{"schema":"https://ver.cy/schemas/card/1.0.0","id":"vr.tr.bismuth","code":"thing-q942","url":"https://ver.cy/models/thing/q942/","name":"bismuth","alternateNames":["bismuth-184","bismuth-184m","bismuth-185","bismuth-185m","bismuth-186","bismuth-186m","bismuth-187","bismuth-187m1","bismuth-187m2","bismuth-188","bismuth-188m","bismuth-189"],"kind":"thing","status":"published","version":"0.2.0-wave.2","language":"en","classifiers":{"family":"Thing Registry","category":"Physical world and living systems","entryKind":"thing","plane":"PHY","domain":["PHY.MAT"],"industry":[],"navPath":"","tags":[],"facets":{}},"whatItIs":"A chemical element with atomic number 83, a brittle silvery-pink heavy metal that is the most diamagnetic element, has low toxicity compared with its neighbours lead and polonium, forms colourful oxide-layer crystals, and occurs as many isotopes of which bismuth-209 is effectively stable with an extremely long half-life; bismuth is used in pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, low-melting alloys, lead-free solders and shot, and is produced mainly as a by-product of lead and copper refining.","purpose":"Let an agent explain bismuth and its properties and isotopes, describe its uses and production, relay safety information, and support chemistry learning.","scope":{"in":[],"out":[],"boundaries":[]},"distinguishingFeatures":["Most diamagnetic element","Low toxicity for a heavy metal","Long-lived isotope 209","Low-melting alloys"],"structure":{"bundles":[{"id":"understand","name":"Understand","description":"What bismuth is.","layers":[{"id":"properties","name":"Properties","description":"Properties.","findings":[{"id":"properties-finding","name":"Properties","description":"Properties.","questions":[{"text":"What are the physical and chemical properties of bismuth, and why is it so diamagnetic and colourful in crystals?","kind":"definition"},{"text":"How does it compare with lead and antimony?","kind":"definition"}]}]},{"id":"isotopes","name":"Isotopes","description":"Isotopes.","findings":[{"id":"isotopes-finding","name":"Isotopes","description":"Isotopes.","questions":[{"text":"What is known about bismuth isotopes, including the extremely long half-life of bismuth-209?","kind":"provenance"},{"text":"Which entry fits a specific isotope?","kind":"action"}]}]}]},{"id":"use","name":"Use","description":"Uses and production.","layers":[{"id":"uses","name":"Uses","description":"Uses.","findings":[{"id":"uses-finding","name":"Uses","description":"Uses.","questions":[{"text":"How is bismuth used in medicines, cosmetics, alloys, solders, shot and pigments?","kind":"provenance"},{"text":"Which entry fits a specific application?","kind":"action"}]}]},{"id":"production","name":"Production","description":"Production.","findings":[{"id":"production-finding","name":"Production","description":"Production.","questions":[{"text":"How and where is bismuth produced, and what are its supply and price dynamics?","kind":"provenance"},{"text":"Which entry fits metal refining?","kind":"action"}]}]}]},{"id":"safety","name":"Safety","description":"Safety and health.","layers":[{"id":"toxicity","name":"Toxicity","description":"Toxicity.","findings":[{"id":"toxicity-finding","name":"Toxicity","description":"Toxicity.","questions":[{"text":"What is known about bismuth toxicity and the safety of bismuth medicines, according to health sources?","kind":"provenance"},{"text":"Is the user asking about their own medication, which needs a clinician?","kind":"boundary"}]}]},{"id":"handling","name":"Handling","description":"Handling.","findings":[{"id":"handling-finding","name":"Handling","description":"Handling.","questions":[{"text":"How is bismuth handled safely in the laboratory and hobby crystal growing?","kind":"provenance"},{"text":"Which entry fits laboratory safety?","kind":"action"}]}]}]},{"id":"learn","name":"Learn","description":"History and teaching.","layers":[{"id":"history","name":"History","description":"History.","findings":[{"id":"history-finding","name":"History","description":"History.","questions":[{"text":"How was bismuth identified as an element, and how were its uses discovered?","kind":"provenance"},{"text":"Which references are standard?","kind":"provenance"}]}]},{"id":"teach","name":"Teach","description":"Teaching.","findings":[{"id":"teach-finding","name":"Teach","description":"Teaching.","questions":[{"text":"How can bismuth be used to teach crystals and diamagnetism?","kind":"action"},{"text":"Which misconceptions arise?","kind":"provenance"}]}]}]}]},"agentConduct":{"may":["Explain bismuth's properties, including