{ "model": { "rank": 6573, "code": "thing-aircraft", "model_id": "vr.tr.aircraft", "name": "aircraft", "purpose": "a vehicle that can fly", "family": "Thing Registry", "category": "Physical world and living systems", "status": "research-draft", "kind": "thing", "plane": "PHY", "domain": "PHY.OBJ", "industry": "", "version": "", "url": "/models/thing/aircraft/", "tier": 2, "score": 59, "payload": { "layer": "wordnet", "aliases": [ "airbus", "airliner", "airplane", "aeroplane", "plane", "airship", "dirigible", "amphibian", "amphibious aircraft", "autogiro", "autogyro", "gyroplane", "balloon", "barrage balloon", "biplane", "blimp", "sausage balloon", "sausage", "bogy", "bogie", "bogey", "bomber", "cargo helicopter", "cruise missile", "delta wing", "dive bomber", "double-prop", "double-propeller plane", "twin-prop", "twin-propeller-plane", "drone", "pilotless aircraft", "radio-controlled aircraft", "fanjet", "fan-jet", "turbofan", "turbojet", "fighter", "fighter aircraft", "attack aircraft" ], "aliasCount": 100, "merged": 59, "knownIn": 0, "facets": { "substance": "material", "origin": "manufactured", "agency": "inert", "mobility": "self-moving", "scale": "vehicle", "affordances": [ "observable" ] }, "markers": [ "artifact", "vehicle" ], "lexicalClass": "noun.artifact", "senseRank": 0, "alsoRegisteredAs": null, "source": { "dataset": "oewn:2024", "synset": "oewn-02689427-n", "ili": "i49876", "license": "CC BY 4.0" } }, "research": { "vercy": "1.0-draft", "publication": { "status": "research-draft", "adjudicationStatus": "unreviewed", "publishableCanonical": false, "generatedAt": "2026-09-09T23:02:16Z", "providers": [ "Codex" ], "breadth": "recalled by Codex without web access - no source was read", "missingProviders": [], "pass": 2, "cost": { "grok": { "seconds": 23.9, "error": "Reading additional input from stdin...\nOpenAI Codex v0.153.4\n--------\nworkdir: R:\\02_PROJECTS\\02_Meta_Models_Platforms\\Ver.cy\\current\\thing-registry-backlog\nmodel: gpt-6-astra\nprovider: openai\napproval: never\nsandbox: read-only\nreasoning effort: none\nreasoning summaries: none\nsession id: 01a08867-5b2a-7503-afc2-13e38b0ff8bf\n--------\nuser\nDescribe what is already known about one registered thing. Answer as JSON only, no prose around it.\n\nThing: aircraft\nSense to describe: a vehicle that can fly\nDomain code: PHY.OBJ\nAlso known as: (none)\n\n\nContext for this batch of 1001 things:\n# Batch 007: 1001", "usd": 0, "recall": true }, "codex": { "seconds": 67, "error": "Reading additional input from stdin...\nOpenAI Codex v0.153.4\n--------\nworkdir: R:\\02_PROJECTS\\02_Meta_Models_Platforms\\Ver.cy\\current\\thing-registry-backlog\nmodel: gpt-6-astra\nprovider: openai\napproval: never\nsandbox: read-only\nreasoning effort: none\nreasoning summaries: none\nsession id: 01a08867-5ae7-74e0-8017-09bef50c4949\n--------\nuser\nYou are drafting a Vercy meta-model for one registered thing. Answer as JSON only, no prose around it.\n\nThing: aircraft\nRegistry id: vr.tr.aircraft\nPlane / domain: PHY / PHY.OBJ\nRegistry definition: a vehicle that can fly\nNames folded into this entry: (none)\n\n" } } }, "metaModel": { "id": "THING-AIRCRAFT", "registryId": "vr.tr.aircraft", "name": "aircraft", "version": "0.1.0-research.1", "entryKind": "thing", "family": "Thing Registry", "domain": [ "PHY.OBJ" ], "status": "research-draft" }, "canonicalUrl": "https://ver.cy/models/thing/aircraft/", "model": { "registry_id": "vr.tr.aircraft", "name": "aircraft", "purpose": "Enable an agent to recognise an aircraft, assess its flight readiness and operating limits, and determine which uses or interventions require further evidence or authorisation.", "definition": "An aircraft is a vehicle capable of sustained flight in the atmosphere through aerodynamic lift or buoyancy in air.", "scope_statement": "This model owns aircraft as the registered kind of vehicle that can fly, including the aircraft-specific evidence needed to describe a design or assess an individual unit without confusing the kind, design and unit.", "in_scope": [ "Means of obtaining atmospheric lift, sustaining flight and controlling the flight path", "Aircraft configuration, installed flight systems and applicable equipment", "Mass, balance, performance and environmental operating limits", "Physical condition, maintenance status and evidence of flight readiness", "Aircraft identity and links to applicable approvals, operating documents and restrictions" ], "out_of_scope": [ "Jet propulsion specialisation owned by the narrower jet aircraft model", "Detailed models of engines, batteries, instruments and other components", "Pilot competence, crew employment and operator organisational governance", "Airport infrastructure, airspace organisation and air traffic management", "Flight missions, transport services and individual flight events", "Spacecraft whose relevant operation is outside atmospheric flight" ], "distinguishing_features": [ "Establish that the subject is a vehicle with a designed flight capability; being thrown, dropped or carried through the air alone does not establish aircraft identity.", "Identify how the vehicle obtains support during atmospheric flight, allowing for buoyant, aerodynamic and combined arrangements.", "Check the scope of the flight capability without assuming that aircraft must have engines, fixed wings, onboard pilots or passenger accommodation.", "Distinguish a complete flight vehicle from a component, simulator or ground vehicle with aircraft-like styling.", "Separate loss of flight readiness in an aircraft unit from absence of flight capability in the vehicle's design." ], "characteristics": [ { "name": "Record subject", "kind": "category", "unit_or_values": "aircraft kind | design or variant | individual unit", "why_it_matters": "Prevents a design capability or a unit defect from being attributed to every aircraft." }, { "name": "Lift arrangement", "kind": "category", "unit_or_values": "buoyant | fixed lifting surfaces | rotating lifting surfaces | combined | other | unresolved", "why_it_matters": "Determines