{"schema":"https://ver.cy/schemas/card/1.0.0","id":"vr.tr.commons","code":"thing-q9828451","url":"https://ver.cy/models/thing/q9828451/","name":"commons","alternateNames":[],"kind":"thing","status":"research-draft","version":"0.2.0-wave.4","language":"en","classifiers":{"family":"Thing Registry","category":"","entryKind":"","plane":"","domain":["PHY.PLC"],"industry":[],"navPath":"","tags":[],"facets":{}},"whatItIs":"Resources held in common and governed by a community rather than by private owners or the state alone, from traditional commons such as shared pastures, forests and fisheries to knowledge commons, data commons and the digital commons of open source software, open content and shared infrastructure; commons are studied in economics and political science, notably by Elinor Ostrom, and debated in relation to the tragedy of the commons.","purpose":"Let an agent explain the commons as a form of shared resource governance, relay theory, history and examples from economics and political science sources with attribution, describe knowledge, data and digital commons, and distinguish commons from public goods, state property, open access without governance and the British House of Commons.","scope":{"in":[],"out":[],"boundaries":[]},"distinguishingFeatures":["Shared resource","Community governance","Natural and digital forms","Contested theory"],"structure":{"bundles":[{"id":"understand","name":"Understand","description":"What the commons are.","layers":[{"id":"definition","name":"Definition","description":"Definition.","findings":[{"id":"definition-finding","name":"Definition","description":"Definition.","questions":[{"text":"What are the commons, and how do they differ from public goods, state property, open access and the House of Commons?","kind":"definition"},{"text":"Is the question about the concept, a kind, theory or a specific commons?","kind":"boundary"}]}]},{"id":"kinds","name":"Kinds","description":"Kinds.","findings":[{"id":"kinds-finding","name":"Kinds","description":"Kinds.","questions":[{"text":"What are natural, urban, knowledge, data, digital and global commons?","kind":"definition"},{"text":"Which entry fits the specific kind?","kind":"action"}]}]}]},{"id":"theory","name":"Theory","description":"Theory.","layers":[{"id":"tragedy","name":"Tragedy","description":"Tragedy and its critics.","findings":[{"id":"tragedy-finding","name":"Tragedy","description":"Tragedy.","questions":[{"text":"What did Hardin argue, and how did Ostrom and others respond, with positions attributed?","kind":"provenance"},{"text":"Which references are standard?","kind":"provenance"}]}]},{"id":"principles","name":"Principles","description":"Design principles.","findings":[{"id":"principles-finding","name":"Principles","description":"Principles.","questions":[{"text":"What are Ostrom s design principles for successful commons governance?","kind":"provenance"},{"text":"Which sources are cited?","kind":"provenance"}]}]}]},{"id":"digital","name":"Digital","description":"Knowledge and digital commons.","layers":[{"id":"knowledge","name":"Knowledge","description":"Knowledge and data commons.","findings":[{"id":"knowledge-finding","name":"Knowledge","description":"Knowledge.","questions":[{"text":"How do knowledge and data commons work, including open science and data trusts?","kind":"provenance"},{"text":"Which entry fits open science?","kind":"action"}]}]},{"id":"software","name":"Software","description":"Digital commons.","findings":[{"id":"software-finding","name":"Software","description":"Software.","questions":[{"text":"How do open source software, Wikipedia and open content function as digital commons?","kind":"provenance"},{"text":"Which entry fits open-source software?","kind":"action"}]}]}]},{"id":"context","name":"Context","description":"History and politics.","layers":[{"id":"history","name":"History","description":"History and enclosure.","findings":[{"id":"history-finding","name":"History","description":"History.","questions":[{"text":"How did historical commons work, and what was enclosure, as historians describe?","kind":"provenance"},{"text":"Which entry fits enclosure?","kind":"action"}]}]},{"id":"politics","name":"Politics","description":"Commons politics.","findings":[{"id":"politics-finding","name":"Politics","description":"Politics.","questions":[{"text":"How are the commons invoked in contemporary politics and movements, with positions attributed?","kind":"provenance"},{"text":"Is the presentation neutral?","kind":"boundary"}]}]}]}]},"agentConduct":{"may":["explain the concept","relay theory and history","describe knowledge and digital commons","distinguish related concepts"],"mustNot":[],"requiresHuman":[]},"ethics":{"considerations":[],"affectedParties":[]},"owners":{"steward":"","roles":[],"masterSystems":[]},"relations":[{"target":"good/s","type":"related","note":"in registry terms"},{"target":"infrastructure","type":"related","note":"in registry terms"},{"target":"Elinor Ostrom","type":"related","note":"in Governing the Commons"},{"target":"public good","type":"related","note":"defined by non-excludability"}],"interaction":{"identity":{"applicability":"required","items":[]},"properties":{"applicability":"required","items":["Ostrom s design principles: 8 count","Hardin s Tragedy of the Commons: 1968 year","Ostrom Nobel Prize: 2009 year"]},"recognition":{"applicability":"required","items":["Community-governed shared resources","Natural commons, knowledge commons, data commons, digital commons","Public goods are non-excludable; state property is government-owned; open access lacks governance; the House of Commons is a parliament chamber","Not a visible object; shared pastures, fisheries or shared code and data."]},"capabilities":{"applicability":"required","items":["explain the concept","relay theory and history","describe knowledge and digital commons","distinguish related concepts"]},"hazards":{"applicability":"required","items":["Overuse without governance","Enclosure and privatisation, with positions attributed","Confusing commons with public goods or the parliament"]},"interfaces":{"applicability":"required","items":["Open licences such as Creative Commons and open source licences","Community-based natural resource management laws","International law on global commons"]},"context":{"applicability":"required","items":["Governing shared resources.","natural resource commons such as pastures, forests, fisheries and irrigation","urban commons","knowledge commons","data commons","digital commons including open source and open content","global commons such as oceans and atmosphere"]}},"sources":[],"openQuestions":["Should knowledge commons and digital commons be separate primary entries?","How should economics and political science sources be linked?","The registry entry has merged aliases naming knowledge, data and digital commons; should they be split off?","Which entry fits the specific kind?","Which entry fits open science?","Which entry fits open-source software?"],"resources":{"spec":"/models/things/publications/thing-q9828451/spec.json"},"provenance":{"origin":"thing registry research (pass 2)","builtFrom":["models/things/publications/thing-q9828451/spec.json"],"providers":["Claude"],"researchStatus":"unreviewed","generatedAt":"2026-09-13T13:26:56Z","builder":"tools/build_cards.py@1.0.0"},"completeness":{"sections":{"classifiers":"filled","whatItIs":"filled","purpose":"filled","distinguishingFeatures":"filled","structure":"filled","agentConduct":"derived","ethics":"missing","owners":"missing","relations":"filled","interaction.identity":"missing","interaction.properties":"filled","interaction.recognition":"filled","interaction.capabilities":"filled","interaction.hazards":"filled","interaction.interfaces":"filled","interaction.context":"filled","sources":"missing"},"notes":{"agentConduct":"Affordances listed as what may be done; prohibitions collected from the text.","sources":"Written from model knowledge without web access; claims are unverified."},"score":0.735}}