{"schema":"https://ver.cy/schemas/card/1.0.0","id":"vr.tr.meronymy","code":"thing-q837495","url":"https://ver.cy/models/thing/q837495/","name":"meronymy","alternateNames":[],"kind":"thing","status":"published","version":"0.2.0-wave.2","language":"en","classifiers":{"family":"Thing Registry","category":"Cross-cutting context","entryKind":"thing","plane":"XCT","domain":["XCT.REL"],"industry":[],"navPath":"","tags":[],"facets":{}},"whatItIs":"The semantic relation between a part and the whole it belongs to, such as wheel to car, finger to hand, tree to forest or member to committee, with the part called a meronym and the whole a holonym; meronymy has several subtypes including component-object, member-collection and substance-whole relations and is used in lexicography, ontologies and knowledge graphs.","purpose":"Let an agent explain meronymy and its subtypes, identify part-whole relations in language and data, distinguish it from hyponymy, and apply it in ontology and knowledge modelling.","scope":{"in":[],"out":[],"boundaries":[]},"distinguishingFeatures":["Part-whole","Directional","Subtyped","Ontology-relevant"],"structure":{"bundles":[{"id":"define","name":"Define","description":"What meronymy is.","layers":[{"id":"definition","name":"Definition","description":"Meronym and holonym.","findings":[{"id":"definition-finding","name":"Definition","description":"Definition.","questions":[{"text":"What are meronyms and holonyms, and what subtypes of meronymy do linguists distinguish?","kind":"definition"},{"text":"Is this relation meronymy or hyponymy?","kind":"boundary"}]}]},{"id":"examples","name":"Examples","description":"Examples.","findings":[{"id":"examples-finding","name":"Examples","description":"Examples.","questions":[{"text":"What are examples of component, member, substance and portion meronymy?","kind":"definition"},{"text":"How do languages express part-whole relations?","kind":"provenance"}]}]}]},{"id":"theory","name":"Theory","description":"Properties of the relation.","layers":[{"id":"transitivity","name":"Transitivity","description":"Transitivity and inheritance.","findings":[{"id":"transitivity-finding","name":"Transitivity","description":"Transitivity.","questions":[{"text":"When is meronymy transitive, and why does mixing subtypes break transitivity?","kind":"definition"},{"text":"How does meronymy relate to mereology in philosophy?","kind":"definition"}]}]},{"id":"lexicon","name":"Lexicon","description":"In lexical databases.","findings":[{"id":"lexicon-finding","name":"Lexicon","description":"Lexical databases.","questions":[{"text":"How does WordNet encode meronymy, and what are its limitations?","kind":"provenance"},{"text":"How do other lexical resources handle it?","kind":"provenance"}]}]}]},{"id":"model","name":"Model","description":"In ontologies and data.","layers":[{"id":"ontology","name":"Ontology","description":"Modelling part-whole.","findings":[{"id":"ontology-finding","name":"Ontology","description":"Ontology.","questions":[{"text":"How should part-whole relations be modelled in this ontology or knowledge graph, including subtypes and constraints?","kind":"action"},{"text":"Which standard properties exist?","kind":"provenance"}]}]},{"id":"nlp","name":"NLP","description":"Extraction from text.","findings":[{"id":"nlp-finding","name":"NLP","description":"NLP.","questions":[{"text":"How can meronymy be extracted from text automatically?","kind":"action"},{"text":"What are typical errors?","kind":"provenance"}]}]}]},{"id":"learn","name":"Learn","description":"Teaching.","layers":[{"id":"teach","name":"Teach","description":"Teaching meronymy.","findings":[{"id":"teach-finding","name":"Teach","description":"Teaching.","questions":[{"text":"How can meronymy be taught alongside other semantic relations?","kind":"action"},{"text":"Which misconceptions arise?","kind":"provenance"}]}]},{"id":"history","name":"History","description":"History.","findings":[{"id":"history-finding","name":"History","description":"History.","questions":[{"text":"How did the study of meronymy develop in linguistics and philosophy?","kind":"provenance"},{"text":"Which classifications are influential?","kind":"provenance"}]}]}]}]},"agentConduct":{"may":["Model part-whole relations in ontologies and knowledge graphs, stating the subtype.","Explain meronymy and holonymy with examples."],"mustNot":["Confuse part-of with kind-of or instance-of relations.","Assume part-of is transitive across subtypes where it is not.","Change shared ontology relations that others depend on without review."],"requiresHuman":["Changing relations in a published shared vocabulary."]},"ethics":{"considerations":["Modelling errors spread through every system that reuses a vocabulary.","Classifying members of groups as parts can misrepresent people."],"affectedParties":["Users of knowledge graphs","Lexicographers","Developers"]},"owners":{"steward":"Nobody: a semantic relation; the maintainers of each vocabulary answer for its use there.","roles":[],"masterSystems":[]},"relations":[{"target":"Q2268906","type":"parent","note":"registry parent class"},{"target":"semantic relation","type":"related","note":"category"},{"target":"hyperonymy","type":"related","note":"contrasting relation"},{"target":"dependency","type":"related","note":"another relation type"},{"target":"ordered pair","type":"related","note":"relations as pairs"}],"interaction":{"identity":{"applicability":"required","items":["Vercy registry: vr.tr.meronymy","Wikidata: Q837495 (https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837495)"]},"properties":{"applicability":"not-applicable","items":[]},"recognition":{"applicability":"optional","items":["Part to whole","Several subtypes","Hyponymy is kind-of, not part-of","Not physical; a relation between word meanings or concepts."]},"capabilities":{"applicability":"required","items":["explain meronymy and holonymy","identify part-whole relations","distinguish from hyponymy","model part-whole relations in ontologies"]},"hazards":{"applicability":"required","items":["Confusing part-of with kind-of","Assuming transitivity across subtypes","Inconsistent modelling in knowledge graphs"]},"interfaces":{"applicability":"required","items":["Lexical database conventions such as WordNet","Ontology standards such as OWL and SKOS","Mereology in formal ontology"]},"context":{"applicability":"required","items":["Part-whole relations in meaning.","component-object meronymy","member-collection meronymy","portion-mass and substance-whole meronymy","feature-activity and place-area meronymy","meronymy in lexical databases such as WordNet"]}},"sources":[{"title":"Wikidata item Q837495: meronymy","url":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837495","note":"identity and sense of the item"},{"title":"Wikipedia: Meronymy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meronymy","note":"general description of the item"}],"openQuestions":["Should mereology be a separate entry?","How should lexical databases be linked?","How should subtypes be standardised?"],"resources":{"spec":"/models/things/publications/thing-q837495/spec.json"},"provenance":{"origin":"thing registry research (pass 2)","builtFrom":["models/things/publications/thing-q837495/spec.json"],"providers":["Claude"],"researchStatus":"unreviewed","generatedAt":"2026-09-11T21:45:44Z","builder":"tools/build_cards.py@1.0.0"},"completeness":{"sections":{"classifiers":"filled","whatItIs":"filled","purpose":"filled","distinguishingFeatures":"filled","structure":"filled","agentConduct":"filled","ethics":"filled","owners":"filled","relations":"filled","interaction.identity":"filled","interaction.properties":"not-applicable","interaction.recognition":"filled","interaction.capabilities":"filled","interaction.hazards":"filled","interaction.interfaces":"filled","interaction.context":"filled","sources":"filled"},"notes":{"_gate":"Published through the thing publication gate 1.0 on 2026-10-06T19:52:02+00:00: completeness 1.00; sense: Wikidata description; 2 live sources; review by codex: pass","interaction.properties":"Plane XCT: no invented physical properties."},"score":1.0}}