{"schema":"https://ver.cy/schemas/card/1.0.0","id":"vr.tr.reissner-nordstr-m-black-hole","code":"thing-q9668634","url":"https://ver.cy/models/thing/q9668634/","name":"Reissner–Nordström black hole","alternateNames":[],"kind":"thing","status":"published","version":"0.2.0-wave.2","language":"en","classifiers":{"family":"Thing Registry","category":"Physical world and living systems","entryKind":"thing","plane":"PHY","domain":["PHY.SPC"],"industry":[],"navPath":"","tags":[],"facets":{}},"whatItIs":"A solution of the Einstein-Maxwell equations describing a non-rotating black hole with mass and electric charge, found by Reissner and Nordstrom, with two horizons whose separation depends on the charge and an extremal limit where they coincide; it is a theoretical model since astrophysical black holes are expected to be nearly neutral, but it is important in gravitational theory.","purpose":"Let an agent explain the Reissner-Nordstrom solution, its structure and limits, its place among black hole solutions, and its theoretical significance with attribution.","scope":{"in":[],"out":[],"boundaries":[]},"distinguishingFeatures":["Mass and charge","Inner and outer horizons","Extremal limit","Theoretical"],"structure":{"bundles":[{"id":"solution","name":"Solution","description":"The metric.","layers":[{"id":"metric","name":"Metric","description":"Structure.","findings":[{"id":"metric-finding","name":"Metric","description":"Structure.","questions":[{"text":"What is the Reissner-Nordstrom metric, and how do mass and charge enter it?","kind":"definition"},{"text":"Where are the two horizons?","kind":"measurement"}]}]},{"id":"history","name":"History","description":"Discovery.","findings":[{"id":"history-finding","name":"History","description":"Discovery.","questions":[{"text":"Who found the solution, and when?","kind":"provenance"},{"text":"How did it fit into early general relativity?","kind":"provenance"}]}]}]},{"id":"limits","name":"Limits","description":"Extremal and beyond.","layers":[{"id":"extremal","name":"Extremal","description":"Extremal case.","findings":[{"id":"extremal-finding","name":"Extremal","description":"Extremal case.","questions":[{"text":"What happens when charge equals mass in geometric units?","kind":"definition"},{"text":"Why are extremal black holes important in theory?","kind":"provenance"}]}]},{"id":"naked","name":"Naked","description":"Naked singularities.","findings":[{"id":"naked-finding","name":"Naked","description":"Naked singularities.","questions":[{"text":"What does the super-extremal case imply, and what does cosmic censorship say?","kind":"provenance"},{"text":"Is the debate presented with attribution?","kind":"boundary"}]}]}]},{"id":"compare","name":"Compare","description":"Other solutions.","layers":[{"id":"family","name":"Family","description":"Schwarzschild, Kerr, Kerr-Newman.","findings":[{"id":"family-finding","name":"Family","description":"Family.","questions":[{"text":"How does Reissner-Nordstrom relate to the Schwarzschild, Kerr and Kerr-Newman solutions?","kind":"definition"},{"text":"What does the no-hair theorem say?","kind":"definition"}]}]},{"id":"astro","name":"Astro","description":"Astrophysical relevance.","findings":[{"id":"astro-finding","name":"Astro","description":"Astrophysical relevance.","questions":[{"text":"Why are astrophysical black holes expected to be nearly neutral?","kind":"provenance"},{"text":"Could charged black holes exist briefly?","kind":"boundary"}]}]}]},{"id":"learn","name":"Learn","description":"Study.","layers":[{"id":"explain","name":"Explain","description":"Plain language.","findings":[{"id":"explain-finding","name":"Explain","description":"Plain explanation.","questions":[{"text":"How can the charged black hole be explained simply and accurately?","kind":"action"},{"text":"Which caveats apply?","kind":"boundary"}]}]},{"id":"resources","name":"Resources","description":"Textbooks.","findings":[{"id":"resources-finding","name":"Resources","description":"Textbooks.","questions":[{"text":"Which textbooks and reviews cover the solution?","kind":"provenance"},{"text":"Which derivations are accessible?","kind":"provenance"}]}]}]}]},"agentConduct":{"may":["Explain the Reissner-Nordstrom solution, its horizons and the extremal case, citing physics texts.","State that astrophysical black holes are expected to carry little or no charge."],"mustNot":["Present the charged black hole as an observed astrophysical object.","Present speculation about its interior, such as travel to other universes, as established physics.","Misattribute the solution or its history."],"requiresHuman":["Publishing educational material that presents speculative interpretations."]