which flight systems, constraints and readiness questions apply." }, { "name": "Propulsion and energy arrangement", "kind": "category", "unit_or_values": "unpowered or identified propulsion arrangement, energy source and storage", "why_it_matters": "Supports assessment of endurance, replenishment needs and propulsion dependencies." }, { "name": "Pilot and control arrangement", "kind": "category", "unit_or_values": "onboard pilot | remote pilot | automated control | combination; identify mode and dependencies", "why_it_matters": "Identifies where flight commands originate and which control links must remain available." }, { "name": "Flight mass", "kind": "measurement", "unit_or_values": "kg, with loading configuration and flight phase", "why_it_matters": "Allows comparison of an actual or proposed loading with the applicable limits." }, { "name": "Centre of gravity", "kind": "measurement", "unit_or_values": "m from a specified datum or an explicitly defined aircraft-specific convention", "why_it_matters": "Makes balance evidence interpretable against the permitted envelope." }, { "name": "Flight envelope", "kind": "relation", "unit_or_values": "applicable limits document linking speed, altitude, loading, configuration and environmental conditions", "why_it_matters": "Keeps interacting limits and their conditions together instead of treating performance as a single number." }, { "name": "Launch and recovery arrangement", "kind": "category", "unit_or_values": "runway | vertical | water | assisted launch | other; record launch and recovery separately", "why_it_matters": "Determines required facilities, equipment and site compatibility." }, { "name": "Flight readiness assessment", "kind": "state", "unit_or_values": "not assessed | ready for specified operation | restricted | not ready | unresolved; timestamp and evidence required", "why_it_matters": "Expresses a bounded assessment rather than an unconditional assertion that the aircraft is safe." }, { "name": "Applicable approval basis", "kind": "relation", "unit_or_values": "issuing authority, jurisdiction, aircraft applicability, document and validity conditions", "why_it_matters": "Connects proposed use to the approval or exemption that actually applies." } ], "affordances": [ "Classify an aircraft's lift, propulsion and control arrangements and identify applicable specialist models.", "Compare proposed loading and operating conditions with documented aircraft limits.", "Assess launch and recovery compatibility with a proposed site and available support equipment.", "Identify missing inspection, maintenance or configuration evidence before a readiness decision.", "Flag aircraft restrictions and unresolved defects for an authorised decision-maker.", "Trace a claimed capability or approval to the relevant design, variant, unit and supporting document." ] }, "sources": [], "structure": { "bundles": [ { "id": "aircraft-identity-and-boundaries", "name": "Aircraft identity and boundaries", "description": "Establish what is being modelled and how its flight capability places it within aircraft.", "rationale": "An agent must distinguish aircraft identity from present serviceability and keep aircraft, jet aircraft, designs and units at their proper levels.", "layers": [ { "id": "flight-vehicle-membership", "name": "Flight vehicle membership", "description": "Test the basis for recognising the subject as an aircraft.", "findings": [ { "id": "designed-flight-capability", "name": "Designed flight capability", "description": "Record the intended flight capability and the evidence supporting classification as a flight vehicle.", "questions": [ { "text": "What intended flight capability makes this subject a vehicle that can fly?", "kind": "definition", "id": "designed-flight-capability-q01" }, { "text": "What separates it from a projectile, airborne component, simulator or spacecraft in this case?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "designed-flight-capability-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "kind-design-and-unit", "name": "Kind, design and unit", "description": "Locate each assertion at the aircraft kind, design or individual-unit level.", "findings": [ { "id": "identity-and-specialisation-links", "name": "Identity and specialisation links", "description": "Record design and unit references where relevant, and route narrower characteristics to linked specialist models.", "questions": [ { "text": "Does this record describe the aircraft kind, a particular design or variant, or an identified unit?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "identity-and-specialisation-links-q01" }, { "text": "Which evidence links a unit to its design and configuration, and which additional properties belong to a narrower model such as jet aircraft?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "identity-and-specialisation-links-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "lift-propulsion-and-control", "name": "Lift, propulsion and control", "description": "Describe how the aircraft becomes airborne, sustains flight and responds to commands.", "rationale": "Aircraft configurations differ fundamentally in their means of support and control; engine-and-wing assumptions would exclude relevant aircraft.", "layers": [ { "id": "flight-support-and-energy", "name": "Flight support and energy", "description": "Identify the mechanisms and resources that enable flight.", "findings": [ { "id": "lift-and-propulsion-arrangement", "name": "Lift and propulsion arrangement", "description": "Record the lift arrangement, propulsion if present, and dependencies that change across flight modes.", "questions": [ { "text": "How does the aircraft obtain lift or buoyant support in each intended flight mode?", "kind": "definition", "id": "lift-and-propulsion-arrangement-q01" }, { "text": "What propulsion, stored energy, lifting medium or external assistance does each mode require?", "kind": "definition", "id": "lift-and-propulsion-arrangement-q02" }, { "text": "Which transitions