delusion
Enable an agent to record and assess a possible delusion as a belief phenomenon, preserve uncertainty about its interpretation, and identify appropriate responses without treating disagreement as diagnosis.
Bundle → Layer → Finding → Questions Filled
6 bundles · 11 layers · 18 findings · 28 questions
Belief content and boundaries Establishes what is believed and what kind of mental or communicative phenomenon is being reported.
Endorsed proposition
Separates the person's account from summaries and inferred meanings.
Literal belief endorsement
Record the proposition, its referents, and whether the person endorses it literally, tentatively, or figuratively.
- What does the person say is happening, in their own words? definition
- Do they mean this as a fact, a possibility, a metaphor, or an imagined scenario? boundary
Neighbouring phenomena
Examines alternatives that can resemble delusional belief in a brief account.
Belief, thought, and perception distinction
Record whether the account concerns an endorsed explanation, an unwanted thought, a perception, or a combination, without forcing mutually exclusive categories.
- Is the person endorsing an explanation or describing an unwanted thought they fear might be true? boundary
- If an unusual perception is reported, what belief about its cause or meaning is separately endorsed? definition
Conviction and evidence Examines certainty, evidential support, and the belief's response to alternatives.
Certainty and revision
Records conviction separately from openness to reconsideration.
Conditions for reconsideration
Record current certainty, acknowledged doubt, and any circumstances the person says could change their view.
- How certain is the person, and does certainty change across situations or times? measurement
- What observation, if any, would lead them to reconsider the belief? boundary
Evidence and response
Separates verified observations, interpretations, and disputed claims.
Counterevidence quality
Record what allegedly contradicts the belief, whether it was accessible and understandable to the person, and how they responded.
- Which supporting and contradicting observations have been independently checked, and by whom? provenance
- How did the person interpret the apparent counterevidence, and did any part of the belief change? measurement
Context and interpretation Places the belief within cultural meaning, lived circumstances, and competing conceptual frameworks.
Cultural and situational context
Examines relevant communities, language, and circumstances that affect interpretation.
Contextual fit
Record contextual interpretations and their sources, including uncertainty about actual threats or events.
- How do relevant cultural or religious reference communities understand this belief and its personal application? boundary
- What language differences, lived circumstances, or unresolved events could change the assessor's interpretation? provenance
Definitional frameworks
Makes explicit which account of delusion is being applied and where interpretations diverge.
Attributed classification
Record who proposes the label, the definition or assessment framework used, supporting observations, and competing explanations.
- Who characterizes this belief as delusional, under which definition, and on what observations? provenance
- Would a framework emphasizing falsity, conviction, evidence responsiveness, or lived experience interpret this case differently? boundary
Emergence and course Records how the belief developed and how its endorsement changes.
Onset and associated experiences
Reconstructs the reported sequence without converting association into causation.
Belief emergence sequence
Record first endorsement and preceding or accompanying experiences, including uncertainty in retrospective accounts.
- When was the belief first endorsed, and what account supports that timing? provenance
- What changes in perception, mood, sleep, health, or substance exposure were reported around that time? measurement
Persistence and fluctuation
Tracks changes in the belief's content, certainty, and prominence.
Longitudinal belief profile
Distinguish changes in endorsement from reduced discussion, concealment, or reduced preoccupation.
- Across assessments, how have content, conviction, and time spent thinking about the belief changed? measurement
- If the person mentions it less, what establishes whether endorsement changed or discussion simply decreased? boundary
Consequences and response Connects the belief to experienced effects and proportionate support.
Distress and belief-linked actions
Assesses consequences without assuming that delusional belief entails dangerousness or incapacity.
Attributed functional and safety effects
Record distress, disruption, and specific actions or intentions, with evidence for their relationship to the belief.
- What distress or disruption does the person associate with the belief, and what effects are independently observed? measurement
- Are there specific actions or intentions involving harm, confrontation, or inability to meet basic needs that require a timely response? action
Supportive engagement and assessment
Defines useful agent responses within the limits of the available evidence.
Response without unverified endorsement
Identify ways to acknowledge feelings, address practical needs, and facilitate assessment without affirming an unverified explanation.
