":"condition-change-and-disposition","name":"Condition change and disposition","description":"Captures observed changes and the evidence needed to choose continued use, treatment or rejection.","questions":[{"text":"What storage exposure and test evidence support or refute suspected oxidation, deposit formation or microbial contamination?","id":"condition-change-and-disposition-q01","kind":"measurement"},{"text":"Which findings require holding, segregating or treating the batch, and which acceptance tests would be required afterwards?","id":"condition-change-and-disposition-q02","kind":"action"}]}]}]},{"id":"handling-and-hazard-constraints","name":"Handling and hazard constraints","description":"Connects the kerosene product's hazard evidence to proposed handling conditions.","layers":[{"id":"ignition-and-transfer","name":"Ignition and transfer","description":"Assesses ignition-related constraints for storage, pumping and dispensing.","findings":[{"id":"operation-specific-ignition-assessment","name":"Operation-specific ignition assessment","description":"Keeps flash-point evidence distinct from a complete assessment of ignition conditions.","questions":[{"text":"What is the measured flash point, by which method, and how does it relate to the proposed material temperature?","id":"operation-specific-ignition-assessment-q01","kind":"measurement"},{"text":"What controls do the applicable handling procedure and product evidence require for vapour or mist generation, static accumulation and ignition sources during this operation?","id":"operation-specific-ignition-assessment-q02","kind":"action"}]}]},{"id":"exposure-and-material-contact","name":"Exposure and material contact","description":"Links product hazards and contact compatibility to containment and handling choices.","findings":[{"id":"supported-contact-conditions","name":"Supported contact conditions","description":"Records the current product safety information and evidence for contact with equipment materials.","questions":[{"text":"Which product-specific safety data sheet applies, and what exposure routes and release hazards does it identify?","id":"supported-contact-conditions-q01","kind":"provenance"},{"text":"What evidence supports contact with the proposed container, seal, hose or coating materials at the intended temperature and duration?","id":"supported-contact-conditions-q02","kind":"boundary"}]}]}]},{"id":"application-fitness-and-disposition","name":"Application fitness and disposition","description":"Determines whether the kerosene may be used, mixed or treated for a specified purpose.","layers":[{"id":"use-specific-acceptance","name":"Use-specific acceptance","description":"Compares the material evidence with requirements of the intended application.","findings":[{"id":"qualified-use-decision","name":"Qualified use decision","description":"Records a use decision with its governing requirements and unresolved evidence gaps.","questions":[{"text":"What exact application and equipment requirements govern this batch, and which required properties or approvals remain unverified?","id":"qualified-use-decision-q01","kind":"boundary"},{"text":"Does the available evidence support release for that use, or must the batch remain on hold pending named tests or documentation?","id":"qualified-use-decision-q02","kind":"action"}]}]},{"id":"mixing-and-recovery","name":"Mixing and recovery","description":"Assesses proposed blending or treatment and the resulting need for renewed qualification.","findings":[{"id":"post-intervention-qualification","name":"Post-intervention qualification","description":"Treats mixing or treatment as a potential change to composition, traceability and fitness for use.","questions":[{"text":"Is the proposed mixing or treatment permitted by the target grade and application requirements, considering additives and known contaminants?","id":"post-intervention-qualification-q01","kind":"action"},{"text":"What sampling, testing and documentation would establish the resulting material's identity and fitness before release?","id":"post-intervention-qualification-q02","kind":"action"}]}]}]},{"id":"evidence-and-external-alignment","name":"Evidence and external alignment","description":"What the world already says about this thing, gathered so the model can be checked against it.","layers":[{"id":"reported-evidence","name":"Reported evidence","description":"Findings from the breadth pass, kept separate from the structural claims.","findings":[{"id":"evidence-kinds","name":"Kinds and varieties","description":"Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.","questions":[{"text":"Which of these kinds and varieties hold for the sense of kerosene this model covers, and on what evidence?","id":"evidence-kinds-q01","kind":"provenance"}]},{"id":"evidence-identifiers","name":"Identifiers and schemes","description":"Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.","questions":[{"text":"Which of these identifiers and schemes hold for the