between flight modes require a distinct configuration or operating procedure?", "kind": "action", "id": "lift-and-propulsion-arrangement-q03" } ] } ] }, { "id": "flight-command-and-response", "name": "Flight command and response", "description": "Identify how flight commands reach the mechanisms that alter the aircraft's motion.", "findings": [ { "id": "control-authority-and-dependencies", "name": "Control authority and dependencies", "description": "Record control modes, command authority and relevant dependencies on onboard equipment, remote links or external services.", "questions": [ { "text": "Who or what commands flight, and how is control authority transferred between available modes?", "kind": "definition", "id": "control-authority-and-dependencies-q01" }, { "text": "Which documented restrictions or responses apply after loss of a control link, control actuator, navigation input or required power supply?", "kind": "action", "id": "control-authority-and-dependencies-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "loading-and-flight-envelope", "name": "Loading and flight envelope", "description": "Connect aircraft loading and configuration to documented limits and conditional performance.", "rationale": "An aircraft's suitability for a proposed flight depends on interacting mass, balance, configuration and environmental constraints.", "layers": [ { "id": "mass-balance-and-loads", "name": "Mass, balance and loads", "description": "Describe the proposed or actual load and compare it with aircraft-specific constraints.", "findings": [ { "id": "loading-envelope", "name": "Loading envelope", "description": "Record mass, load placement, centre of gravity and applicable structural or compartment limits.", "questions": [ { "text": "What are the aircraft mass and centre of gravity for the stated occupants, payload, energy stores and installed equipment?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "loading-envelope-q01" }, { "text": "Which documented mass, balance, local loading and restraint limits apply to this configuration?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "loading-envelope-q02" }, { "text": "How could consumption, payload movement or release change compliance during the proposed flight?", "kind": "action", "id": "loading-envelope-q03" } ] } ] }, { "id": "conditional-performance", "name": "Conditional performance", "description": "Keep performance claims tied to their conditions and authoritative limitations.", "findings": [ { "id": "operating-envelope-and-reserves", "name": "Operating envelope and reserves", "description": "Record applicable speed, altitude, endurance and environmental constraints with the conditions under which they are valid.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which speed, altitude, manoeuvre and environmental limits apply to the selected configuration and operating mode?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "operating-envelope-and-reserves-q01" }, { "text": "What performance and remaining endurance are supported for the proposed loading, weather and energy state, using which units and assumptions?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "operating-envelope-and-reserves-q02" }, { "text": "What evidence is needed to judge whether the proposed operation preserves the required margins and reserves?", "kind": "action", "id": "operating-envelope-and-reserves-q03" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "launch-recovery-and-ground-interface", "name": "Launch, recovery and ground interface", "description": "Describe how the aircraft leaves, returns to and is supported at its operating surface or launch site.", "rationale": "A flight-capable aircraft may still be incompatible with a particular launch site, landing area or handling arrangement.", "layers": [ { "id": "departure-and-arrival-compatibility", "name": "Departure and arrival compatibility", "description": "Match the aircraft's launch and recovery requirements to a proposed location.", "findings": [ { "id": "site-and-equipment-requirements", "name": "Site and equipment requirements", "description": "Record aircraft-specific requirements for surfaces, clearance, launch aids and recovery equipment.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which launch and recovery methods does this configuration support, and what facilities or assisting equipment do they require?", "kind": "definition", "id": "site-and-equipment-requirements-q01" }, { "text": "What dimensions, surface properties, obstacle clearances and environmental conditions must be checked for the proposed site?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "site-and-equipment-requirements-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "handling-and-servicing", "name": "Handling and servicing", "description": "Describe aircraft-specific constraints while parked, moved, secured or replenished.", "findings": [ { "id": "ground-handling-constraints", "name": "Ground handling constraints", "description": "Record approved handling points, securing arrangements, servicing compatibility and precautions for installed flight systems.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which instructions govern towing, lifting, mooring or securing this aircraft in its present configuration?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "ground-handling-constraints-q01" }, { "text": "What isolation, clearance and compatibility checks are required before handling or replenishing its energy stores, fluids or lifting medium?", "kind": "action", "id": "ground-handling-constraints-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "condition-and-operating-authority", "name": "Condition and operating authority", "description": "Connect the aircraft's physical condition and maintenance evidence to the conditions under which it may be operated.", "rationale": "Neither nominal flight capability nor an approval document alone establishes that a particular aircraft is ready for a particular operation.", "layers": [ { "id": "configuration-and-maintenance-status", "name": "Configuration and maintenance status", "description": "Assess the condition and maintenance history of the aircraft configuration under review.", "findings": [ { "id": "defects-life-limits-and-inspections", "name": "Defects, life limits and inspections", "description": "Record relevant damage, defects, modifications, maintenance obligations and evidence of completed work.", "questions": [ { "text": "What inspections, usage records and maintenance documents establish the present condition of the structure and required flight systems?