{"schema":"https://ver.cy/schemas/card/1.0.0","id":"vr.tr.arabic-alphabet","code":"thing-q8196","url":"https://ver.cy/models/thing/q8196/","name":"Arabic alphabet","alternateNames":["Kurdish Arabic alphabet"],"kind":"thing","status":"published","version":"0.1.0-research.1","language":"en","classifiers":{"family":"Thing Registry","category":"Information and virtual systems","entryKind":"thing","plane":"INF","domain":["INF.MED"],"industry":[],"navPath":"","tags":[],"facets":{}},"whatItIs":"The Arabic alphabet is the conventional set of 28 basic letters used to write Arabic in a predominantly right-to-left, joining script, structurally classified as an abjad because consonants and long vowels are normally represented while short vowels are usually omitted or indicated by optional marks.","purpose":"Enable an agent to recognise the Arabic alphabet, record its repertoire and writing conventions, assess a representation against an identified convention, and choose transformations that preserve intended distinctions.","scope":{"in":["Arabic letter identities, names, repertoire membership and ordering conventions","Relationships between letters, contextual forms, ligatures and distinguishing dots","Arabic-specific use of vowel signs, hamza, shadda and other orthographic marks","Right-to-left writing, joining constraints and interactions with mixed-direction text","Digital representations and transformations that affect Arabic letter identity or orthographic distinctions","Explicitly identified historical, regional and specialised orthographic profiles"],"out":["General properties of alphabets and writing systems owned by the wider alphabet model","Arabic grammar, vocabulary, pronunciation and dialect systems beyond their relationship to written signs","Additional repertoires for other languages using Arabic script","Individual manuscripts, books, editions and inscriptions as authored or material objects","Typeface design, calligraphic artworks and font licensing as independently managed things","Translation and transliteration systems except where their mappings clarify alphabet boundaries"],"boundaries":[]},"distinguishingFeatures":["The subject is a conventional repertoire used to write Arabic, rather than every character belonging to the broader Arabic script.","Consonantal letters and context-dependent vowel representation make the term abjad relevant; the registered name alphabet must not imply obligatory letters for every vowel.","A letter can have contextual joining forms without those forms becoming separate alphabet members.","Distinguishing dots can determine letter identity, whereas optional vocalisation marks serve a different orthographic role.","Arabic text has a right-to-left base direction, but mixed text cannot be represented correctly by simply reversing a character sequence."],"structure":{"bundles":[{"id":"repertoire-and-boundaries","name":"Repertoire and boundaries","description":"Establishes which signs belong to the Arabic alphabet under the selected convention.","layers":[{"id":"alphabet-specialisation","name":"Alphabet specialisation","description":"Locates this registered thing within writing-system concepts.","findings":[{"id":"arabic-alphabet-sense","name":"Arabic alphabet sense","description":"Record the Arabic-language repertoire intended by the entry and its relationship to alphabet, abjad and Arabic script.","questions":[{"text":"Which Arabic writing convention defines the repertoire being modelled?","id":"arabic-alphabet-sense-q01","kind":"definition"},{"text":"Which properties are inherited from the wider alphabet model, and which require Arabic-specific treatment?","id":"arabic-alphabet-sense-q02","kind":"boundary"}]}]},{"id":"membership-and-counting","name":"Membership and counting","description":"Separates alphabet members from related signs and extensions.","findings":[{"id":"explicit-repertoire-rule","name":"Explicit repertoire rule","description":"Record the member list and the rule used to classify hamza, alif variants, ta marbuta, alif maqsura and lam-alif.","questions":[{"text":"Which of these signs are counted as independent letters, variants, auxiliary signs or ligatures in the selected authority?","id":"explicit-repertoire-rule-q01","kind":"definition"},{"text":"What letter count follows from that rule, and which Arabic-script extensions are excluded?","id":"explicit-repertoire-rule-q02","kind":"measurement"}]}]}]},{"id":"letter-identity-and-shaping","name":"Letter identity and shaping","description":"Connects abstract letters with visible forms without equating appearance with identity.","layers":[{"id":"dots-and-letter-identity","name":"Dots and letter identity","description":"Records how dots and base shapes distinguish letters.","findings":[{"id":"identity-bearing-features","name":"Identity-bearing features","description":"Identify the features needed to distinguish letters within a specified writing tradition.","questions":[{"text":"Which letters share similar base shapes, and which dot patterns distinguish