{ "model": { "rank": 5310, "code": "thing-leaf", "model_id": "vr.tr.leaf", "name": "leaf", "purpose": "the main organ of photosynthesis and transpiration in higher plants", "family": "Thing Registry", "category": "Physical world and living systems", "status": "research-draft", "kind": "thing", "plane": "PHY", "domain": "PHY.LIV", "industry": "", "version": "", "url": "/models/thing/leaf/", "tier": 2, "score": 68, "payload": { "layer": "wordnet", "aliases": [ "cataphyll", "cotyledon", "seed leaf", "megasporophyll", "microsporophyll", "petal", "flower petal", "sepal", "floral leaf", "dandelion green", "pitcher", "sporophyll", "sporophyl", "blade", "leaf blade", "leafage", "foliage", "amplexicaul leaf", "greenery", "verdure", "leaflet", "pinna", "pinnule", "frond", "pad", "lily pad", "betel leaf", "betel", "fig leaf", "simple leaf", "compound leaf", "trifoliolate leaf", "quinquefoliate leaf", "palmate leaf", "pinnate leaf", "bijugate leaf", "bijugous leaf", "twice-pinnate", "decompound leaf", "acerate leaf" ], "aliasCount": 84, "merged": 68, "knownIn": 0, "facets": { "substance": "living", "origin": "natural", "agency": "inert", "mobility": "not-applicable", "scale": "not-applicable", "affordances": [ "observable" ] }, "markers": [ "natural-object" ], "lexicalClass": "noun.plant", "senseRank": 0, "alsoRegisteredAs": null, "source": { "dataset": "oewn:2024", "synset": "oewn-13173519-n", "ili": "i105766", "license": "CC BY 4.0" } }, "research": { "vercy": "1.0-draft", "publication": { "status": "research-draft", "adjudicationStatus": "unreviewed", "publishableCanonical": false, "generatedAt": "2026-09-09T22:06:29Z", "providers": [ "Codex" ], "breadth": "recalled by Codex without web access - no source was read", "missingProviders": [], "pass": 2, "cost": { "grok": { "seconds": 27.7, "error": "Reading additional input from stdin...\nOpenAI Codex v0.153.4\n--------\nworkdir: R:\\02_PROJECTS\\02_Meta_Models_Platforms\\Ver.cy\\current\\thing-registry-backlog\nmodel: gpt-6-astra\nprovider: openai\napproval: never\nsandbox: read-only\nreasoning effort: none\nreasoning summaries: none\nsession id: 01a08834-56df-7e82-bb43-27cd5ddc82e8\n--------\nuser\nDescribe what is already known about one registered thing. Answer as JSON only, no prose around it.\n\nThing: leaf\nSense to describe: the main organ of photosynthesis and transpiration in higher plants\nDomain code: PHY.LIV\nAlso known as: (none)\n\n\nContext for thi", "usd": 0, "recall": true }, "codex": { "seconds": 63, "error": "Reading additional input from stdin...\nOpenAI Codex v0.153.4\n--------\nworkdir: R:\\02_PROJECTS\\02_Meta_Models_Platforms\\Ver.cy\\current\\thing-registry-backlog\nmodel: gpt-6-astra\nprovider: openai\napproval: never\nsandbox: read-only\nreasoning effort: none\nreasoning summaries: none\nsession id: 01a08834-56d2-7883-9543-53f6bf8ce3b3\n--------\nuser\nYou are drafting a Vercy meta-model for one registered thing. Answer as JSON only, no prose around it.\n\nThing: leaf\nRegistry id: vr.tr.leaf\nPlane / domain: PHY / PHY.LIV\nRegistry definition: the main organ of photosynthesis and transpiration in higher plants\nN" } } }, "metaModel": { "id": "THING-LEAF", "registryId": "vr.tr.leaf", "name": "leaf", "version": "0.1.0-research.1", "entryKind": "thing", "family": "Thing Registry", "domain": [ "PHY.LIV" ], "status": "research-draft" }, "canonicalUrl": "https://ver.cy/models/thing/leaf/", "model": { "registry_id": "vr.tr.leaf", "name": "leaf", "purpose": "Enable an agent to recognise a plant leaf, assess its development and functional condition, and choose justified observation, care or sampling actions.", "definition": "A leaf is a lateral organ of a vascular-plant shoot, usually determinate in growth and flattened, whose principal functions commonly include photosynthesis, gas exchange and transpiration.", "scope_statement": "This model owns the leaf as a plant organ, including its constituent tissues, attachment, development, photosynthetic and transpiration functions, and condition; it distinguishes whole leaves from leaflets and records dependence on the parent plant.", "in_scope": [ "Whole-leaf identity, attachment and distinction from leaflets or leaf-like organs", "Leaf form, dimensions, surface features and internal tissue organisation", "Development from emergence through expansion, maturity, senescence and detachment", "Photosynthesis, gas exchange, transpiration and water status at leaf scale", "Leaf damage, functional impairment and justified care or sampling" ], "out_of_scope": [ "Plant species taxonomy, geographic range and conservation assessment", "Whole-plant architecture, growth