{"schema":"https://ver.cy/schemas/card/1.0.0","id":"vr.tr.emu","code":"thing-q93208","url":"https://ver.cy/models/thing/q93208/","name":"Emu","alternateNames":[],"kind":"thing","status":"published","version":"0.1.0-research.1","language":"en","classifiers":{"family":"Thing Registry","category":"Physical world and living systems","entryKind":"thing","plane":"PHY","domain":["PHY.LIV"],"industry":[],"navPath":"","tags":[],"facets":{}},"whatItIs":"The emu (Dromaius novaehollandiae) is a large, flightless ratite endemic to mainland Australia, second only to ostriches in height among living birds, and the sole extant species of Dromaius.","purpose":"Enable an AI agent to recognise an emu, assess its condition and circumstances, and determine appropriate observation, care or management actions.","scope":{"in":["Species identification and the evidence supporting it","Age class, individual identity and sex determination with recorded uncertainty","Flightless locomotion, body condition and observable welfare","Feeding, drinking, habitat use and interactions with nearby animals or people","Breeding, male incubation and chick-care relationships"],"out":["Population trends and species-wide conservation assessments","Habitat ecosystems, land ownership and landscape management","Farm operations, commercial production and product supply chains","Veterinary diagnoses, prescriptions and treatment protocols","Standalone egg, specimen, carcass or biological-sample records","Legal permits and jurisdiction-specific wildlife management rules"],"boundaries":[]},"distinguishingFeatures":["A large flightless bird with very small wings and three toes on each foot supports identification as an emu over an ostrich, which has two toes.","An adult with shaggy brown plumage and no prominent head casque supports identification as an emu over a cassowary; immature birds require additional evidence.","Against a rhea, assess the combination of shaggy plumage, very small wings and head-and-neck appearance; three toes alone do not distinguish them.","Longitudinal striping on a chick is compatible with emu identification but is insufficient alone; record associated adults or other corroborating evidence.","Australian location supports a wild emu identification but does not establish it; captive birds and uncertain sightings require morphological evidence."],"structure":{"bundles":[{"id":"emu-identification","name":"Emu identification","description":"Establish whether the observed bird is an emu and whether later observations concern the same individual.","layers":[{"id":"ratite-distinction","name":"Ratite distinction","description":"Evaluate observable features against plausible alternative identifications.","findings":[{"id":"diagnostic-feature-combination","name":"Diagnostic feature combination","description":"Record the visible combination of toes, wings, plumage and head features, including features that could not be observed.","questions":[{"text":"Which observed features distinguish this bird from an ostrich, cassowary or rhea?","id":"diagnostic-feature-combination-q01","kind":"definition"},{"text":"Are age, image quality or viewing angle preventing a confident identification?","id":"diagnostic-feature-combination-q02","kind":"boundary"}]}]},{"id":"individual-and-life-stage","name":"Individual and life stage","description":"Connect observations to an individual while accounting for changes from striped chick to adult.","findings":[{"id":"identity-and-development-evidence","name":"Identity and development evidence","description":"Keep individual recognition, estimated life stage and sex determination tied to their evidence.","questions":[{"text":"What identifier or documented distinguishing features support recognising this same emu again?","id":"identity-and-development-evidence-q01","kind":"provenance"},{"text":"What evidence supports its life stage and any recorded sex, and which remain uncertain?","id":"identity-and-development-evidence-q02","kind":"provenance"}]}]}]},{"id":"flightless-mobility","name":"Flightless mobility","description":"Assess the emu's ability to stand, walk and move through its surroundings using its legs.","layers":[{"id":"leg-and-foot-function","name":"Leg and foot function","description":"Observe movement without provoking running or forcing a mobility test.","findings":[{"id":"functional-gait","name":"Functional gait","description":"Record weight bearing, stride symmetry, standing ability and visible foot or leg problems.","questions":[{"text":"Does the emu bear weight on both legs and walk without an observable asymmetry?","id":"functional-gait-q01","kind":"measurement"},{"text":"Does its observed mobility warrant stopping an activity or obtaining professional assessment?","id":"functional-gait-q02","kind":"action"}]}]},{"id":"movement-space","name":"Movement space","description":"Assess routes, footing and obstacles from the perspective of a large flightless bird.","findings":[{"id":"traversable-surroundings","name":"Traversable