{"schema":"https://ver.cy/schemas/card/1.0.0","id":"vr.tr.cheque","code":"thing-q80042","url":"https://ver.cy/models/thing/q80042/","name":"cheque","alternateNames":["cashier's check","giant cheque","trust receipt","remotely created cheque","Eurocheque","certified check","banker's draft","post-dated cheque","antedated cheque","blank cheque"],"kind":"thing","status":"published","version":"0.1.0-research.1","language":"en","classifiers":{"family":"Thing Registry","category":"Information and virtual systems","entryKind":"thing","plane":"INF","domain":["INF.MED"],"industry":[],"navPath":"","tags":[],"facets":{}},"whatItIs":"A cheque is an unconditional order in writing, signed by the drawer, addressed to a bank as drawee, requiring that bank to pay on demand a sum certain in money to a named payee, to the payee's order, or to bearer; in common-law systems it is a bill of exchange drawn on a banker and payable on demand.","purpose":"Enable an AI agent to recognise a cheque, assess its payment and evidential state, and determine which handling actions are supported by the available evidence and applicable rules.","scope":{"in":["Cheque identity and the relationship between an original instrument, its images and extracted data","Payment terms, including amount, currency, payee, date and drawee bank","Drawer, signatory, holder and endorsement roles","Evidence of completeness, authenticity, alteration and handling restrictions","Issuance, delivery, deposit, presentment, return and payment history","Evidence and conditions supporting the next cheque-handling action"],"out":["The bank account's full balance, transaction history and operating mandate","The underlying purchase, invoice, debt or other reason for payment","Bank-wide clearing infrastructure and payment-system operation","General identity, corporate authority and fraud-investigation models","Legal proceedings and remedies arising from non-payment"],"boundaries":[]},"distinguishingFeatures":["It presents a payment instruction directed to an identified bank, rather than merely a promise by its maker to pay; whether it qualifies as a cheque depends on the applicable rules.","It is recognisable as an individual cheque instrument with recorded payment terms, rather than a general account mandate or a standing payment instruction.","Possession or receipt of the cheque does not itself establish that its payment has completed, unlike treating an item solely as evidence of a completed payment.","A cheque image or extracted record represents an underlying instrument; the model must establish whether that representation is usable for a particular action.","Classification against bank drafts, money orders and other similar instruments depends on issuer, drawee, wording and payment arrangement, rather than the document's title alone."],"structure":{"bundles":[{"id":"instrument-and-representations","name":"Instrument and representations","description":"Recognise the cheque and connect the physical or electronic evidence that represents it.","layers":[{"id":"cheque-classification","name":"Cheque classification","description":"Establish the payment-instruction form and distinguish neighbouring instruments.","findings":[{"id":"instrument-type-evidence","name":"Instrument type evidence","description":"Record wording, drawee and issuer evidence supporting classification, including any unresolved subtype.","questions":[{"text":"What wording and participant arrangement identify this item as a cheque rather than a promissory note, money order or another payment instrument?","id":"instrument-type-evidence-q01","kind":"definition"},{"text":"Which cheque subtype and governing context are evidenced, and which remain uncertain?","id":"instrument-type-evidence-q02","kind":"boundary"}]}]},{"id":"original-image-and-duplicate-linkage","name":"Original, image and duplicate linkage","description":"Connect representations without treating every copy as a separate payment instruction.","findings":[{"id":"representation-lineage","name":"Representation lineage","description":"Record capture origin, represented sides, instrument identifiers and possible prior submissions.","questions":[{"text":"Where did each original, image or transcription come from, and what links it to this cheque?","id":"representation-lineage-q01","kind":"provenance"},{"text":"What evidence shows whether this cheque or another representation of it has already been submitted for payment?","id":"representation-lineage-q02","kind":"action"}]}]}]},{"id":"payment-terms-and-restrictions","name":"Payment terms and restrictions","description":"Capture the cheque's payment instruction and markings that may constrain its use.","layers":[{"id":"amount-currency-and-date","name":"Amount, currency and date","description":"Preserve observed terms separately from their interpretation.","findings":[{"id":"terms-consistency","name":"Terms consistency","description":"Identify missing, ambiguous or conflicting monetary and date information.","questions":[{"text":"What amount and currency appear in each relevant field, and do the numeric and written amounts agree?","id":"terms-consistency-q01","kind":"measurement"},{"text":"What date is written, how is it interpreted, and what evidence establishes any effect of that date on presentment?","id":"terms-consistency-q02","kind":"boundary"}]}]},{"id":"payee-crossing-and-restrictive-text","name":"Payee, crossing and restrictive text","description":"Record the intended recipient and observable instructions concerning collection or