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "defects-life-limits-and-inspections-q01" }, { "text": "Which defects, overdue tasks or component life limits restrict the proposed operation?", "kind": "action", "id": "defects-life-limits-and-inspections-q02" }, { "text": "Have modifications or repairs changed the applicable configuration, limits or required supporting documents?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "defects-life-limits-and-inspections-q03" } ] } ] }, { "id": "approval-and-readiness-decision", "name": "Approval and readiness decision", "description": "Identify applicable authority and the evidence needed for an operation-specific readiness decision.", "findings": [ { "id": "authorised-operating-basis", "name": "Authorised operating basis", "description": "Link the aircraft to applicable approvals, exemptions and restrictions while keeping aircraft status distinct from pilot and operator eligibility.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which jurisdiction, authority and approval or exemption govern this aircraft for the proposed use, and what evidence establishes applicability?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "authorised-operating-basis-q01" }, { "text": "Which aircraft-specific conditions remain unmet or uncertain, and who is authorised to resolve them before operation?", "kind": "action", "id": "authorised-operating-basis-q02" }, { "text": "Which additional pilot, operator or mission permissions must be checked through neighbouring models?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "authorised-operating-basis-q03" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "evidence-and-external-alignment", "name": "Evidence and external alignment", "description": "What the world already says about this thing, gathered so the model can be checked against it.", "rationale": "A model that cannot be lined up against existing standards, identifiers and practice cannot be adopted by anyone who already uses them.", "layers": [ { "id": "reported-evidence", "name": "Reported evidence", "description": "Findings from the breadth pass, kept separate from the structural claims.", "findings": [ { "id": "evidence-confidence-notes", "name": "Check these first", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ "This is recalled knowledge; no sources or current regulatory editions were consulted.", "No typical measurement ranges are supplied because aircraft span very different sizes, speeds, payloads and flight mechanisms.", "Check category boundaries and regulatory applicability for unusual vehicles, especially ground-effect craft, powered parachutes and hybrid aircraft." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-confidence-notes-q01", "text": "Which of these check these first hold for the sense of aircraft this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-kinds", "name": "Kinds and varieties", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ "Aeroplanes (powered fixed-wing aircraft)", "Gliders", "Helicopters", "Gyroplanes", "Airships", "Balloons" ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-kinds-q01", "text": "Which of these kinds and varieties hold for the sense of aircraft this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-identifiers", "name": "Identifiers and schemes", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ { "scheme": "Aircraft nationality and registration marks", "value_or_pattern": "A nationality mark followed by a registration mark in the format assigned by the registering state", "note": "Identifies an individual registered aircraft; distinct from its flight number or radio call sign." }, { "scheme": "ICAO aircraft type designators", "value_or_pattern": "An alphanumeric type designator, generally two to four characters", "note": "Identifies an aircraft type for air traffic services; does not identify an individual aircraft." }, { "scheme": "Manufacturer serial number", "value_or_pattern": "Manufacturer-assigned serial identifier", "note": "Identifies an airframe within the manufacturer's numbering system and generally persists through registration changes." } ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-identifiers-q01", "text": "Which of these identifiers and schemes hold for the sense of aircraft this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-standards-and-regulation", "name": "Standards and regulation", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ "ICAO Annex 7 to the Chicago Convention: Aircraft Nationality and Registration Marks.", "ICAO Annex 8 to the Chicago Convention: Airworthiness of Aircraft.", "ICAO Annex 6 to the Chicago Convention: Operation of Aircraft.", "US Federal Aviation Administration, 14 CFR Part 23: airworthiness standards for normal category airplanes.", "European Union Aviation Safety Agency, CS-25: certification specifications for large aeroplanes." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-standards-and-regulation-q01", "text": "Which of these standards and regulation hold for the sense of aircraft this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-real-world-use", "name": "Real-world use", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ "Passenger and freight transport.", "Military transport, surveillance and combat.", "Emergency medical transport, search and rescue, and firefighting.", "Surveying, scientific observation and agricultural work.", "Recreation, sport and flight training." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-real-world-use-q01", "text": "Which of these real-world use hold for the sense of aircraft this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-failure-modes-and-hazards", "name": "Failure modes and hazards", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ "Loss of aerodynamic lift or control, including stalls in winged aircraft and rotor-specific flight hazards in rotorcraft.", "Propulsion failure, fuel exhaustion or loss of electrical power in aircraft dependent on those systems.", "Structural failure caused by fatigue, corrosion, damage or excessive loading.", "Icing, turbulence, wind shear and other atmospheric conditions that impair performance or control.", "Fire, collision with terrain or other objects, and loss of buoyancy in lighter-than-air aircraft." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-failure-modes-and-hazards-q01", "text": "Which of these failure modes and hazards hold for the sense of aircraft this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-regional-variation", "name": "Regional variation", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ "Registration formats and nationality marks differ by registering state.", "Airworthiness certification and operating requirements depend on jurisdiction, aircraft category and intended operation.", "Treatment of ultralight, amateur-built and unmanned aircraft varies between jurisdictions." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-regional-variation-q01", "text": "Which of these regional variation hold for the sense of aircraft this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-neighbours", "name": "Neighbouring kinds and how to tell them apart", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ { "name": "jet aircraft", "difference": "A narrower aircraft class defined by jet propulsion; aircraft also include propeller-driven, unpowered and buoyant vehicles." }, { "name": "aeroplane", "difference": "A powered fixed-wing aircraft; the broader aircraft category also includes rotorcraft, gliders and lighter-than-air vehicles." }, { "name": "spacecraft", "difference": "Designed for operation in space rather than sustained atmospheric flight; some vehicles can function as both." }, { "name": "hovercraft", "difference": "Normally supported near a surface by an air cushion rather than capable of sustained free flight." }, { "name": "unmanned aircraft", "difference": "An aircraft operated without a pilot aboard; this distinction cuts across aerodynamic configurations and propulsion types." } ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-neighbours-q01", "text": "Which of these neighbouring kinds and how to tell them apart hold for the sense of aircraft this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] } ] } ] } ] }, "openQuestions": [ "Does the existing catalogue already contain an authoritative aircraft world model, and which narrower aircraft entries should inherit from it?", "Where should this registry draw the aircraft boundary for tethered flight vehicles, parachute systems, guided missiles and vehicles that combine atmospheric and spaceflight operation?", "Which primary documents and issuing bodies establish the applicable approval, maintenance and operating requirements for each aircraft category and jurisdiction?", "Which measurements can be shared across buoyant, fixed-wing, rotary-wing and combined configurations, and which require category-specific extensions and unit conventions?", "What minimum evidence, freshness rules and decision authority should support a flight-readiness assessment for each intended use?" ], "statistics": { "bundles": 6, "layers": 11, "findings": 18, "questions": 33 } }, "draft": { "generator": "vr.draft.v3", "status": "draft-generated", "researched": false, "archetype": "device, machine or tool", "method": "Written from the archetype playbook - what this kind of thing needs beyond identity and provenance - and from the structure that recurred across 6,333 models already researched by two engines. Applied to this entry by rule. No source was read for this thing and no claim here is researched.", "facetsInferred": false, "nextPass": "A researcher replaces this draft with a sourced specification. Treat every sentence below as a proposal to argue with.", "purpose": "Give an agent a durable, checkable way to recognise a aircraft, record what state it is in, and decide what may be done with it.", "whatItIs": "a vehicle that can fly", "characteristics": { "substance": "material", "origin": "manufactured", "agency": "inert", "mobility": "self-moving", "scale": "vehicle" }, "whatYouCanDoWithIt": [ "observed and measured" ], "distinguishingFeatures": [ "Names folded into this entry, which a task may need to split apart again: airbus, airliner, airplane, aeroplane, plane, airship, dirigible, amphibian, amphibious aircraft, autogiro, autogyro, gyroplane.", "59 finer distinctions are held as aliases rather than separate entries, because telling them apart needs a task that asks for it." ], "openQuestionsForResearch": [ "Which of the bundles below does a real task actually need, and which are ceremony?", "What does this thing have that the facets do not capture at all?", "Which neighbouring kind is most often confused with a aircraft, and on what evidence are they told apart?" ], "whatItIsMadeOf": "matter you can touch", "physicalCharacter": [ "On the scale of a vehicle: moved, not carried.", "Moves under its own power or of its own accord.", "Does nothing on its own; everything it does, something else did to it." ], "whatCanBeDoneWithIt": [ "observe it, measure it, record its state" ], "howItIsRecognised": [ "Recognised by form, by the arrangement of its controls, and by markings - a plate, a model number, a certification mark. Form alone rarely separates two models that do very different things." ], "relatedModels": [ { "relation": "covers", "note": "Finer kinds folded into this entry because telling them apart needs a task that asks