surroundings","description":"Record whether the emu can reach resources and withdraw without entanglement, crowding or hazardous footing.","questions":[{"text":"Which fences, narrow passages, surfaces or loose materials obstruct this emu's movement?","id":"traversable-surroundings-q01","kind":"boundary"},{"text":"What environmental change could improve access or withdrawal without chasing or cornering it?","id":"traversable-surroundings-q02","kind":"action"}]}]}]},{"id":"foraging-and-condition","name":"Foraging and condition","description":"Relate observed intake, resource access and physical condition to the emu's life stage and activity.","layers":[{"id":"food-and-water-use","name":"Food and water use","description":"Separate available resources from resources the emu actually consumes.","findings":[{"id":"observed-resource-intake","name":"Observed resource intake","description":"Document feeding and drinking opportunities, actual intake and suspected ingestion of unsuitable material.","questions":[{"text":"What food and water has this emu been observed consuming, and over what observation period?","id":"observed-resource-intake-q01","kind":"measurement"},{"text":"Can it reach appropriate resources without obstruction or displacement by other animals?","id":"observed-resource-intake-q02","kind":"boundary"}]}]},{"id":"condition-interpretation","name":"Condition interpretation","description":"Interpret changes using individual history and reproductive context rather than a universal normal value.","findings":[{"id":"contextual-condition-trend","name":"Contextual condition trend","description":"Combine comparable mass or condition observations with posture, activity and intake; leave diagnosis to a linked clinical assessment.","questions":[{"text":"How have mass, visible condition and activity changed relative to this emu's established baseline?","id":"contextual-condition-trend-q01","kind":"measurement"},{"text":"Is reduced intake associated with documented incubation, or is the explanation unresolved and in need of assessment?","id":"contextual-condition-trend-q02","kind":"action"}]}]}]},{"id":"breeding-and-dependence","name":"Breeding and dependence","description":"Track reproductive activity and the relationships among an emu, its nest and dependent chicks.","layers":[{"id":"nest-attendance","name":"Nest attendance","description":"Recognise incubation and distinguish observed nest attendance from assumed parentage.","findings":[{"id":"incubation-role","name":"Incubation role","description":"Record evidence of incubation, the attending bird and uncertainty about breeding history.","questions":[{"text":"What repeated observations establish that this emu is incubating rather than briefly resting near eggs?","id":"incubation-role-q01","kind":"provenance"},{"text":"Would the proposed approach, enclosure change or relocation interrupt nest attendance?","id":"incubation-role-q02","kind":"action"}]}]},{"id":"chick-attendance","name":"Chick attendance","description":"Establish which chicks depend on an attending adult and whether apparent separation is adequately observed.","findings":[{"id":"adult-chick-association","name":"Adult-chick association","description":"Record following, attendance and separation evidence without equating proximity with genetic parentage.","questions":[{"text":"Which chicks repeatedly follow or receive attendance from this adult?","id":"adult-chick-association-q01","kind":"provenance"},{"text":"What observation supports treating a chick as separated rather than temporarily out of view of its attending adult?","id":"adult-chick-association-q02","kind":"boundary"}]}]}]},{"id":"behaviour-and-intervention","name":"Behaviour and intervention","description":"Interpret the emu's responses to nearby animals, people and management activity before selecting an intervention.","layers":[{"id":"response-to-proximity","name":"Response to proximity","description":"Observe changes in behaviour as distance, companions or surrounding activity change.","findings":[{"id":"approach-response","name":"Approach response","description":"Record withdrawal, pursuit, contact and interruption of feeding or nest attendance as observations rather than presumed motives.","questions":[{"text":"How does this emu's behaviour change when a person or animal approaches, and at approximately what distance?","id":"approach-response-q01","kind":"measurement"},{"text":"Should the observer increase distance or stop the activity to preserve withdrawal, feeding or parental attendance?","id":"approach-response-q02","kind":"action"}]}]},{"id":"intervention-readiness","name":"Intervention readiness","description":"Connect proposed actions to the individual bird's condition, dependencies and management context.","findings":[{"id":"context-qualified-action","name":"Context-qualified action","description":"Distinguish observation and environmental adjustment from interventions requiring emu-specific handling expertise and