its strong diamagnetism and low toxicity relative to lead.","Describe its uses in alloys, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics and lead-free solder.","Relay safety information for bismuth compounds from authoritative sources."],"mustNot":["Recommend taking bismuth medicines beyond the labelled dose or duration.","Sell or label a bismuth item as lead, or a lead item as bismuth.","Present bismuth-209 as a radiation hazard in everyday use, or deny its extremely slow decay.","Advise heating bismuth or its compounds without ventilation and protective measures."],"requiresHuman":["Advising on bismuth medication for a specific person, such as a child or someone with kidney disease."]},"ethics":{"considerations":["Bismuth is promoted as a safe lead substitute, so false claims about composition put people at risk.","Mining and refining it as a by-product of lead and copper carries the pollution of those industries."],"affectedParties":["Patients taking bismuth medicines","Hobbyists and metalworkers","Communities near smelters"]},"owners":{"steward":"The person or business that holds it; chemicals regulators set the rules for its compounds.","roles":[],"masterSystems":["National and regional chemical substance registries"]},"relations":[{"target":"Q105789","type":"parent","note":"registry parent class"},{"target":"heavy metal","type":"related","note":"category"},{"target":"simple substance","type":"related","note":"elemental forms"},{"target":"organochlorine compound","type":"related","note":"another chemistry entry"},{"target":"fundamental quantity","type":"related","note":"measurement of properties"}],"interaction":{"identity":{"applicability":"required","items":["Vercy registry: vr.tr.bismuth","Wikidata: Q942 (https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q942)"]},"properties":{"applicability":"required","items":["Mass density: Approximately 9.78 g/cm3 - This approximate value applies to solid elemental bismuth near room temperature.","Melting point: Approximately 271.4 degrees Celsius - This approximate value applies to pure elemental bismuth at atmospheric pressure.","Molar mass: Approximately 208.98 g/mol - This approximate value applies to naturally occurring bismuth."]},"recognition":{"applicability":"required","items":["Element 83","Iridescent oxide crystals","Lead and antimony are neighbouring elements with different properties","Silvery-pink brittle metal, often as iridescent stepped crystals."]},"capabilities":{"applicability":"required","items":["explain properties and isotopes","describe uses and production","relay safety information","support learning"]},"hazards":{"applicability":"required","items":["Rare toxicity from excessive medicinal use","Confusing with lead","Radioactivity misconceptions about bismuth-209"]},"interfaces":{"applicability":"required","items":["Chemical safety data sheets","Pharmacopoeial standards for bismuth medicines","Lead-free product regulations"]},"context":{"applicability":"required","items":["A heavy metal element.","bismuth metal and alloys","bismuth compounds in medicine","bismuth isotopes","bismuth minerals and ores","bismuth in electronics and pigments"]}},"sources":[{"title":"Wikidata item Q942: bismuth","url":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q942","note":"identity and sense of the item"},{"title":"Wikipedia: Bismuth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bismuth","note":"general description of the item"}],"openQuestions":["Should isotopes be separate entries?","How should safety data be linked?","How should production statistics be linked?"],"resources":{"spec":"/models/things/publications/thing-q942/spec.json"},"provenance":{"origin":"thing registry research (pass 2)","builtFrom":["models/things/publications/thing-q942/spec.json"],"providers":["Claude"],"researchStatus":"unreviewed","generatedAt":"2026-09-12T00:43:31Z","builder":"tools/build_cards.py@1.0.0"},"completeness":{"sections":{"classifiers":"filled","whatItIs":"filled","purpose":"filled","distinguishingFeatures":"filled","structure":"filled","agentConduct":"filled","ethics":"filled","owners":"filled","relations":"filled","interaction.identity":"filled","interaction.properties":"filled","interaction.recognition":"filled","interaction.capabilities":"filled","interaction.hazards":"filled","interaction.interfaces":"filled","interaction.context":"filled","sources":"filled"},"notes":{"_gate":"Published through the thing publication gate 1.0 on 2026-10-07T10:10:33+00:00: completeness 1.00; sense: Wikidata description; 2 live sources; review by codex: pass"},"score":1.0}}