{"schema":"https://ver.cy/schemas/card/1.0.0","id":"vr.tr.outwork","code":"thing-q789975","url":"https://ver.cy/models/thing/q789975/","name":"outwork","alternateNames":["crownwork","hornwork"],"kind":"thing","status":"published","version":"0.2.0-wave.3","language":"en","classifiers":{"family":"Thing Registry","category":"Physical world and living systems","entryKind":"thing","plane":"PHY","domain":["PHY.BLT"],"industry":[],"navPath":"","tags":[],"facets":{}},"whatItIs":"A defensive work built outside the main enceinte of a fortress to strengthen a front, cover a gate or occupy ground that would otherwise shelter an attacker, including ravelins, hornworks with two demi-bastions, crownworks with a central bastion and two half-bastions, lunettes and redoubts; outworks occur in earlier fortifications as well as in bastion fortification of the sixteenth to nineteenth centuries and survive at many fortress sites.","purpose":"Let an agent identify kinds of outwork and their roles in fortifications across historical periods, including bastion fortification, relay surviving examples and references, and explain the terminology of fortification for heritage and historical use.","scope":{"in":[],"out":[],"boundaries":[]},"distinguishingFeatures":["Outworks stand outside the main defensive wall.","Many bastion-era outworks have angular geometry, while earlier forms vary.","Named types are distinguished by their plans.","Surviving outworks form part of fortress heritage."],"structure":{"bundles":[{"id":"identify","name":"Identify","description":"What outwork this is.","layers":[{"id":"type","name":"Type","description":"Type and plan.","findings":[{"id":"type-finding","name":"Type","description":"Type.","questions":[{"text":"What type of outwork is it, and how is its plan recognised?","kind":"definition"},{"text":"Is the feature an outwork or part of the main enceinte?","kind":"boundary"}]}]},{"id":"role","name":"Role","description":"Role.","findings":[{"id":"role-finding","name":"Role","description":"Role.","questions":[{"text":"What role did each type play in defending a fortress?","kind":"definition"},{"text":"Which entry fits the specific type?","kind":"action"}]}]}]},{"id":"theory","name":"Theory","description":"Fortification theory.","layers":[{"id":"design","name":"Design","description":"Design principles.","findings":[{"id":"design-finding","name":"Design","description":"Design.","questions":[{"text":"How did engineers such as Vauban design and place outworks?","kind":"provenance"},{"text":"Which entry fits bastion fortification?","kind":"action"}]}]},{"id":"development","name":"Development","description":"Development.","findings":[{"id":"development-finding","name":"Development","description":"Development.","questions":[{"text":"How did outworks develop and decline with changes in artillery?","kind":"provenance"},{"text":"Which references are standard?","kind":"provenance"}]}]}]},{"id":"sites","name":"Sites","description":"Surviving examples.","layers":[{"id":"examples","name":"Examples","description":"Examples.","findings":[{"id":"examples-finding","name":"Examples","description":"Examples.","questions":[{"text":"Where do notable outworks survive, and how are they interpreted?","kind":"provenance"},{"text":"Which entry fits the specific fortress?","kind":"action"}]}]},{"id":"conservation","name":"Conservation","description":"Conservation.","findings":[{"id":"conservation-finding","name":"Conservation","description":"Conservation.","questions":[{"text":"How are earthwork and masonry outworks conserved?","kind":"provenance"},{"text":"Which entry fits fortress conservation?","kind":"action"}]}]}]},{"id":"study","name":"Study","description":"Terminology and study.","layers":[{"id":"terms","name":"Terms","description":"Terminology.","findings":[{"id":"terms-finding","name":"Terms","description":"Terms.","questions":[{"text":"What is the vocabulary of outworks in English, French and other traditions?","kind":"provenance"},{"text":"Which sources are cited?","kind":"provenance"}]}]},{"id":"research","name":"Research","description":"Research.","findings":[{"id":"research-finding","name":"Research","description":"Research.","questions":[{"text":"How do historians and archaeologists study fortifications?","kind":"provenance"},{"text":"Which entry fits military architecture?","kind":"action"}]}]}]}]},"agentConduct":{"may":["Identify and describe an outwork, naming its type such as ravelin, hornwork or lunette.","Map the surviving outworks of a fortress from surveys and historical plans.","Report erosion, vegetation or encroachment on an outwork to its custodian."],"mustNot":["Confuse types of outwork, such as calling a crownwork a hornwork, in records or interpretation.","Dig, metal-detect or remove material from an outwork without archaeological consent.","Use terms for bastion outworks to describe earlier or unrelated defences.","Direct visitors onto unstable ramparts or ditch edges of an outwork."],"requiresHuman":["Any excavation, clearance or restoration of an outwork."]