for it. Each is a model waiting to be split out when one does.", "targets": [ "airbus", "airliner", "airplane", "aeroplane", "plane", "airship", "dirigible", "amphibian", "amphibious aircraft", "autogiro", "autogyro", "gyroplane" ] } ], "standing": "59 finer distinctions are held inside this entry as names rather than as separate models.", "structure": { "bundles": [ { "id": "identity-and-classification", "name": "Identity, naming and classification", "description": "How an agent tells one aircraft from another, and a aircraft from things that resemble it.", "rationale": "Recognition comes before every other claim. Without stable identity nothing else in the model can be trusted to be about the same thing twice.", "layers": [ { "id": "naming-and-identifiers", "name": "Names and identifiers", "description": "The names this thing goes by and the identifiers that survive translation and time.", "findings": [ { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases", "name": "Preferred name, aliases and local names", "description": "Which name to use, which names mean the same thing, and which merely sound similar.", "questions": [ { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the name of a aircraft, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the name of a aircraft, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the name of a aircraft is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers", "name": "Stable identifiers and external keys", "description": "Identifiers that keep pointing at this kind of thing across systems and languages.", "questions": [ { "id": "stable-identifiers-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes an identifier for a aircraft, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about an identifier for a aircraft, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once an identifier for a aircraft is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "classification-and-granularity", "name": "Classification and granularity", "description": "Where a aircraft sits among kinds, and how finely a task needs to cut it.", "findings": [ { "id": "kind-and-parents", "name": "Kind, parents and neighbouring kinds", "description": "The classes this thing belongs to and the ones it is next to.", "questions": [ { "id": "kind-and-parents-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the kind of a aircraft, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "kind-and-parents-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the kind of a aircraft, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "kind-and-parents-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the kind of a aircraft is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features", "name": "Distinguishing features", "description": "What separates a aircraft from the things most often confused with it.", "questions": [ { "id": "distinguishing-features-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes what distinguishes a aircraft, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about what distinguishes a aircraft, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once what distinguishes a aircraft is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "form-and-composition", "name": "Form, composition and condition", "description": "What a aircraft is made of, what shape and size it takes, and what state it is in.", "rationale": "A physical thing can be measured, and a model that cannot record its measurements cannot support any decision that depends on them.", "layers": [ { "id": "form-and-dimensions", "name": "Form and dimensions", "description": "Shape, size, mass and the ranges these take across examples at vehicle scale.", "findings": [ { "id": "measurable-dimensions", "name": "Measurable dimensions and their units", "description": "The quantities worth recording and the units they are recorded in.", "questions": [ { "id": "measurable-dimensions-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the dimensions of a aircraft, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "measurable-dimensions-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the dimensions of a aircraft, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "measurable-dimensions-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the dimensions of a aircraft is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "material-and-composition", "name": "Material and composition", "description": "Materials, parts and how they are put together.", "findings": [ { "id": "parts-and-materials", "name": "Parts and materials", "description": "What a aircraft is built from and which parts are replaceable.", "questions": [ { "id": "parts-and-materials-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the composition of a aircraft, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "parts-and-materials-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the composition of a aircraft, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "parts-and-materials-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the composition of a aircraft is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "condition-and-integrity", "name": "Condition and integrity", "description": "Wear, damage, health and the difference between working and broken.", "findings": [ { "id": "condition-assessment", "name": "Condition, damage and health", "description": "How the condition of a aircraft is judged and by whom.", "questions": [ { "id": "condition-assessment-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the condition of a aircraft, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "condition-assessment-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the condition of a aircraft, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "condition-assessment-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the condition of a aircraft is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "place-and-movement", "name": "Place and movement", "description": "Where