- What distress or practical need can be addressed without requiring agreement about the belief's explanation? action
- What uncertainties and attributed observations should accompany a referral or handover for professional assessment? action
Evidence and external alignment What the world already says about this thing, gathered so the model can be checked against it.
Reported evidence
Findings from the breadth pass, kept separate from the structural claims.
Check these first
Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.
- Which of these check these first hold for the sense of delusion this model covers, and on what evidence? provenance
Kinds and varieties
Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.
- Which of these kinds and varieties hold for the sense of delusion this model covers, and on what evidence? provenance
Standards and regulation
Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.
- Which of these standards and regulation hold for the sense of delusion this model covers, and on what evidence? provenance
Real-world use
Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.
- Which of these real-world use hold for the sense of delusion this model covers, and on what evidence? provenance
Typical measurements
Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.
- Which of these typical measurements hold for the sense of delusion this model covers, and on what evidence? provenance
Failure modes and hazards
Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.
- Which of these failure modes and hazards hold for the sense of delusion this model covers, and on what evidence? provenance
Regional variation
Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.
- Which of these regional variation hold for the sense of delusion this model covers, and on what evidence? provenance
Neighbouring kinds and how to tell them apart
Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.
- Which of these neighbouring kinds and how to tell them apart hold for the sense of delusion this model covers, and on what evidence? provenance
Classifiers Filled
- Family
- Thing Registry
- Category
- Cross-cutting context
- Entry kind
- noun.state
- Plane
- XCT
- Domain
- XCT.STA
- Facets: substance
- abstract
- Facets: origin
- conceptual
- Facets: agency
- inert
- Facets: mobility
- not-applicable
- Facets: scale
- not-applicable
- Facets: affordances
- observable
- Other names and narrower kinds
- psychotic belief, delusions of grandeur, delusions of persecution, hallucination, auditory hallucination, acousma, chromatism, pink elephants, pseudohallucination, visual hallucination, zoopsia, nihilistic delusion
What it is Filled
A delusion is a belief held with marked conviction despite compelling counterevidence, assessed in cultural and clinical context, although falsity, fixity, and the boundary with other strongly held beliefs remain contested.
In scope
- The belief as reported by its holder, distinguished from other people's interpretations
- Conviction, preoccupation, revisability, and responses to apparent counterevidence
- Cultural, religious, linguistic, and situational context relevant to interpretation
- Experiences and reasoning associated with the belief's emergence and persistence
- Distress, functional effects, and actions specifically associated with the belief
- Competing definitions and uncertainty about whether the belief qualifies as delusional
Out of scope
- Diagnosis and management of delusional disorder or other psychiatric conditions
- Hallucinations and other perceptual experiences considered independently of beliefs
- Obsessive thoughts, ordinary errors, misinformation, and ideological commitments as independent phenomena
- Neurological, medical, medication-related, or substance-related conditions underlying a presentation
- Determinations of legal capacity, responsibility, or involuntary treatment
- Independent investigation of alleged events such as surveillance, harassment, or persecution
Why it exists Filled
Enable an agent to record and assess a possible delusion as a belief phenomenon, preserve uncertainty about its interpretation, and identify appropriate responses without treating disagreement as diagnosis.
Distinguishing features Filled
- Establish that the person endorses a proposition as describing reality, rather than expressing a metaphor, fantasy, intrusive possibility, or deliberate fabrication.
- Assess conviction and responses to understandable, relevant counterevidence; persistence after disagreement alone does not distinguish a delusion from an ordinary error.
- Examine the person's cultural and religious reference context; unfamiliarity to the assessor is not sufficient grounds for a delusional interpretation.
- Distinguish an endorsed belief from an unwanted intrusive thought by examining ownership, doubt, resistance, and the person's relationship to the thought, while allowing ambiguous cases.
- Keep truth status separate from the proposed clinical classification: an unusual or implausible claim is not automatically delusional, and unresolved facts require explicit uncertainty.
What robots and AI may and may not do Filled
Must not
- Label a person or their beliefs as delusional.
- Reinforce or play along with beliefs that a person reports are causing them distress.
- Use the term to dismiss religious, political or cultural beliefs.
- Disclose a person's mental health information without consent.
Only with a human decision
- Responding when a person's beliefs suggest a risk to their safety or others'.