},"ethics":{"considerations":["Popular accounts of black holes can blur theory and fact; accuracy protects learners."],"affectedParties":["Students and readers","Physicists whose work is cited"]},"owners":{"steward":"Nobody owns the solution; it belongs to general relativity.","roles":[],"masterSystems":[]},"relations":[{"target":"Q1316152","type":"parent","note":"registry parent class"},{"target":"charged black hole","type":"related","note":"category"},{"target":"Schwarzschild black hole","type":"parent","note":"neutral case"},{"target":"black star","type":"related","note":"alternative object"},{"target":"boson star","type":"related","note":"other theoretical object"}],"interaction":{"identity":{"applicability":"required","items":["Vercy registry: vr.tr.reissner-nordstr-m-black-hole","Wikidata: Q9668634 (https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9668634)"]},"properties":{"applicability":"required","items":["Mass:  kg - Mass is a parameter of the theoretical solution inferred from its gravitational field at large distances, with no established observed population range.","Electric charge:  C - Charge is a parameter of the theoretical solution determined from its electric flux, with its allowed black hole magnitude constrained by the mass.","Angular momentum: Exactly zero. kg m2/s - Angular momentum vanishes by definition because this solution describes a non-rotating black hole."]},"recognition":{"applicability":"required","items":["Charged, non-rotating black hole","Two horizons","Kerr black holes rotate; Schwarzschild ones are neutral and static","Not observed; a mathematical solution."]},"capabilities":{"applicability":"required","items":["explain the metric and its horizons","compare with Schwarzschild and Kerr solutions","explain extremal and naked singularity limits","describe its theoretical uses"]},"hazards":{"applicability":"required","items":["Presenting it as astrophysically common","Confusing horizons and singularities"]},"interfaces":{"applicability":"required","items":["No regulation"]},"context":{"applicability":"required","items":["General relativity and theoretical physics.","sub-extremal Reissner-Nordstrom black holes","extremal Reissner-Nordstrom black holes","super-extremal naked singularity solutions","Kerr-Newman generalisation with rotation"]}},"sources":[{"title":"Wikidata item Q9668634: Reissner–Nordström black hole","url":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9668634","note":"identity and sense of the item"},{"title":"Wikipedia: Reissner–Nordström black hole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reissner%E2%80%93Nordstr%C3%B6m_black_hole","note":"general description of the item"}],"openQuestions":["Should black hole solutions be a single entry?","How should textbooks be linked?","How should cosmic censorship debates be attributed?"],"resources":{"spec":"/models/things/publications/thing-q9668634/spec.json"},"provenance":{"origin":"thing registry research (pass 2)","builtFrom":["models/things/publications/thing-q9668634/spec.json"],"providers":["Claude"],"researchStatus":"unreviewed","generatedAt":"2026-09-11T19:52:27Z","builder":"tools/build_cards.py@1.0.0"},"completeness":{"sections":{"classifiers":"filled","whatItIs":"filled","purpose":"filled","distinguishingFeatures":"filled","structure":"filled","agentConduct":"filled","ethics":"filled","owners":"filled","relations":"filled","interaction.identity":"filled","interaction.properties":"filled","interaction.recognition":"filled","interaction.capabilities":"filled","interaction.hazards":"filled","interaction.interfaces":"filled","interaction.context":"filled","sources":"filled"},"notes":{"_gate":"Published through the thing publication gate 1.0 on 2026-10-07T10:10:33+00:00: completeness 1.00; sense: Wikidata description; 2 live sources; review by codex: pass"},"score":1.0}}