them in this profile?","id":"identity-bearing-features-q01","kind":"definition"},{"text":"When dots are absent or unclear, what contextual evidence is required before assigning a letter identity?","id":"identity-bearing-features-q02","kind":"action"}]}]},{"id":"joining-and-ligatures","name":"Joining and ligatures","description":"Records contextual forms, connection constraints and multi-letter glyphs.","findings":[{"id":"contextual-form-resolution","name":"Contextual form resolution","description":"Relate visible forms to underlying letters, including letters that interrupt joining and ligatures such as lam-alif.","questions":[{"text":"Which joining contexts are available for each letter, and which apparent connections are stylistic?","id":"contextual-form-resolution-q01","kind":"definition"},{"text":"How can an agent recover the underlying letter sequence from a ligature or contextual glyph without treating it as a new alphabet member?","id":"contextual-form-resolution-q02","kind":"action"}]}]}]},{"id":"orthographic-signs-and-vocalisation","name":"Orthographic signs and vocalisation","description":"Models the roles of written vowel information and supplementary orthographic signs.","layers":[{"id":"vowel-representation","name":"Vowel representation","description":"Distinguishes vowel-related letter uses from added vocalisation marks.","findings":[{"id":"vocalisation-policy","name":"Vocalisation policy","description":"Record how the profile uses alif, waw, ya and short-vowel signs, and what omission of signs permits.","questions":[{"text":"How does the profile distinguish consonantal and vowel-related uses of these letters?","id":"vocalisation-policy-q01","kind":"definition"},{"text":"Which marks are expected for the intended use, and how is vocalisation completeness assessed?","id":"vocalisation-policy-q02","kind":"measurement"}]}]},{"id":"hamza-and-additional-marks","name":"Hamza and additional marks","description":"Captures sign-specific distinctions that generic diacritic handling would obscure.","findings":[{"id":"mark-specific-interpretation","name":"Mark-specific interpretation","description":"Record the profile's treatment of hamza and its carriers, madda, shadda, sukun and specialised signs.","questions":[{"text":"Which distinctions involving hamza, its carriers and other marks are required by the selected orthography?","id":"mark-specific-interpretation-q01","kind":"definition"},{"text":"Which marks can be omitted for a specified task, and which omissions change spelling or remove needed reading information?","id":"mark-specific-interpretation-q02","kind":"action"}]}]}]},{"id":"direction-and-digital-representation","name":"Direction and digital representation","description":"Preserves Arabic text identity across storage, shaping, display and comparison.","layers":[{"id":"logical-and-visual-order","name":"Logical and visual order","description":"Distinguishes stored sequence from displayed arrangement.","findings":[{"id":"mixed-direction-integrity","name":"Mixed-direction integrity","description":"Record expected reading order and the effect of embedded numbers, Latin text, punctuation and directional controls.","questions":[{"text":"What logical sequence should the text preserve when Arabic appears beside numbers or left-to-right text?","id":"mixed-direction-integrity-q01","kind":"definition"},{"text":"Which display and copy-paste checks would expose reordered characters or misplaced punctuation?","id":"mixed-direction-integrity-q02","kind":"action"}]}]},{"id":"encoding-and-equivalence","name":"Encoding and equivalence","description":"Separates standard encoding equivalence from task-specific substitutions.","findings":[{"id":"controlled-text-transformation","name":"Controlled text transformation","description":"Record encoding, presentation forms, combining marks, tatweel and joining controls before choosing transformations.","questions":[{"text":"Which character sequences are equivalent under the identified encoding standard, and which merely look similar?","id":"controlled-text-transformation-q01","kind":"boundary"},{"text":"For this task, may an agent fold alif variants, remove vocalisation or tatweel, or alter joining controls, and what information would each operation lose?","id":"controlled-text-transformation-q02","kind":"action"}]}]}]},{"id":"ordering-and-attested-variation","name":"Ordering and attested variation","description":"Makes order and convention-dependent differences explicit and traceable.","layers":[{"id":"alphabetic-order","name":"Alphabetic order","description":"Records named member sequences and their intended applications.","findings":[{"id":"order-versus-collation","name":"Order versus collation","description":"Distinguish hijai and abjad sequences from rules used to sort complete words.","questions":[{"text":"Which authority supplies the precise hijai or abjad sequence used by this profile?","id":"order-versus-collation-q01","kind":"provenance"},{"text":"Which additional rules govern sorting words containing