external authority.","questions":[{"text":"Is this emu free-ranging, under managed care or in rehabilitation, and who is responsible for decisions about it?","id":"context-qualified-action-q01","kind":"provenance"},{"text":"Before handling or relocation, have its mobility, nest or chick dependencies, receiving conditions and responsible specialist been established?","id":"context-qualified-action-q02","kind":"action"}]}]}]},{"id":"evidence-and-external-alignment","name":"Evidence and external alignment","description":"What the world already says about this thing, gathered so the model can be checked against it.","layers":[{"id":"reported-evidence","name":"Reported evidence","description":"Findings from the breadth pass, kept separate from the structural claims.","findings":[{"id":"evidence-kinds","name":"Kinds and varieties","description":"Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.","questions":[{"text":"Which of these kinds and varieties hold for the sense of Emu this model covers, and on what evidence?","id":"evidence-kinds-q01","kind":"provenance"}]},{"id":"evidence-identifiers","name":"Identifiers and schemes","description":"Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.","questions":[{"text":"Which of these identifiers and schemes hold for the sense of Emu this model covers, and on what evidence?","id":"evidence-identifiers-q01","kind":"provenance"}]},{"id":"evidence-standards-and-regulation","name":"Standards and regulation","description":"Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.","questions":[{"text":"Which of these standards and regulation hold for the sense of Emu this model covers, and on what evidence?","id":"evidence-standards-and-regulation-q01","kind":"provenance"}]},{"id":"evidence-real-world-use","name":"Real-world use","description":"Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.","questions":[{"text":"Which of these real-world use hold for the sense of Emu this model covers, and on what evidence?","id":"evidence-real-world-use-q01","kind":"provenance"}]},{"id":"evidence-measurements","name":"Typical measurements","description":"Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.","questions":[{"text":"Which of these typical measurements hold for the sense of Emu this model covers, and on what evidence?","id":"evidence-measurements-q01","kind":"provenance"}]},{"id":"evidence-failure-modes-and-hazards","name":"Failure modes and hazards","description":"Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.","questions":[{"text":"Which of these failure modes and hazards hold for the sense of Emu this model covers, and on what evidence?","id":"evidence-failure-modes-and-hazards-q01","kind":"provenance"}]},{"id":"evidence-regional-variation","name":"Regional variation","description":"Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.","questions":[{"text":"Which of these regional variation hold for the sense of Emu this model covers, and on what evidence?","id":"evidence-regional-variation-q01","kind":"provenance"}]},{"id":"evidence-neighbours","name":"Neighbouring kinds and how to tell them apart","description":"Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.","questions":[{"text":"Which of these neighbouring kinds and how to tell them apart hold for the sense of Emu this model covers, and on what evidence?","id":"evidence-neighbours-q01","kind":"provenance"}]}]}]}]},"agentConduct":{"may":["Report emu sightings to wildlife recording schemes.","Describe the species and its biology from conservation sources.","Care for farmed emus following welfare guidance at the keeper's request."],"mustNot":["Approach or corner wild emus, which can injure people with their legs and claws.","Feed wild emus or encourage them onto roads.","Hunt, capture or trade emus in breach of wildlife law."],"requiresHuman":["Culling or relocating emus.","Intervening with an injured emu."]},"ethics":{"considerations":["Emus have been subject to large culls when seen as pests by farmers.","The emu has a central place in Aboriginal knowledge and story."],"affectedParties":["Emus","Farmers","Aboriginal communities"]},"owners":{"steward":"Nobody for wild birds, protected by law; the keeper for farmed birds.","roles":[],"masterSystems":["Global species assessment and bird population databases"]},"relations":[{"target":"Q865137","type":"parent","note":"registry parent class"}],"interaction":{"identity":{"applicability":"required","items":["Vercy registry: vr.tr.emu","Wikidata: Q93208 (https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q93208)"]},"properties":{"applicability":"required","items":["Species identification confidence: confirmed | probable | unresolved; supporting evidence","Individual identity basis: documented identifier | repeat visual recognition | temporarily distinguished | unknown","Life stage: chick | juvenile | adult | uncertain","Sex determination: male | female | undetermined; method and confidence","Body mass: kg; observation date and measurement method","Gait and weight bearing: apparently normal | asymmetric | reluctant to move | unable to bear weight | unobserved","Feeding and drinking activity: observed intake | reduced relative to baseline | no intake observed | unknown","Reproductive role: courtship | laying | incubating | tending chicks | no activity observed | unknown","Dependent association: associated chicks, attending adult or nest; evidence and observation time","Living context: free-ranging | managed enclosure | rehabilitation | uncertain"]},"recognition":{"applicability":"required","items":["A very tall flightless bird with shaggy grey-brown plumage and a long neck.","Powerful three-toed legs and a bluish bare throat skin."]