transfer.","findings":[{"id":"collection-route-constraints","name":"Collection route constraints","description":"Connect exact wording and marks to supported interpretations under the applicable rules.","questions":[{"text":"What payee wording, crossing marks and restrictive annotations appear on the cheque?","id":"collection-route-constraints-q01","kind":"definition"},{"text":"Which proposed deposit, cashing or transfer routes are supported by the applicable interpretation of those markings?","id":"collection-route-constraints-q02","kind":"action"}]}]}]},{"id":"authority-and-instrument-integrity","name":"Authority and instrument integrity","description":"Assess the authority behind the instruction and the reliability of the instrument presented.","layers":[{"id":"drawer-signatory-and-holder","name":"Drawer, signatory and holder","description":"Separate participant identities from authority to issue, transfer or collect the cheque.","findings":[{"id":"authority-and-endorsement-evidence","name":"Authority and endorsement evidence","description":"Link signatures, endorsements and possession history to the roles and actions they purportedly support.","questions":[{"text":"What evidence links the signatory to the drawer and supports authority to issue this cheque?","id":"authority-and-endorsement-evidence-q01","kind":"provenance"},{"text":"What payee match, endorsement history or other evidence supports the current holder's proposed collection or transfer?","id":"authority-and-endorsement-evidence-q02","kind":"action"}]}]},{"id":"alteration-and-authenticity","name":"Alteration and authenticity","description":"Record suspicious features and verification results without overstating certainty.","findings":[{"id":"integrity-assessment","name":"Integrity assessment","description":"Distinguish observed defects, suspected tampering and independently supported authenticity assessments.","questions":[{"text":"Which fields, signatures or physical features show erasure, overwriting, inconsistency or other possible alteration?","id":"integrity-assessment-q01","kind":"measurement"},{"text":"Which authenticity checks were performed, by whom, and what did each check actually establish?","id":"integrity-assessment-q02","kind":"provenance"}]}]}]},{"id":"presentment-and-payment-outcome","name":"Presentment and payment outcome","description":"Track collection attempts and distinguish processing reports from payment completion.","layers":[{"id":"deposit-and-presentment-attempts","name":"Deposit and presentment attempts","description":"Record each attempt through its collection route and associated evidence.","findings":[{"id":"attempt-history","name":"Attempt history","description":"Associate submission, receipt and presentment events with a specific attempt and instrument representation.","questions":[{"text":"When, through which institution and channel, and using which representation was each collection attempt made?","id":"attempt-history-q01","kind":"provenance"},{"text":"What acknowledgement establishes whether the cheque was merely received, accepted for deposit or presented to the drawee?","id":"attempt-history-q02","kind":"boundary"}]}]},{"id":"credit-return-and-finality","name":"Credit, return and finality","description":"Reconcile bank reports and account effects without inferring final payment from availability alone.","findings":[{"id":"outcome-evidence","name":"Outcome evidence","description":"Record credited amounts, holds, return reasons, reversals and the evidence supporting any finality assessment.","questions":[{"text":"What amounts were credited, made available, held or reversed, and when were those effects reported?","id":"outcome-evidence-q01","kind":"measurement"},{"text":"What bank evidence and applicable rules establish payment completion, return or an unresolved outcome?","id":"outcome-evidence-q02","kind":"boundary"}]}]}]},{"id":"exceptions-and-next-actions","name":"Exceptions and next actions","description":"Determine how loss, payment-control requests and failed collection affect further handling.","layers":[{"id":"loss-stop-and-cancellation","name":"Loss, stop and cancellation","description":"Track events intended to prevent use or payment and distinguish requests from confirmed effects.","findings":[{"id":"payment-control-status","name":"Payment control status","description":"Record missing-instrument reports, stop-payment requests and cancellation evidence with their scope and timing.","questions":[{"text":"Who reported loss or requested a stop or cancellation, and what evidence supports their authority?","id":"payment-control-status-q01","kind":"provenance"},{"text":"What confirmation establishes the request's effective scope, timing and current status?","id":"payment-control-status-q02","kind":"action"}]}]},{"id":"re-presentment-replacement-and-retention","name":"Re-presentment, replacement and retention","description":"Evaluate subsequent handling against prior attempts, current controls and evidence-retention requirements.","findings":[{"id":"next-action-eligibility","name":"Next-action eligibility","description":"Identify the evidence and authorisation needed to retry collection, arrange replacement or retain or dispose of the original.","questions":[{"text":"Given the return reason and prior payment evidence, what conditions must be met before re-presentment or replacement?","id":"next-action-eligibility-q01","kind":"action"},{"text":"Which applicable bank or legal requirements determine how long the original and its images must be retained and when disposal is