hamza forms, vowel marks or other orthographic variants?","id":"order-versus-collation-q02","kind":"boundary"}]}]},{"id":"historical-and-specialised-profiles","name":"Historical and specialised profiles","description":"Bounds differences by period, region and use.","findings":[{"id":"attested-profile-differences","name":"Attested profile differences","description":"Record sourced differences in dotting, sign inventory and orthographic practice, including specialised Quranic usage where applicable.","questions":[{"text":"Which dated or institutionally identified sources establish each claimed regional, historical or specialised difference?","id":"attested-profile-differences-q01","kind":"provenance"},{"text":"Does the difference change repertoire or orthography, or does it belong to calligraphic style or an individual document?","id":"attested-profile-differences-q02","kind":"boundary"}]}]}]},{"id":"evidence-and-external-alignment","name":"Evidence and external alignment","description":"What the world already says about this thing, gathered so the model can be checked against it.","layers":[{"id":"reported-evidence","name":"Reported evidence","description":"Findings from the breadth pass, kept separate from the structural claims.","findings":[{"id":"evidence-confidence-notes","name":"Check these first","description":"Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.","questions":[{"text":"Which of these check these first hold for the sense of Arabic alphabet this model covers, and on what evidence?","id":"evidence-confidence-notes-q01","kind":"provenance"}]},{"id":"evidence-identifiers","name":"Identifiers and schemes","description":"Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.","questions":[{"text":"Which of these identifiers and schemes hold for the sense of Arabic alphabet this model covers, and on what evidence?","id":"evidence-identifiers-q01","kind":"provenance"}]},{"id":"evidence-standards-and-regulation","name":"Standards and regulation","description":"Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.","questions":[{"text":"Which of these standards and regulation hold for the sense of Arabic alphabet this model covers, and on what evidence?","id":"evidence-standards-and-regulation-q01","kind":"provenance"}]},{"id":"evidence-real-world-use","name":"Real-world use","description":"Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.","questions":[{"text":"Which of these real-world use hold for the sense of Arabic alphabet this model covers, and on what evidence?","id":"evidence-real-world-use-q01","kind":"provenance"}]},{"id":"evidence-measurements","name":"Typical measurements","description":"Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.","questions":[{"text":"Which of these typical measurements hold for the sense of Arabic alphabet this model covers, and on what evidence?","id":"evidence-measurements-q01","kind":"provenance"}]},{"id":"evidence-failure-modes-and-hazards","name":"Failure modes and hazards","description":"Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.","questions":[{"text":"Which of these failure modes and hazards hold for the sense of Arabic alphabet this model covers, and on what evidence?","id":"evidence-failure-modes-and-hazards-q01","kind":"provenance"}]},{"id":"evidence-regional-variation","name":"Regional variation","description":"Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.","questions":[{"text":"Which of these regional variation hold for the sense of Arabic alphabet this model covers, and on what evidence?","id":"evidence-regional-variation-q01","kind":"provenance"}]},{"id":"evidence-neighbours","name":"Neighbouring kinds and how to tell them apart","description":"Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.","questions":[{"text":"Which of these neighbouring kinds and how to tell them apart hold for the sense of Arabic alphabet this model covers, and on what evidence?","id":"evidence-neighbours-q01","kind":"provenance"}]}]}]}]},"agentConduct":{"may":["Write, render and transliterate Arabic text correctly, including letter joining.","Explain letters, diacritics and their use in Arabic and other languages."],"mustNot":["Render Arabic text disconnected, reversed or with wrong letter forms.","Treat the script or its users as suspect or associated with extremism.","Alter religious text in Arabic without marking the change."],"requiresHuman":["Publishing Arabic religious text."]