and reproductive performance", "Root, stem, flower and fruit anatomy except where needed to establish leaf boundaries", "Canopy or ecosystem productivity beyond explicitly linked leaf measurements", "Independent identification and life cycles of pathogens or herbivores", "Processed leaf products such as tea, tobacco or extracted compounds" ], "distinguishing_features": [ "Use attachment, developmental context and organ position to establish leaf identity; green colour and photosynthesis alone do not distinguish a leaf from a green stem.", "Distinguish a leaflet from a whole compound leaf by tracing its attachment to the shared leaf axis and examining the whole leaf's junction with the stem.", "For many seed plants, an associated axillary bud supports identification of a whole leaf, but its absence or invisibility is not sufficient to reject that identification.", "Treat needles, scales and other modified forms as possible leaves even when a broad blade or petiole is absent; record the evidence for organ identity.", "Distinguish an attached leaf, a detached whole leaf and a leaf fragment because their boundaries and meaningful physiological assessments differ." ], "characteristics": [ { "name": "Parent plant and attachment position", "kind": "relation", "unit_or_values": "Parent plant identifier; shoot or branch identifier; node, rank or documented position", "why_it_matters": "Connects leaf identity and exposure to the organism that supplies water and nutrients." }, { "name": "Organ identity", "kind": "category", "unit_or_values": "Whole simple leaf; whole compound leaf; leaflet; modified leaf; unresolved leaf-like organ", "why_it_matters": "Prevents measurements of a leaflet or another organ from being represented as whole-leaf observations." }, { "name": "Attachment state", "kind": "state", "unit_or_values": "Attached; partially detached; detached; fragment; unknown", "why_it_matters": "Changes how water status, viability and handling effects should be interpreted." }, { "name": "Developmental stage", "kind": "state", "unit_or_values": "Emerging; expanding; mature; senescing; dead; unresolved", "why_it_matters": "Separates expected developmental changes from possible injury." }, { "name": "Leaf area", "kind": "measurement", "unit_or_values": "cm², specifying projected or surface area, whole leaf or leaflet, and measurement method", "why_it_matters": "Supports comparison of growth, damage and area-normalised physiological measurements." }, { "name": "Blade dimensions and thickness", "kind": "measurement", "unit_or_values": "Length and width in mm; thickness in µm or mm; anatomical landmarks and sampling locations recorded", "why_it_matters": "Describes form and supports interpretation of structural differences without assuming all leaves are flat." }, { "name": "Net carbon dioxide assimilation", "kind": "measurement", "unit_or_values": "µmol CO₂ m⁻² s⁻¹, with area basis, light, temperature, CO₂ concentration and measurement conditions", "why_it_matters": "Assesses measured photosynthetic performance under stated conditions." }, { "name": "Transpiration rate", "kind": "measurement", "unit_or_values": "mmol H₂O m⁻² s⁻¹, with area basis and environmental conditions", "why_it_matters": "Quantifies leaf water loss without treating it as a fixed property." }, { "name": "Leaf water potential", "kind": "measurement", "unit_or_values": "MPa, with method, sampling time and handling history", "why_it_matters": "Supports assessment of water status alongside plant context and visible symptoms." }, { "name": "Damage extent and pattern", "kind": "measurement", "unit_or_values": "Percentage of assessed area affected, with symptom category, spatial pattern and reference area", "why_it_matters": "Tracks injury while keeping observed symptoms separate from inferred causes." } ], "affordances": [ "Identify and tag a whole leaf or leaflet while preserving its parent-plant and attachment context.", "Photograph and measure leaf shape, area, surface features and changes through time.", "Measure leaf gas exchange and water status using methods appropriate to its form and attachment state.", "Inspect and map discoloration, tissue loss, lesions or deformation without prematurely assigning a cause.", "Compare observations with leaves of comparable age, position and exposure to guide further investigation.", "Select nondestructive observation, tissue sampling or removal when the purpose and consequences for the parent plant are established." ] }, "sources": [], "structure": { "bundles": [ { "id": "leaf-identity-and-boundaries", "name": "Leaf identity and