},"capabilities":{"applicability":"required","items":["Observe and document identification evidence while retaining alternative identifications.","Monitor gait, intake and condition over time using comparable observations.","Identify immediate barriers to movement, water access or safe withdrawal.","Assess whether an approach or proposed relocation could disrupt incubation or chick care.","Refer concerning observations to an appropriate wildlife carer, keeper or veterinarian.","Propose context-appropriate environmental changes, with handling or relocation dependent on expertise and authority."]},"hazards":{"applicability":"required","items":["Defensive kicks and claws can seriously injure people or animals during close encounters.","Emus entering roads can cause collisions that injure occupants and wildlife.","Unsuitable enclosures or handling can cause panic, escape and traumatic injury to the bird.","Inappropriate feeding can impair nutrition and encourage hazardous approaches to people."]},"interfaces":{"applicability":"required","items":["The Biodiversity Conservation Act 2016, enacted by the Parliament of New South Wales, regulates harming and keeping protected native fauna, including emus, within that state."]},"context":{"applicability":"required","items":["Emus are encountered across much of mainland Australia in open woodland, grassland and agricultural landscapes.","They are observed in wildlife surveys and managed in conservation facilities or farms where their health, space requirements and interactions with people require assessment."]}},"sources":[{"title":"Emu (Dromaius novaehollandiae) species factsheet","url":"","note":"Species identity, range, and IUCN Least Concern status as the living mainland emu."},{"title":"Dromaius novaehollandiae","url":"","note":"Global conservation status, population trend, and taxonomic treatment of the living species."},{"title":"Emu farming in Australia","url":"https://www.agriculture.gov.au/","note":"Commercial farming of emus for oil, meat and leather under Australian agricultural practice."},{"title":"Appendices I, II and III","url":"https://cites.org/eng/app/appendices.php","note":"That the living emu is not CITES-listed, unlike some other ratites and extinct island forms treated historically."},{"title":"Wikidata item Q93208: Emu","url":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q93208","note":"identity and sense of the item"},{"title":"Wikipedia: Emu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emu","note":"general description of the item"}],"openQuestions":["Does registry entry vr.tr.emu denote living Dromaius novaehollandiae individuals exclusively, or also a broader taxonomic concept?","Which validated identification and sex-determination methods should be accepted for each life stage, especially when distinguishing immature ratites?","Which emu-specific body-condition methods and life-stage or incubation-related reference ranges are sufficiently supported for assessment?","Which observable signs and observation periods reliably distinguish normal incubation-related changes from conditions needing urgent veterinary assessment?","Which evidence-based enclosure, handling and chick-separation criteria apply across free-ranging, farmed and rehabilitation contexts?"],"resources":{"spec":"/models/things/publications/thing-q93208/spec.json"},"provenance":{"origin":"thing registry research (pass 2)","builtFrom":["models/things/publications/thing-q93208/spec.json"],"providers":["Codex","Grok"],"researchStatus":"unreviewed","generatedAt":"2026-09-07T11:39:53Z","builder":"tools/build_cards.py@1.0.0"},"completeness":{"sections":{"classifiers":"filled","whatItIs":"filled","purpose":"filled","distinguishingFeatures":"filled","structure":"filled","agentConduct":"filled","ethics":"filled","owners":"filled","relations":"filled","interaction.identity":"filled","interaction.properties":"filled","interaction.recognition":"filled","interaction.capabilities":"filled","interaction.hazards":"filled","interaction.interfaces":"filled","interaction.context":"filled","sources":"filled"},"notes":{"_gate":"Published through the thing publication gate 1.0 on 2026-10-07T12:16:35+00:00: completeness 1.00; sense: Wikidata description; 2 live sources; review by codex: pass"},"score":1.0}}