},"ethics":{"considerations":["Broken rendering of Arabic shows disregard for many millions of readers.","People writing in Arabic face suspicion that is stigma, not evidence."],"affectedParties":["Readers and writers of Arabic","Speakers of languages using the script"]},"owners":{"steward":"Nobody owns the script; standards bodies encode it.","roles":[],"masterSystems":[]},"relations":[{"target":"Q28698154","type":"parent","note":"registry parent class"}],"interaction":{"identity":{"applicability":"required","items":["Vercy registry: vr.tr.arabic-alphabet","Wikidata: Q8196 (https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8196)"]},"properties":{"applicability":"not-applicable","items":["Orthographic profile: Named convention with language variety, period, region and specialised use where applicable","Repertoire membership: Sign related to profile as core letter, orthographic variant, auxiliary sign or excluded extension","Letter count: Number of members under an explicit counting rule","Joining behaviour: Applicable joining class, named standard and exceptional context","Vocalisation coverage: Unvocalised, partially vocalised or fully vocalised relative to a declared profile","Ordering convention: Named sequence, such as hijai or abjad, with its actual member order","Representation fidelity: Unchecked, verified for a stated purpose, lossy or ambiguous","Representational equivalence: Two forms related as the same letter, encoding equivalent, orthographic alternative or distinct signs under a named rule"]},"recognition":{"applicability":"optional","items":["Written Arabic usually runs from right to left, with many letters joined into connected groups.","Many letters share a basic shape and are distinguished by the number and placement of dots.","Letters often change shape according to their position, while short vowel marks may appear above or below the main letter forms.","Related languages use similar scripts, so these visual cues alone do not establish that a text is Arabic."]},"capabilities":{"applicability":"required","items":["Classify a sign as an Arabic letter, orthographic mark, contextual form or neighbouring script extension.","Validate a proposed repertoire and order against an identified Arabic orthographic profile.","Explain contextual joining and distinguish a shaping failure from a different letter sequence.","Assess whether removing dots, vowel marks or hamza-related distinctions would lose information.","Compare encoded and displayed text while preserving logical order and letter identity.","Choose a documented normalisation or search policy and identify transformations requiring human review."]},"hazards":{"applicability":"required","items":["Incorrect handling of text direction can reorder mixed Arabic text, numbers and punctuation, causing misread identifiers or instructions.","Lost dots or poorly rendered letter shapes can change letter identity and corrupt names or meanings.","Missing vowel marks can leave pronunciation or meaning ambiguous where context is insufficient.","Confusing the Arabic alphabet with related writing systems can lead to incorrect language identification and text processing."]},"interfaces":{"applicability":"required","items":["The Unicode Standard, Arabic block, Unicode Consortium."]},"context":{"applicability":"required","items":["The Arabic alphabet is used to write Arabic in books, signs, correspondence, education and digital communication.","Its letter forms and optional vowel marks support both ordinary writing and texts that require more explicit pronunciation."]}},"sources":[{"title":"Wikidata item Q8196: Arabic alphabet","url":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8196","note":"identity and sense of the item"},{"title":"Wikipedia: Arabic alphabet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_alphabet","note":"general description of the item"}],"openQuestions":["Which authoritative orthographic profile should serve as the default when the registry supplies no definition?","How should the publication count and classify hamza, alif variants, ta marbuta and alif maqsura while preserving alternative documented conventions?","Which historical and regional practices need explicit profiles, and which should remain references to neighbouring models?","How much specialised Quranic marking belongs in this alphabet model rather than a linked orthographic or recitation model?","Which encoding-standard version and task-specific comparison policies should govern digital equivalence and permitted information loss?"],"resources":{"spec":"/models/things/publications/thing-q8196/spec.json"},"provenance":{"origin":"thing registry research (pass 2)","builtFrom":["models/things/publications/thing-q8196/spec.json"],"providers":["Codex"],"researchStatus":"unreviewed","generatedAt":"2026-09-07T11:26:12Z","builder":"tools/build_cards.py@1.0.0"},"completeness":{"sections":{"classifiers":"filled","whatItIs":"filled","purpose":"filled","distinguishingFeatures":"filled","structure":"filled","agentConduct":"filled","ethics":"filled","owners":"filled","relations":"filled","interaction.identity":"filled","interaction.properties":"not-applicable","interaction.recognition":"filled","interaction.capabilities":"filled","interaction.hazards":"filled","interaction.interfaces":"filled","interaction.context":"filled","sources":"filled"},"notes":{"_gate":"Published through the thing publication gate 1.0 on 2026-10-07T10:10:33+00:00: completeness 1.00; sense: Wikidata description; 2 live sources; review by codex: pass","interaction.properties":"Plane INF: no invented physical properties."},"score":1.0}}