permitted?","id":"next-action-eligibility-q02","kind":"boundary"}]}]}]},{"id":"evidence-and-external-alignment","name":"Evidence and external alignment","description":"What the world already says about this thing, gathered so the model can be checked against it.","layers":[{"id":"reported-evidence","name":"Reported evidence","description":"Findings from the breadth pass, kept separate from the structural claims.","findings":[{"id":"evidence-kinds","name":"Kinds and varieties","description":"Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.","questions":[{"text":"Which of these kinds and varieties hold for the sense of cheque this model covers, and on what evidence?","id":"evidence-kinds-q01","kind":"provenance"}]},{"id":"evidence-identifiers","name":"Identifiers and schemes","description":"Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.","questions":[{"text":"Which of these identifiers and schemes hold for the sense of cheque this model covers, and on what evidence?","id":"evidence-identifiers-q01","kind":"provenance"}]},{"id":"evidence-standards-and-regulation","name":"Standards and regulation","description":"Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.","questions":[{"text":"Which of these standards and regulation hold for the sense of cheque this model covers, and on what evidence?","id":"evidence-standards-and-regulation-q01","kind":"provenance"}]},{"id":"evidence-real-world-use","name":"Real-world use","description":"Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.","questions":[{"text":"Which of these real-world use hold for the sense of cheque this model covers, and on what evidence?","id":"evidence-real-world-use-q01","kind":"provenance"}]},{"id":"evidence-measurements","name":"Typical measurements","description":"Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.","questions":[{"text":"Which of these typical measurements hold for the sense of cheque this model covers, and on what evidence?","id":"evidence-measurements-q01","kind":"provenance"}]},{"id":"evidence-failure-modes-and-hazards","name":"Failure modes and hazards","description":"Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.","questions":[{"text":"Which of these failure modes and hazards hold for the sense of cheque this model covers, and on what evidence?","id":"evidence-failure-modes-and-hazards-q01","kind":"provenance"}]},{"id":"evidence-regional-variation","name":"Regional variation","description":"Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.","questions":[{"text":"Which of these regional variation hold for the sense of cheque this model covers, and on what evidence?","id":"evidence-regional-variation-q01","kind":"provenance"}]},{"id":"evidence-neighbours","name":"Neighbouring kinds and how to tell them apart","description":"Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.","questions":[{"text":"Which of these neighbouring kinds and how to tell them apart hold for the sense of cheque this model covers, and on what evidence?","id":"evidence-neighbours-q01","kind":"provenance"}]}]}]}]},"agentConduct":{"may":["Read the details on a cheque and record them for the account holder.","Remind the account holder of cheques that are uncashed or nearing expiry."],"mustNot":["Sign, alter, write or endorse a cheque for anyone without authority.","Pay in or cash a cheque made out to someone else.","Copy or share a cheque's account details beyond the purpose given.","Accept a cheque as cleared funds before the bank has cleared it."],"requiresHuman":["Issuing or cancelling a cheque for a person or business.","Reporting a suspected fraudulent cheque."]},"ethics":{"considerations":["Cheques carry account details and signatures, which enable fraud if exposed.","Older people still rely on cheques and are targeted by cheque scams."],"affectedParties":["Account holders","Payees","Banks"]},"owners":{"steward":"The drawer who writes it; the bank on which it is drawn pays and records it.","roles":[],"masterSystems":[]},"relations":[{"target":"Q1668556","type":"parent","note":"registry parent class"},{"target":"Q190122","type":"parent","note":"registry parent class"},{"target":"Q3359388","type":"parent","note":"registry parent class"},{"target":"Q831772","type":"parent","note":"registry parent class"}],"interaction":{"identity":{"applicability":"required","items":["Vercy registry: vr.tr.cheque","Wikidata: Q80042 (https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80042)"]},"properties":{"applicability":"not-applicable","items":["Instrument form: Paper original, cheque image, proposed electronic original, extracted record, unknown","Cheque identifier: Cheque number linked to drawer account and drawee bank; uniqueness unverified unless established","Payment amount: Decimal monetary amount with currency; numeric and written readings retained separately where present","Instrument dates: Date as written, interpreted calendar date, interpretation confidence and relevant event dates","Payment participants: Drawer, drawee bank, named payee, signatory, current holder and collecting institution","Payee and restriction wording: Verbatim payee wording, crossing marks, restrictive text and endorsements, each with an interpretation status","Completeness and consistency: Unchecked, apparently complete, missing terms, conflicting terms, unreadable","Authenticity assessment: Unassessed, evidence supports authenticity, suspected alteration, suspected counterfeit, unresolved","Processing position: Evidence-backed events such as issued, delivered, deposited, presented, returned or reported paid; conflicting reports retained","Credit and payment certainty: No credit evidenced, provisional credit reported, funds available reported, payment confirmed, reversal reported, finality unresolved","Applicable rule context: Relevant jurisdiction, cheque subtype, bank terms and clearing arrangement, with supporting references"]},"recognition":{"applicability":"optional","items":["A printed paper form with payee line, amount in words and figures, date and signature.","Machine-readable bank and account codes along the bottom edge."]