boundaries", "description": "Establishes which plant organ is being represented and what counts as one leaf.", "rationale": "Leaflets, modified leaves and photosynthetic stems can otherwise produce incorrect identities and measurement boundaries.", "layers": [ { "id": "organ-recognition", "name": "Organ recognition", "description": "Records evidence that the observed structure is a leaf.", "findings": [ { "id": "leaf-identity-evidence", "name": "Leaf identity evidence", "description": "Document attachment, position and developmental evidence rather than relying on colour or blade-like appearance.", "questions": [ { "text": "What attachment or developmental evidence supports identifying this structure as a leaf?", "kind": "definition", "id": "leaf-identity-evidence-q01" }, { "text": "Could the structure be a leaflet, flattened stem or another leaf-like organ, and what observation would distinguish it?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "leaf-identity-evidence-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "whole-leaf-delimitation", "name": "Whole-leaf delimitation", "description": "Defines the included parts and connects the leaf to its parent plant.", "findings": [ { "id": "leaf-unit-and-parent", "name": "Leaf unit and parent", "description": "Specify whether the unit includes a blade, petiole, sheath, rachis or multiple leaflets, where applicable.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which visible parts belong to this whole leaf, and where is its boundary with the stem?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "leaf-unit-and-parent-q01" }, { "text": "Which parent plant and shoot position produced this leaf, and how was that association recorded?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "leaf-unit-and-parent-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "leaf-form-and-tissues", "name": "Leaf form and tissues", "description": "Describes external form and the tissues relevant to light capture, exchange and transport.", "rationale": "Leaf geometry and tissue organisation determine how measurements should be made and interpreted.", "layers": [ { "id": "blade-geometry", "name": "Blade geometry", "description": "Records shape, division, dimensions and orientation without requiring a broad, flat blade.", "findings": [ { "id": "form-and-area-basis", "name": "Form and area basis", "description": "Make the measured unit and area convention explicit for simple, compound, rolled or needle-like leaves.", "questions": [ { "text": "What are the leaf's division pattern, outline, margin and orientation, including any form that makes a flat-blade description unsuitable?", "kind": "definition", "id": "form-and-area-basis-q01" }, { "text": "How were length, width and area measured, and does the area represent projection, one surface or total surface?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "form-and-area-basis-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "surfaces-and-internal-pathways", "name": "Surfaces and internal pathways", "description": "Records epidermal features, stomata, photosynthetic tissues and vascular organisation where observed.", "findings": [ { "id": "exchange-and-transport-anatomy", "name": "Exchange and transport anatomy", "description": "Distinguish directly observed tissue features from anatomy inferred from the plant's identity.", "questions": [ { "text": "What observations establish the distribution of stomata, surface coverings and veins on this leaf?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "exchange-and-transport-anatomy-q01" }, { "text": "Which internal tissue features were examined, at what locations and with which preparation method?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "exchange-and-transport-anatomy-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "leaf-development-and-persistence", "name": "Leaf development and persistence", "description": "Tracks emergence, expansion, functional maturity, senescence and loss.", "rationale": "Leaf age and developmental stage affect form, function and the interpretation of apparent decline.", "layers": [ { "id": "emergence-and-expansion", "name": "Emergence and expansion", "description": "Establishes developmental stage and distinguishes observed age from estimated age.", "findings": [ { "id": "developmental-reference", "name": "Developmental reference", "description": "Anchor growth observations to emergence dates or explicit stage criteria.", "questions": [ { "text": "Was leaf emergence observed, or is age inferred from shoot position or appearance?