{"schema":"https://ver.cy/schemas/card/1.0.0","id":"vr.tr.voice-relation","code":"thing-voice-relation","url":"https://ver.cy/models/thing/voice-relation/","name":"voice","alternateNames":["active voice","active","passive voice","passive","middle voice"],"kind":"thing","status":"published","version":"0.2.0-wave.1","language":"en","classifiers":{"family":"Thing Registry","category":"Cross-cutting context","entryKind":"noun.relation","plane":"XCT","domain":["XCT.REL"],"industry":[],"navPath":"","tags":[],"facets":{"substance":"abstract","origin":"conceptual","agency":"inert","mobility":"not-applicable","scale":"not-applicable","affordances":["observable"]}},"whatItIs":"In grammar, the relation between the action of a verb and its participants, expressed by forms such as the active voice (the subject acts), the passive voice (the subject is acted upon) and the middle voice in some languages.","purpose":"Let an agent explain grammatical voice, help writers choose active or passive appropriately, compare languages, and separate the vocal and opinion senses of voice.","scope":{"in":[],"out":[],"boundaries":[]},"distinguishingFeatures":["Relates subject and action","Active, passive, middle","Marked differently across languages","Affects emphasis"],"structure":{"bundles":[{"id":"identify","name":"Identify","description":"Which voice.","layers":[{"id":"form","name":"Form","description":"Verb forms.","findings":[{"id":"form-finding","name":"Form","description":"Voice form.","questions":[{"text":"Is this sentence in the active, passive or middle voice?","kind":"definition"},{"text":"Who is the agent?","kind":"definition"}]}]},{"id":"convert","name":"Convert","description":"Changing voice.","findings":[{"id":"convert-finding","name":"Convert","description":"Converting.","questions":[{"text":"How can this sentence be rewritten in the other voice?","kind":"action"},{"text":"Does the meaning or emphasis change?","kind":"boundary"}]}]}]},{"id":"writing","name":"Writing","description":"Style choices.","layers":[{"id":"choose","name":"Choose","description":"When to use passive.","findings":[{"id":"choose-finding","name":"Choose","description":"Choosing voice.","questions":[{"text":"When is the passive voice appropriate, such as in scientific methods?","kind":"provenance"},{"text":"What do style guides recommend?","kind":"provenance"}]}]},{"id":"clarity","name":"Clarity","description":"Accountability.","findings":[{"id":"clarity-finding","name":"Clarity","description":"Clarity and accountability.","questions":[{"text":"Does an agentless passive hide who is responsible?","kind":"boundary"},{"text":"How can it be made clearer?","kind":"action"}]}]}]},{"id":"languages","name":"Languages","description":"Comparison.","layers":[{"id":"compare","name":"Compare","description":"Voice systems.","findings":[{"id":"compare-finding","name":"Compare","description":"Voice systems.","questions":[{"text":"How does this language mark voice, including middle or reflexive forms?","kind":"provenance"},{"text":"Which grammar describes it?","kind":"provenance"}]}]},{"id":"translate","name":"Translate","description":"Translation.","findings":[{"id":"translate-finding","name":"Translate","description":"Translation.","questions":[{"text":"Should the passive be kept or changed in translation?","kind":"action"},{"text":"What is natural in the target language?","kind":"boundary"}]}]}]},{"id":"senses","name":"Senses","description":"Disambiguation.","layers":[{"id":"sound","name":"Sound","description":"Vocal sound.","findings":[{"id":"sound-finding","name":"Sound","description":"Vocal sense.","questions":[{"text":"Is the human voice as sound meant?","kind":"boundary"},{"text":"Which entry fits?","kind":"action"}]}]},{"id":"opinion","name":"Opinion","description":"Having a say.","findings":[{"id":"opinion-finding","name":"Opinion","description":"Opinion sense.","questions":[{"text":"Is voice meant as having a say or expressing opinion?","kind":"boundary"},{"text":"Which entry fits?","kind":"action"}]}]}]}]},"agentConduct":{"may":["Identify active, passive and middle voice in a text and explain the difference.","Suggest rewording when an agentless passive hides who is responsible."],"mustNot":["Treat the passive voice as an error in itself.","Rewrite a legal, medical or scientific text so that responsibility shifts to a different party.","Mistranslate voice in a way that changes who acted."],"requiresHuman":["Changing the voice in official statements, contracts or apologies."]},"ethics":{"considerations":["Agentless passives can hide responsibility, as in mistakes were made.","Style rules on voice differ across languages and should not be imposed as universal."],"affectedParties":["Readers","Writers and translators","People whose actions are described"]},"owners":{"steward":"Nobody owns it; speakers and writers of each language use it.","roles":[],"masterSystems":[]},"relations":[{"target":"oewn-13818991-n","type":"parent","note":"registry parent class"},{"target":"grammatical category","type":"related","note":"category"},{"target":"agreement-relation","type":"related","note":"grammar"},{"target":"syntax","type":"related","note":"field"},{"target":"voice (sound)","type":"related","note":"another sense"}],"interaction":{"identity":{"applicability":"required","items":["Vercy registry: vr.tr.voice-relation","Open English WordNet: oewn-13825132-n"]},"properties":{"applicability":"not-applicable","items":[]},"recognition":{"applicability":"optional","items":["Forms such as was written by","Middle voice forms in some languages","Tense and mood are different grammatical categories","Not physical; visible in verb forms and sentence structure."]},"capabilities":{"applicability":"required","items":["identify active, passive and middle voice","convert sentences between voices","decide when passive is appropriate","separate other senses of voice"]},"hazards":{"applicability":"required","items":["Treating passive as always wrong","Hiding responsibility with agentless passives","Mistranslating voice"]},"interfaces":{"applicability":"required","items":["Style guides and plain language guidance"]},"context":{"applicability":"required","items":["Grammar, writing and language learning.","active voice","passive voice","middle voice","antipassive and other voices","impersonal passives"]}},"sources":[{"title":"Open English WordNet 2024, synset oewn-13825132-n","url":"https://en-word.net/id/oewn-13825132-n","note":"sense and gloss of the concept"},{"title":"Wiktionary: voice","url":"https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/voice","note":"word senses and usage"}],"openQuestions":["Should each voice be a separate entry?","How should language-specific forms be linked?","How should other senses be split off?"],"resources":{"spec":"/models/things/publications/thing-voice-relation/spec.json"},"provenance":{"origin":"thing registry research (pass 2)","builtFrom":["models/things/publications/thing-voice-relation/spec.json"],"providers":["Claude"],"researchStatus":"unreviewed","generatedAt":"2026-09-11T13:26:00Z","builder":"tools/build_cards.py@1.0.0"},"completeness":{"sections":{"classifiers":"filled","whatItIs":"filled","purpose":"filled","distinguishingFeatures":"filled","structure":"filled","agentConduct":"filled","ethics":"filled","owners":"filled","relations":"filled","interaction.identity":"filled","interaction.properties":"not-applicable","interaction.recognition":"filled","interaction.capabilities":"filled","interaction.hazards":"filled","interaction.interfaces":"filled","interaction.context":"filled","sources":"filled"},"notes":{"_gate":"Published through the thing publication gate 1.0 on 2026-10-07T12:16:35+00:00: completeness 1.00; sense: WordNet gloss; 2 live sources; review by codex: pass","interaction.properties":"Plane XCT: no invented physical properties."},"score":1.0}}