sense of kerosene this model covers, and on what evidence?","id":"evidence-identifiers-q01","kind":"provenance"}]},{"id":"evidence-standards-and-regulation","name":"Standards and regulation","description":"Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.","questions":[{"text":"Which of these standards and regulation hold for the sense of kerosene this model covers, and on what evidence?","id":"evidence-standards-and-regulation-q01","kind":"provenance"}]},{"id":"evidence-real-world-use","name":"Real-world use","description":"Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.","questions":[{"text":"Which of these real-world use hold for the sense of kerosene this model covers, and on what evidence?","id":"evidence-real-world-use-q01","kind":"provenance"}]},{"id":"evidence-measurements","name":"Typical measurements","description":"Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.","questions":[{"text":"Which of these typical measurements hold for the sense of kerosene this model covers, and on what evidence?","id":"evidence-measurements-q01","kind":"provenance"}]},{"id":"evidence-failure-modes-and-hazards","name":"Failure modes and hazards","description":"Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.","questions":[{"text":"Which of these failure modes and hazards hold for the sense of kerosene this model covers, and on what evidence?","id":"evidence-failure-modes-and-hazards-q01","kind":"provenance"}]},{"id":"evidence-regional-variation","name":"Regional variation","description":"Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.","questions":[{"text":"Which of these regional variation hold for the sense of kerosene this model covers, and on what evidence?","id":"evidence-regional-variation-q01","kind":"provenance"}]},{"id":"evidence-neighbours","name":"Neighbouring kinds and how to tell them apart","description":"Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.","questions":[{"text":"Which of these neighbouring kinds and how to tell them apart hold for the sense of kerosene this model covers, and on what evidence?","id":"evidence-neighbours-q01","kind":"provenance"}]}]}]}]},"agentConduct":{"may":["Describe kerosene, its grades and uses, citing technical sources.","Monitor storage and transfer of kerosene it is authorized to manage."],"mustNot":["Store kerosene in drinks bottles or unlabelled containers.","Advise using kerosene heaters or lamps in unventilated rooms.","Help use kerosene to start fires that endanger people or property.","Pour or dump kerosene into drains, soil or water."],"requiresHuman":["Responding to a fuel spill or fire."]},"ethics":{"considerations":["Kerosene poisoning of children who drink it from unmarked bottles is a known harm in many countries.","Indoor kerosene burning pollutes air in homes that lack other fuels."],"affectedParties":["Children","Households that use it for heat or light","Fuel workers"]},"owners":{"steward":"The person or business that holds it; fuel suppliers answer for its quality.","roles":[],"masterSystems":[]},"relations":[{"target":"Q1059843","type":"parent","note":"registry parent class"},{"target":"Q1386534","type":"parent","note":"registry parent class"},{"target":"Q169336","type":"parent","note":"registry parent class"}],"interaction":{"identity":{"applicability":"required","items":["Vercy registry: vr.tr.kerosene","Wikidata: Q76904 (https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76904)"]},"properties":{"applicability":"required","items":["Declared product identity and grade: Supplier designation; specification identifier and revision; unverified or unknown","Batch and sample provenance: Supplier batch, production or receipt record, container, sample location and sampling time","Production route and blend identity: Declared petroleum-derived, synthetic, blended or unspecified; blend components and proportions where known","Distillation profile: Temperature in °C at specified recovered volume percentages, with test method","Flash point: °C, with test method and sample identity","Density: kg/m³ at a stated reference temperature","Kinematic viscosity: mm²/s at a stated temperature","Low-temperature behaviour: Freezing point or other application-required cold-flow result in °C, with method","Composition and additive profile: Constituent or additive identity and concentration in stated units, with analytical or declaration basis","Water and particulate contamination: Water concentration, free-water observation, particulate mass or particle count, with method and sample location","Storage-related condition: Unassessed; no detected deterioration; suspected deterioration; confirmed deterioration, with evidence","Application qualification: Specified application, governing requirements, supporting evidence and disposition"]},"recognition":{"applicability":"required","items":["A clear to pale yellow, thin liquid with a characteristic oily smell.","Sold in labelled fuel containers or used in lamps, heaters and aircraft."]