- Any treatment decision.
May
- Give general information on delusions from clinical sources, noting the debated boundaries.
- Encourage a person or their family to seek qualified mental health care.
Moral aspects Filled
- Calling a belief delusional can silence people and has been used against dissidents.
- People with psychosis need respect and care, not ridicule.
Who is affected
- People with psychosis
- Their families
- People whose beliefs are dismissed
Owners Filled
Steward
Nobody owns the concept; clinicians answer for its assessment in each patient.
Links to other meta-models Filled
parent
- oewn-14396987-n - registry parent class
What else AI and robots need to interact with it Filled
Identity and identifiers required Filled
- Vercy registry: vr.tr.delusion
- Open English WordNet: oewn-14400260-n
Direct properties not applicable Not applicable
- Reported belief content: Verbatim account plus attributed paraphrase; theme recorded separately
- Conviction: Self-reported certainty, optionally 0-100%, with question wording and assessment time
- Revisability: Alternatives entertained; partially revisable; no revision observed; not assessed
- Evidence relationship: Belief linked to reported supporting evidence, apparent counterevidence, verification status, and the holder's response
- Cultural contextualization: Context not assessed; contextual support identified; contextual mismatch reported; interpretation disputed
- Preoccupation: Reported time occupied per day or proportion of waking time, with recall interval
- Associated distress: Person-reported intensity, optionally 0-10, with named emotion and time window
- Functional consequences: Belief linked to reported or observed effects on sleep, relationships, work, self-care, or everyday decisions
- Temporal course: Onset uncertain; newly reported; persistent; fluctuating; no longer endorsed; recurrent
- Interpretive status: Unassessed belief; possible delusion; clinician-characterized delusion; disputed interpretation; insufficient information
Plane XCT: no invented physical properties.
Recognition not applicable Not applicable
Not applicable
A delusion is a belief phenomenon that cannot be established from visible appearance or behavior alone.
Capabilities and actions required Filled
- Elicit and summarize the belief neutrally while separating endorsement from intrusive thought, metaphor, and speculation.
- Map reported evidence and responses to alternatives without confirming an unverified explanation.
- Compare competing interpretations and identify missing cultural, linguistic, or factual context.
- Track changes in conviction, preoccupation, distress, and functioning using consistent questions.
- Support discussion of feelings and practical needs without requiring agreement about the belief's truth.
- Prepare an attributed summary for professional assessment and identify concrete safety concerns when present.
Hazards and failure modes required Filled
- Mislabeling a culturally shared or reasonably supported belief as delusional can cause stigma and inappropriate intervention.
- Distressing beliefs may contribute to fear, isolation, conflict or disruption of daily activities.
- Responses that ridicule the person or reinforce an unverified threatening belief can increase distress and undermine trust.
- Assuming that a possible delusion establishes dangerousness or incapacity can lead to unjustified restrictions.
Standards and interfaces required Filled
- The International Classification of Diseases, Eleventh Revision, issued by the World Health Organization, includes diagnostic categories involving delusions.
Context of use required Filled
- The concept is used in mental health assessment, research and supportive conversations to describe a possible disturbance in belief.
- Assessment considers the person's cultural context, available evidence, degree of conviction and effects on daily life.
- The term should preserve uncertainty when information is incomplete and should not turn ordinary disagreement into a diagnosis.
Sources Filled
- Open English WordNet 2024, synset oewn-14400260-n - sense and gloss of the concept
- Wiktionary: delusion - word senses and usage
Open questions
- How should the registry's falsity-based definition accommodate frameworks that emphasize the manner of belief formation or maintenance when truth status is unresolved?
- Which operational measures of conviction, revisability, and preoccupation are suitable across languages and settings, and what limits do they have?
- How should cultural contextualization be assessed when reference communities disagree or a shared belief has an unusual personal application?
- Where should boundaries with overvalued ideas and obsessive beliefs be drawn when conviction and insight fluctuate?
- What evidence is sufficient to distinguish reduced endorsement from concealment, reduced preoccupation, or a change in willingness to disclose?
Machine files
Provenance
thing registry research (pass 2) · unreviewed
Built from: models/things/publications/thing-delusion/spec.json