{"schema":"https://ver.cy/schemas/card/1.0.0","id":"vr.tr.welsh","code":"thing-q9309","url":"https://ver.cy/models/thing/q9309/","name":"Welsh","alternateNames":["Welsh language in Australia","spoken Welsh","Primitive Welsh","South Walian Welsh","written Welsh","North Walian Welsh","Dyfedeg","Gwyndodeg","Powyseg","Old Welsh","Middle Welsh","Patagonian Welsh"],"kind":"thing","status":"published","version":"0.2.0-wave.3","language":"en","classifiers":{"family":"Thing Registry","category":"Information and virtual systems","entryKind":"thing","plane":"INF","domain":["INF.MED"],"industry":[],"navPath":"","tags":[],"facets":{}},"whatItIs":"A Celtic language of the Brythonic branch spoken in Wales by about 540000 people according to the 2021 census and by communities in England, the Patagonian colony in Argentina and diaspora countries such as Australia, with North Walian and South Walian dialects, distinct spoken and written registers, and a history from Primitive Welsh of the sixth century through Old, Middle and Modern Welsh; Welsh is an official language of Wales with a government target of a million speakers by 2050.","purpose":"Let an agent describe the Welsh language, its history, dialects and registers, relay speaker numbers and legal status with sources, and point to learning and revitalisation resources.","scope":{"in":[],"out":[],"boundaries":[]},"distinguishingFeatures":["Initial consonant mutations","Verb-subject-object order","Official status in Wales","Revitalisation policy"],"structure":{"bundles":[{"id":"identify","name":"Identify","description":"What Welsh is.","layers":[{"id":"definition","name":"Definition","description":"Language and varieties.","findings":[{"id":"definition-finding","name":"Definition","description":"Definition.","questions":[{"text":"What is Welsh, and how do dialects and registers differ?","kind":"definition"},{"text":"Is the question about the Welsh language or Welsh English?","kind":"boundary"}]}]},{"id":"speakers","name":"Speakers","description":"Speakers.","findings":[{"id":"speakers-finding","name":"Speakers","description":"Speakers.","questions":[{"text":"How many people speak Welsh, and where, with census and survey sources?","kind":"measurement"},{"text":"Is the figure current and sourced?","kind":"boundary"}]}]}]},{"id":"structure","name":"Structure","description":"Grammar and writing.","layers":[{"id":"grammar","name":"Grammar","description":"Grammar.","findings":[{"id":"grammar-finding","name":"Grammar","description":"Grammar.","questions":[{"text":"What are the main features of Welsh grammar, including mutations and word order?","kind":"definition"},{"text":"Which entry fits Celtic linguistics?","kind":"action"}]}]},{"id":"writing","name":"Writing","description":"Orthography.","findings":[{"id":"writing-finding","name":"Writing","description":"Writing.","questions":[{"text":"How is Welsh written, and how do spoken and written forms differ?","kind":"provenance"},{"text":"Which references are standard?","kind":"provenance"}]}]}]},{"id":"history","name":"History","description":"History and literature.","layers":[{"id":"history","name":"History","description":"History.","findings":[{"id":"history-finding","name":"History","description":"History.","questions":[{"text":"How did Welsh develop from Primitive Welsh, and how did its status change under English rule?","kind":"provenance"},{"text":"Which sources are cited?","kind":"provenance"}]}]},{"id":"literature","name":"Literature","description":"Literature.","findings":[{"id":"literature-finding","name":"Literature","description":"Literature.","questions":[{"text":"What are the landmarks of Welsh literature, from early poetry to the Mabinogion and modern writing?","kind":"provenance"},{"text":"Which entry fits Welsh literature?","kind":"action"}]}]}]},{"id":"today","name":"Today","description":"Policy and learning.","layers":[{"id":"policy","name":"Policy","description":"Status and policy.","findings":[{"id":"policy-finding","name":"Policy","description":"Policy.","questions":[{"text":"What legal status does Welsh have, and what debates exist about policy, with positions attributed?","kind":"provenance"},{"text":"Is the presentation neutral?","kind":"boundary"}]}]},{"id":"learn","name":"Learn","description":"Learning.","findings":[{"id":"learn-finding","name":"Learn","description":"Learn.","questions":[{"text":"What resources exist for learning Welsh, and how does Welsh-medium education work?","kind":"provenance"},{"text":"Which entry fits Welsh-medium education?","kind":"action"}]}]}]}]},"agentConduct":{"may":["Translate to and from Welsh, stating when a text needs review by a fluent speaker.","Report speaker numbers with the census or survey and year they come from.","Offer services in Welsh where the provider has committed to bilingual provision."],"mustNot":["Present machine translation into Welsh as checked when no speaker has reviewed it.","Treat Welsh as a dialect of English or as a dead or token language.","Mix North Walian and South Walian forms or registers carelessly in official text.","Mock or penalise people for speaking or writing Welsh."],"requiresHuman":["Publishing official or legal text in Welsh that people will rely on.","Taking positions on contested language policy in Wales on someone's behalf."]