},"ethics":{"considerations":["Outworks are often the least protected part of a fortress and are lost to building and farming.","Fortifications can be presented in ways that glorify past violence rather than explain it."],"affectedParties":["Heritage custodians","Visitors to fortresses","Landowners near fortresses"]},"owners":{"steward":"The owner or heritage body that holds the fortress; heritage registers record protected sites.","roles":[],"masterSystems":["National heritage and monument registers"]},"relations":[{"target":"Q391414","type":"parent","note":"registry parent class"},{"target":"Q811979","type":"parent","note":"registry parent class"},{"target":"built structure","type":"related","note":"in registry terms"},{"target":"architectural element","type":"related","note":"of a fortress"},{"target":"bastion fort","type":"related","note":"the system"},{"target":"bastion","type":"related","note":"part of the main enceinte"}],"interaction":{"identity":{"applicability":"required","items":["Vercy registry: vr.tr.outwork","Wikidata: Q789975 (https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q789975)"]},"properties":{"applicability":"required","items":["period: about 1500-1870 years - bastion era"]},"recognition":{"applicability":"required","items":["Work outside the main enceinte","Ravelin, hornwork, crownwork, lunette, redoubt","Bastions are part of the main enceinte; citadels are inner works","Angular earth or masonry works with ditches outside the main rampart, visible as star-like projections on plans and aerial views."]},"capabilities":{"applicability":"required","items":["identify kinds of outwork","explain their roles in fortification","relay surviving examples","explain fortification terminology"]},"hazards":{"applicability":"required","items":["Confusing types","Decay and encroachment of earthworks","Anachronistic use of terms"]},"interfaces":{"applicability":"required","items":["Heritage protection of fortress sites"]},"context":{"applicability":"required","items":["Historically, strengthening a fortress beyond its main walls; now heritage.","ravelins","hornworks","crownworks","lunettes and redoubts","counterguards and tenailles","covered ways and glacis as related features"]}},"sources":[{"title":"Wikidata item Q789975: outwork","url":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q789975","note":"identity and sense of the item"},{"title":"Wikipedia: Outwork","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outwork","note":"general description of the item"}],"openQuestions":["Should each type be a separate entry?","How should fortress inventories be linked?","The registry entry has merged aliases for hornwork and crownwork; should they be split off?"],"resources":{"spec":"/models/things/publications/thing-q789975/spec.json"},"provenance":{"origin":"thing registry research (pass 2)","builtFrom":["models/things/publications/thing-q789975/spec.json"],"providers":["Claude"],"researchStatus":"unreviewed","generatedAt":"2026-09-12T22:16:24Z","builder":"tools/build_cards.py@1.0.0"},"completeness":{"sections":{"classifiers":"filled","whatItIs":"filled","purpose":"filled","distinguishingFeatures":"filled","structure":"filled","agentConduct":"filled","ethics":"filled","owners":"filled","relations":"filled","interaction.identity":"filled","interaction.properties":"filled","interaction.recognition":"filled","interaction.capabilities":"filled","interaction.hazards":"filled","interaction.interfaces":"filled","interaction.context":"filled","sources":"filled"},"notes":{"_gate":"Published through the thing publication gate 1.0 on 2026-10-07T10:10:32+00:00: completeness 1.00; sense: Wikidata description; 2 live sources; review by codex: pass"},"score":1.0}}