{"schema":"https://ver.cy/schemas/card/1.0.0","id":"vr.tr.peering","code":"thing-q772532","url":"https://ver.cy/models/thing/q772532/","name":"peering","alternateNames":[],"kind":"thing","status":"published","version":"0.2.0-wave.2","language":"en","classifiers":{"family":"Thing Registry","category":"Cross-cutting context","entryKind":"thing","plane":"XCT","domain":["XCT.REL"],"industry":[],"navPath":"","tags":[],"facets":{}},"whatItIs":"The voluntary interconnection of separate internet networks to exchange traffic between their customers directly, either settlement-free or paid, over private links or at internet exchange points, governed by peering agreements and policies; peering reduces cost and latency, shapes internet topology and is a subject of network economics and regulation.","purpose":"Let an agent explain internet peering and how it differs from transit, describe peering policies, exchange points and agreements, support network operators in general terms, and describe regulatory debates neutrally.","scope":{"in":[],"out":[],"boundaries":[]},"distinguishingFeatures":["Bilateral or multilateral","Settlement-free or paid","Policy-governed","BGP-based"],"structure":{"bundles":[{"id":"understand","name":"Understand","description":"What peering is.","layers":[{"id":"concept","name":"Concept","description":"Peering and transit.","findings":[{"id":"concept-finding","name":"Concept","description":"Concept.","questions":[{"text":"How does peering differ from transit, and why do networks peer?","kind":"definition"},{"text":"What are settlement-free and paid peering?","kind":"definition"}]}]},{"id":"venues","name":"Venues","description":"Where peering happens.","findings":[{"id":"venues-finding","name":"Venues","description":"Venues.","questions":[{"text":"What are internet exchange points and private interconnects, and how do they work?","kind":"definition"},{"text":"Which exchange points serve this region?","kind":"provenance"}]}]}]},{"id":"operate","name":"Operate","description":"Running peering.","layers":[{"id":"policy","name":"Policy","description":"Peering policies.","findings":[{"id":"policy-finding","name":"Policy","description":"Policy.","questions":[{"text":"What do peering policies typically require, such as traffic ratios, presence and routing hygiene?","kind":"provenance"},{"text":"How is a peering request made and evaluated?","kind":"action"}]}]},{"id":"technical","name":"Technical","description":"Technical setup.","findings":[{"id":"technical-finding","name":"Technical","description":"Technical.","questions":[{"text":"How is a peering session configured with BGP, route servers and filtering, in general terms?","kind":"action"},{"text":"How are route leaks and hijacks prevented?","kind":"provenance"}]}]}]},{"id":"economics","name":"Economics","description":"Economics and disputes.","layers":[{"id":"economics","name":"Economics","description":"Peering economics.","findings":[{"id":"economics-finding","name":"Economics","description":"Economics.","questions":[{"text":"How do networks decide between peering and transit economically?","kind":"provenance"},{"text":"How have content networks changed peering?","kind":"provenance"}]}]},{"id":"disputes","name":"Disputes","description":"Disputes and regulation.","findings":[{"id":"disputes-finding","name":"Disputes","description":"Disputes.","questions":[{"text":"What are documented peering disputes, and what are the attributed positions on regulating interconnection?","kind":"provenance"},{"text":"Is the presentation neutral?","kind":"boundary"}]}]}]},{"id":"learn","name":"Learn","description":"Study.","layers":[{"id":"data","name":"Data","description":"Peering data.","findings":[{"id":"data-finding","name":"Data","description":"Data.","questions":[{"text":"Which databases and measurements describe peering relationships and internet topology?","kind":"provenance"},{"text":"How is topology inferred?","kind":"provenance"}]}]},{"id":"history","name":"History","description":"History.","findings":[{"id":"history-finding","name":"History","description":"History.","questions":[{"text":"How did peering develop from early network interconnection to today?","kind":"provenance"},{"text":"Which events were formative?","kind":"provenance"}]}]}]}]},"agentConduct":{"may":["Report public peering policies and exchange point memberships from published sources.","Monitor routes and peering sessions on networks it is authorized to operate."],"mustNot":["Announce routes it is not authorized to originate, or leak routes learned from peers.","Change peering sessions or policies on a network it does not operate.","Disclose confidential peering agreement terms.","Degrade traffic to pressure a peer in ways that harm end users."],"requiresHuman":["Starting, ending or changing paid or settlement-free peering.","De-peering a network during a dispute."]},"ethics":{"considerations":["Peering disputes make users suffer slow service for business conflicts.","Route hijacks can expose or block traffic of millions."],"affectedParties":["Internet users","Network operators","Businesses relying on connectivity"]},"owners":{"steward":"The network operators party to each agreement; exchange points run their shared fabrics.","roles":[],"masterSystems":["Internet routing registries","Peering databases"]},"relations":[{"target":"Q2608299","type":"parent","note":"registry parent class"},{"target":"network connection","type":"related","note":"category"},{"target":"last mile","type":"related","note":"other end of the network"},{"target":"internet exchange point","type":"related","note":"venue"},{"target":"cooperation","type":"related","note":"voluntary interconnection"}],"interaction":{"identity":{"applicability":"required","items":["Vercy registry: vr.tr.peering","Wikidata: Q772532 (https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q772532)"]},"properties":{"applicability":"not-applicable","items":[]},"recognition":{"applicability":"optional","items":["Direct interconnection between networks","Exchange of customer traffic only","Transit provides access to the whole internet for a fee","Not physical as such; cross-connects, exchange switches and BGP sessions."]},"capabilities":{"applicability":"required","items":["explain peering versus transit","describe exchange points and agreements","support peering strategy in general terms","describe regulatory debates neutrally"]},"hazards":{"applicability":"required","items":["Peering disputes causing congestion","Route leaks and hijacks","Market power in interconnection"]},"interfaces":{"applicability":"required","items":["BGP and routing standards","Peering policies and agreements","Telecommunications interconnection regulation"]},"context":{"applicability":"required","items":["Direct traffic exchange between networks.","settlement-free peering","paid peering","public peering at exchange points","private peering","content and eyeball network peering"]}},"sources":[{"title":"Wikidata item Q772532: peering","url":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q772532","note":"identity and sense of the item"},{"title":"Wikipedia: Peering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peering","note":"general description of the item"}],"openQuestions":["Should internet exchange points be a separate entry?","How should peering databases be linked?","How should regulatory positions be attributed?"],"resources":{"spec":"/models/things/publications/thing-q772532/spec.json"},"provenance":{"origin":"thing registry research (pass 2)","builtFrom":["models/things/publications/thing-q772532/spec.json"],"providers":["Claude"],"researchStatus":"unreviewed","generatedAt":"2026-09-11T21:45:44Z","builder":"tools/build_cards.py@1.0.0"},"completeness":{"sections":{"classifiers":"filled","whatItIs":"filled","purpose":"filled","distinguishingFeatures":"filled","structure":"filled","agentConduct":"filled","ethics":"filled","owners":"filled","relations":"filled","interaction.identity":"filled","interaction.properties":"not-applicable","interaction.recognition":"filled","interaction.capabilities":"filled","interaction.hazards":"filled","interaction.interfaces":"filled","interaction.context":"filled","sources":"filled"},"notes":{"_gate":"Published through the thing publication gate 1.0 on 2026-10-06T19:52:02+00:00: completeness 1.00; sense: Wikidata description; 2 live sources; review by codex: pass","interaction.properties":"Plane XCT: no invented physical properties."},"score":1.0}}