a aircraft is, how it got there and where it may go (self-moving).", "rationale": "A thing that can move needs its position recorded with a time, or every later claim about it is about a place it has left.", "layers": [ { "id": "location-and-placement", "name": "Location and placement", "description": "Position, containment and the reference frame the position is given in.", "findings": [ { "id": "position-and-frame", "name": "Position, container and reference frame", "description": "Where a aircraft is, and what that position is measured against.", "questions": [ { "id": "position-and-frame-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the location of a aircraft, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "position-and-frame-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the location of a aircraft, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "position-and-frame-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the location of a aircraft is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "movement-and-transfer", "name": "Movement and transfer", "description": "How a aircraft moves on its own.", "findings": [ { "id": "movement-events", "name": "Movement events and constraints", "description": "What counts as a movement, what records it and what limits it.", "questions": [ { "id": "movement-events-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the movement of a aircraft, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "movement-events-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the movement of a aircraft, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "movement-events-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the movement of a aircraft is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "state-and-lifecycle", "name": "State and lifecycle", "description": "The states a aircraft passes through and the events that move it between them.", "rationale": "Most decisions about a thing depend on what state it is in now, which is a claim with a time on it, not a property.", "layers": [ { "id": "lifecycle-stages", "name": "Lifecycle stages", "description": "From coming into existence to ceasing to be one of these.", "findings": [ { "id": "stages-and-transitions", "name": "Stages and transitions", "description": "The stages worth naming and what moves a aircraft between them.", "questions": [ { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the lifecycle of a aircraft, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the lifecycle of a aircraft, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the lifecycle of a aircraft is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "observations-and-status", "name": "Observations and current status", "description": "What is observed about a aircraft, how often and by whom.", "findings": [ { "id": "observation-record", "name": "Observation record", "description": "How an observation of a aircraft is recorded so that it can be superseded rather than overwritten.", "questions": [ { "id": "observation-record-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes an observation of a aircraft, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "observation-record-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about an observation of a aircraft, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "observation-record-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once an observation of a aircraft is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "safety-and-constraints", "name": "Safety, rules and constraints", "description": "How a aircraft can hurt someone, and what the rules say about it.", "rationale": "A model of a thing that can cause harm has to carry the harm and the rule, or the agent will infer neither.", "layers": [ { "id": "hazards-and-mitigations", "name": "Hazards and mitigations", "description": "What goes wrong, to whom, and what prevents it.", "findings": [ { "id": "hazard-profile", "name": "Hazard profile and mitigations", "description": "The ways a aircraft causes harm and the measures that reduce it.", "questions": [ { "id": "hazard-profile-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the hazards of a aircraft, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "hazard-profile-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the hazards of a aircraft, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "hazard-profile-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the hazards of a aircraft is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "rules-and-permissions", "name": "Rules, permits and jurisdiction", "description": "Who is allowed to do what with a aircraft, and where.", "findings": [ { "id": "applicable-rules", "name": "Applicable rules and permissions", "description": "The rules that bind an agent acting on a aircraft, with the jurisdiction they hold in.", "questions": [ { "id": "applicable-rules-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the rules covering a aircraft, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "applicable-rules-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the rules covering a aircraft, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "applicable-rules-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the rules covering a aircraft is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "function-and-principle", "name": "Function and operating principle", "description": "What aircraft is for and how it achieves it.", "rationale": "Two devices with the same name can work on different principles, and the principle is what predicts failure and constrains use.", "layers": [ { "id": "intended-function", "name": "Intended function", "description": "The job it does, and the jobs it is used for anyway.", "findings": [ { "id": "function-record", "name": "Function, principle and variants", "description": "What it does, how, and which variants do it differently.", "questions": [ { "id": "function-record-q01", "text": "What function does aircraft perform, on what operating principle, and which variants differ in that principle?", "kind": "definition" }, { "id": "function-record-q02", "text": "What use falls outside the intended function but happens in practice?