},"ethics":{"considerations":["Welsh survived long suppression; careless or token use undermines its speakers' rights.","Speakers have legal rights to services in Welsh that poor translation can empty of meaning."],"affectedParties":["Welsh speakers","Learners and Welsh-medium pupils","Patagonian Welsh communities"]},"owners":{"steward":"Nobody owns the language; its speakers hold it, and the language commissioner and public bodies answer for its official use.","roles":[],"masterSystems":[]},"relations":[{"target":"Q156877","type":"parent","note":"registry parent class"},{"target":"Q593069","type":"parent","note":"registry parent class"},{"target":"Western Brittonic","type":"related","note":"in registry terms"},{"target":"Brythonic","type":"related","note":"in registry terms"},{"target":"Wales","type":"related","note":"the country"},{"target":"Welsh Language Commissioner","type":"related","note":"under Welsh law"}],"interaction":{"identity":{"applicability":"required","items":["Vercy registry: vr.tr.welsh","Wikidata: Q9309 (https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9309)","ISO 639-1: cy","ISO 639-3: cym"]},"properties":{"applicability":"not-applicable","items":["speakers in Wales: about 538000 people - 2021 census, aged 3 and over","share of Wales population: about 17.8 percent - 2021 census"]},"recognition":{"applicability":"optional","items":["Brythonic Celtic language of Wales","North and South Walian dialects, spoken and literary registers","Cornish and Breton are sister languages; Welsh English is a variety of English","Not a visible object; written in the Latin alphabet with digraphs such as ll, dd and ch."]},"capabilities":{"applicability":"required","items":["describe history and dialects","relay speaker numbers and status","explain grammar and writing in outline","point to learning resources"]},"hazards":{"applicability":"required","items":["Stale speaker figures","Confusing dialect and register","Politicised presentation of language policy","Machine translation errors with mutations"]},"interfaces":{"applicability":"required","items":["Welsh Language (Wales) Measure 2011","Welsh Language Standards for public bodies","Cymraeg 2050 strategy","Welsh-medium education policy"]},"context":{"applicability":"required","items":["Not applicable; a language.","Primitive, Old, Middle and Modern Welsh","North Walian and South Walian dialects","literary and colloquial registers","Patagonian Welsh","Welsh in England, Australia and the diaspora"]}},"sources":[{"title":"Wikidata item Q9309: Welsh","url":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9309","note":"identity and sense of the item"},{"title":"Wikipedia: Welsh language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welsh_language","note":"general description of the item"}],"openQuestions":["Should Patagonian Welsh be a separate entry?","How should census and survey sources be linked?","The registry entry has merged aliases naming dialects, registers and diaspora communities; should they be split off?"],"resources":{"spec":"/models/things/publications/thing-q9309/spec.json"},"provenance":{"origin":"thing registry research (pass 2)","builtFrom":["models/things/publications/thing-q9309/spec.json"],"providers":["Claude"],"researchStatus":"unreviewed","generatedAt":"2026-09-13T00:40:16Z","builder":"tools/build_cards.py@1.0.0"},"completeness":{"sections":{"classifiers":"filled","whatItIs":"filled","purpose":"filled","distinguishingFeatures":"filled","structure":"filled","agentConduct":"filled","ethics":"filled","owners":"filled","relations":"filled","interaction.identity":"filled","interaction.properties":"not-applicable","interaction.recognition":"filled","interaction.capabilities":"filled","interaction.hazards":"filled","interaction.interfaces":"filled","interaction.context":"filled","sources":"filled"},"notes":{"_gate":"Published through the thing publication gate 1.0 on 2026-10-06T19:52:03+00:00: completeness 1.00; sense: Wikidata description; 2 live sources; review by codex: pass","interaction.properties":"Plane INF: no invented physical properties."},"score":1.0}}