},"capabilities":{"applicability":"required","items":["Read and reconcile payment terms from the cheque's available representations.","Link an original, its images and bank records while flagging possible duplicate instruments or submissions.","Assess whether evidence supports deposit, presentment or transfer through a proposed route.","Track payment attempts, returned-item reasons and the distinction between provisional credit and confirmed payment.","Prepare or route an authorised stop-payment, cancellation or re-presentment request when applicable conditions are established.","Hold processing and request specific evidence when authority, authenticity or payment outcome is unresolved."]},"hazards":{"applicability":"required","items":["Forgery, alteration and overpayment scams.","Bounced cheques cause fees and loss for payees."]},"interfaces":{"applicability":"required","items":["The Bills of Exchange Act 1882, enacted by the United Kingdom Parliament, provides the statutory framework for cheques in the United Kingdom.","ISO 1004-1, issued by the International Organization for Standardization, specifies the E-13B character shapes and dimensions used for magnetic ink character recognition on compatible cheques."]},"context":{"applicability":"required","items":["A cheque is used to instruct a bank to pay money from an account to a specified recipient or other permitted holder.","It is encountered in personal and business payments, bank deposits, clearing processes and financial records.","Its practical use depends on the banking system, jurisdiction and whether the document remains eligible for payment."]}},"sources":[{"title":"Bills of Exchange Act 1882","url":"https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/Vict/45-46/61","note":"Statutory definition of a cheque as a bill of exchange drawn on a banker payable on demand (s.73) and the English-law crossing rules (ss.76-82)."},{"title":"Cheques Act 1992","url":"https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1992/32","note":"Account-payee crossing as a statutory non-transferable collection instruction in UK practice."},{"title":"Uniform Commercial Code, Article 3 (Negotiable Instruments) and Article 4 (Bank Deposits and Collections)","url":"","note":"United States definition of a check as a demand draft drawn on a bank (including cashier's and teller's checks), plus presentment, dishonour, stale-dated items, and collecting-bank duties."},{"title":"Check Clearing for the 21st Century Act (Check 21 Act), Public Law 108-100","url":"","note":"Legal status of substitute checks and image replacement documents after truncation, and the shift from paper presentment to image exchange."},{"title":"Convention providing a Uniform Law for Cheques, Geneva, 19 March 1931","url":"","note":"Civil-law uniform cheque rules (crossing, endorsement, presentment periods) adopted or adapted in many non-common-law jurisdictions."},{"title":"Wikidata item Q80042: cheque","url":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80042","note":"identity and sense of the item"},{"title":"Wikipedia: Cheque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheque","note":"general description of the item"}],"openQuestions":["Which jurisdictions and clearing arrangements should the initial model support, and how do they define cheque validity, date effects and payment finality?","Which cheque subtypes belong within this registered thing, particularly cashier's cheques, bank drafts, certified cheques and electronic originals?","What evidence is sufficient to interpret crossings, restrictive wording and endorsements in each supported context?","Which bank events reliably distinguish deposit acceptance, provisional credit, available funds, payment confirmation and remaining reversal exposure?","What rules govern image-based collection, original retention, duplicate presentment, stop-payment effectiveness and re-presentment after return?"],"resources":{"spec":"/models/things/publications/thing-q80042/spec.json"},"provenance":{"origin":"thing registry research (pass 2)","builtFrom":["models/things/publications/thing-q80042/spec.json"],"providers":["Codex","Grok"],"researchStatus":"unreviewed","generatedAt":"2026-09-07T14:59:49Z","builder":"tools/build_cards.py@1.0.0"},"completeness":{"sections":{"classifiers":"filled","whatItIs":"filled","purpose":"filled","distinguishingFeatures":"filled","structure":"filled","agentConduct":"filled","ethics":"filled","owners":"filled","relations":"filled","interaction.identity":"filled","interaction.properties":"not-applicable","interaction.recognition":"filled","interaction.capabilities":"filled","interaction.hazards":"filled","interaction.interfaces":"filled","interaction.context":"filled","sources":"filled"},"notes":{"_gate":"Published through the thing publication gate 1.0 on 2026-10-07T10:10:32+00:00: completeness 1.00; sense: Wikidata description; 4 live sources; review by codex: pass","interaction.properties":"Plane INF: no invented physical properties."},"score":1.0}}