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] }, { "id": "capacity-and-rating", "name": "Capacity and rating", "description": "The numbers that say what it can do and where it stops.", "findings": [ { "id": "ratings", "name": "Ratings and their conditions", "description": "Rated capacity, power, throughput and the conditions each assumes.", "questions": [ { "id": "ratings-q01", "text": "What ratings characterise aircraft, in what units, and under what stated conditions?", "kind": "measurement" }, { "id": "ratings-q02", "text": "What happens beyond the rating - degradation, refusal, damage - and how is that detected?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "operation-and-state", "name": "Operation, controls and state", "description": "How aircraft is operated and what state it is in right now.", "rationale": "An agent acting on a device needs its current state and the controls that change it, not just its specification.", "layers": [ { "id": "controls-and-modes", "name": "Controls and modes", "description": "What can be set, what that changes, and what is interlocked.", "findings": [ { "id": "control-surface", "name": "Control surface and interlocks", "description": "The settings available and the conditions that block them.", "questions": [ { "id": "control-surface-q01", "text": "What controls and modes does aircraft have, and what does each change?", "kind": "definition" }, { "id": "control-surface-q02", "text": "Which actions are interlocked or forbidden in which state, and what must be true before acting?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] }, { "id": "condition-and-maintenance", "name": "Condition and maintenance", "description": "Wear, service intervals, consumables and the line between working and broken.", "findings": [ { "id": "service-record", "name": "Condition, service and consumables", "description": "What is consumed, what is serviced, and how condition is judged.", "questions": [ { "id": "service-record-q01", "text": "What consumables and service does aircraft need, at what interval, and on whose authority?", "kind": "measurement" }, { "id": "service-record-q02", "text": "What evidence separates a unit that is working from one that is out of service?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "kind-model-unit", "name": "Kind, model and unit", "description": "Whether a claim about aircraft is about the kind, a product line, or one physical unit.", "rationale": "This is the boundary most often got wrong for made things, and getting it wrong mixes a catalogue entry with the machine in the yard.", "layers": [ { "id": "level-of-reference", "name": "Level of reference", "description": "The three levels and what belongs at each.", "findings": [ { "id": "level-rules", "name": "What belongs to kind, model and unit", "description": "Which properties are shared by all of them and which are not.", "questions": [ { "id": "level-rules-q01", "text": "Which facts about aircraft hold for every one of them, which for a model, and which only for one unit?", "kind": "boundary" }, { "id": "level-rules-q02", "text": "What identifies an individual unit, and what should an agent do when it has only the kind?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] }, { "id": "standards-and-conformity", "name": "Standards and conformity", "description": "The standards a working example must meet and who attests it.", "findings": [ { "id": "conformity", "name": "Standards, marks and attestation", "description": "Which standard applies, who certifies, and what the mark means.", "questions": [ { "id": "conformity-q01", "text": "Which standards govern aircraft, issued by whom, and what does conformity actually assert?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "id": "conformity-q02", "text": "What may an agent conclude from a certification mark, and what may it not?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "provenance-and-evidence", "name": "Provenance, evidence and time", "description": "Where every claim about a aircraft came from and when it held.", "rationale": "A claim without a source and a time cannot be superseded, only overwritten, and an agent that overwrites loses the ability to explain itself.", "layers": [ { "id": "source-and-authority", "name": "Source and authority", "description": "Who said it, on what evidence, and how strongly.", "findings": [ { "id": "claim-provenance", "name": "Claim provenance and confidence", "description": "The authority behind each claim about a aircraft and how confident it is.", "questions": [ { "id": "claim-provenance-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes a claim about a aircraft, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "claim-provenance-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about a claim about a aircraft, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "claim-provenance-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once a claim about a aircraft is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "time-and-versions", "name": "Time, versions and supersession", "description": "When a claim was true, when it was learnt, and what replaced it.", "findings": [ { "id": "validity-and-supersession", "name": "Validity period and supersession", "description": "How an old claim about a aircraft is retired without being erased.", "questions": [ { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the validity of a claim about a aircraft, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the validity of a claim about a aircraft, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the validity of a claim about a aircraft is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] } ] }, "statistics": { "bundles": 9, "layers": 19, "findings": 21, "questions": 57 } } } }