},"capabilities":{"applicability":"required","items":["Compare identity evidence and measurements with a declared kerosene grade.","Select representative sampling and testing to resolve suspected contamination or uncertain quality.","Release, hold or segregate a batch against explicit requirements for its intended use.","Assess a proposed transfer, storage change or mixing operation using material properties and compatibility evidence.","Route contaminated material for an approved treatment and require reassessment before reuse.","Determine whether a proposed combustion or solvent use is supported by product and equipment requirements."]},"hazards":{"applicability":"required","items":["Swallowing it, especially by children, can cause severe lung damage.","Fires and carbon monoxide from heaters and lamps."]},"interfaces":{"applicability":"required","items":["ASTM D3699, Standard Specification for Kerosine, ASTM International.","Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals, United Nations."]},"context":{"applicability":"required","items":["Kerosene is encountered in fuel storage, distribution and equipment designed for liquid petroleum fuels, including some heaters, lamps and cooking appliances.","Specified kerosene grades are also used as aviation turbine fuels, with suitability determined by the required fuel specification and equipment requirements."]}},"sources":[{"title":"ASTM D3699 Standard Specification for Kerosine - ASTM International","url":"","note":"Civil kerosene grades 1-K and 2-K, flash-point and sulfur limits, indoor-heater distinction"},{"title":"ASTM D1655 Standard Specification for Aviation Turbine Fuels - ASTM International","url":"","note":"Jet A / Jet A-1 as kerosene-type turbine fuels, freeze point, density and distillation windows"},{"title":"DEF STAN 91-091 Turbine Fuel, Kerosene Type, Jet A-1 - UK Ministry of Defence","url":"","note":"International Jet A-1 specification used with ASTM D1655 in civil supply"},{"title":"BS 2869 Fuel oils for agricultural, domestic and industrial engines and boilers - BSI","url":"","note":"UK Class C2 heating kerosene (paraffin) as a named product grade"},{"title":"UN Recommendations on the Transport of Dangerous Goods, Model Regulations - United Nations","url":"","note":"UN 1223, Class 3 identification for kerosene in transport"},{"title":"Toxicological Profile for JP-5, JP-8, and Jet A Fuels - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (CDC)","url":"","note":"Composition of kerosene-type jet fuels, exposure routes, and health hazards"},{"title":"IARC Monographs Volume 45: Occupational Exposures in Petroleum Refining; Crude Oil and Major Petroleum Fuels - IARC/WHO","url":"","note":"Kerosene as a petroleum fuel evaluated as a UVCB mixture"},{"title":"Wikidata item Q102403 (kerosene) - Wikimedia Foundation","url":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q102403","note":"Stable item identifier and crosswalks (CAS, UN number) for this substance class"},{"title":"Wikidata item Q76904: kerosene","url":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76904","note":"identity and sense of the item"},{"title":"Wikipedia: Kerosene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerosene","note":"general description of the item"}],"openQuestions":["Which existing Vercy models already own kerosene, aviation turbine fuel or overlapping petroleum-distillate concepts, and where should this entry link rather than duplicate them?","Which regional meanings and product specifications should define the boundary of this registry entry, given its missing definition?","How should synthetic kerosene, renewable blending components and finished blends be represented without implying qualification from production route alone?","Which authoritative test methods and acceptance criteria apply to each supported grade and intended application?","What evidence and sampling rules are sufficient to requalify stored, mixed or treated material for each intended use?"],"resources":{"spec":"/models/things/publications/thing-q76904/spec.json"},"provenance":{"origin":"thing registry research (pass 2)","builtFrom":["models/things/publications/thing-q76904/spec.json"],"providers":["Codex","Grok"],"researchStatus":"unreviewed","generatedAt":"2026-09-07T11:22:53Z","builder":"tools/build_cards.py@1.0.0"},"completeness":{"sections":{"classifiers":"filled","whatItIs":"filled","purpose":"filled","distinguishingFeatures":"filled","structure":"filled","agentConduct":"filled","ethics":"filled","owners":"filled","relations":"filled","interaction.identity":"filled","interaction.properties":"filled","interaction.recognition":"filled","interaction.capabilities":"filled","interaction.hazards":"filled","interaction.interfaces":"filled","interaction.context":"filled","sources":"filled"},"notes":{"_gate":"Published through the thing publication gate 1.0 on 2026-10-07T10:10:32+00:00: completeness 1.00; sense: Wikidata description; 3 live sources; review by codex: pass"},"score":1.0}}