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "developmental-reference-q01" }, { "text": "What repeated measurements or visible criteria establish whether this leaf is still expanding?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "developmental-reference-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "senescence-and-detachment", "name": "Senescence and detachment", "description": "Tracks late-life changes and the circumstances of separation from the plant.", "findings": [ { "id": "decline-and-loss-history", "name": "Decline and loss history", "description": "Record colour change, functional decline and detachment while leaving their causes open when evidence is insufficient.", "questions": [ { "text": "What temporal and comparative evidence distinguishes developmental senescence from premature injury?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "decline-and-loss-history-q01" }, { "text": "If detached, when and how did separation occur, and what handling followed?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "decline-and-loss-history-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "leaf-carbon-and-water-function", "name": "Leaf carbon and water function", "description": "Assesses photosynthetic performance, gas exchange and hydration under documented conditions.", "rationale": "The registry's defining functions require leaf-scale evidence that accounts for environmental and measurement conditions.", "layers": [ { "id": "light-capture-and-carbon-exchange", "name": "Light capture and carbon exchange", "description": "Connects carbon assimilation measurements to illumination, leaf state and measurement limits.", "findings": [ { "id": "photosynthetic-performance", "name": "Photosynthetic performance", "description": "Separate direct carbon-exchange measurements from indicators such as colour or chlorophyll fluorescence.", "questions": [ { "text": "Was photosynthetic performance measured directly or inferred from an indicator, and what does that method establish?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "photosynthetic-performance-q01" }, { "text": "What light, CO₂ concentration, leaf temperature and enclosed leaf area applied during measurement?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "photosynthetic-performance-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "transpiration-and-hydration", "name": "Transpiration and hydration", "description": "Records water loss and water status alongside conditions that influence them.", "findings": [ { "id": "water-exchange-state", "name": "Water exchange state", "description": "Interpret transpiration, stomatal behaviour and hydration together with leaf exposure and parent-plant water supply.", "questions": [ { "text": "What transpiration or stomatal-conductance measurements are available, with what humidity, temperature and airflow conditions?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "water-exchange-state-q01" }, { "text": "What water-status evidence and parent-plant context support interpreting wilting, rolling or reduced gas exchange?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "water-exchange-state-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "leaf-injury-and-intervention", "name": "Leaf injury and intervention", "description": "Documents symptoms, evaluates possible causes and governs observation, sampling or removal.", "rationale": "Similar leaf symptoms can have different causes, and destructive inspection changes both the leaf and its parent plant.", "layers": [ { "id": "symptoms-and-causal-evidence", "name": "Symptoms and causal evidence", "description": "Separates visible damage from explanations involving organisms, environment or physical injury.", "findings": [ { "id": "damage-pattern-and-confidence", "name": "Damage pattern and confidence", "description": "Record affected area, symptom distribution and progression before assigning a cause.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which regions show discoloration, necrosis, lesions, deformation or missing tissue, and how was severity estimated?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "damage-pattern-and-confidence-q01" }, { "text": "What evidence supports each proposed cause, and which alternatives remain unresolved?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "damage-pattern-and-confidence-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "observation-sampling-and-removal", "name": "Observation, sampling and removal", "description": "Selects actions that answer a defined question while accounting for tissue loss and altered physiology.", "findings": [ { "id": "justified-leaf-action", "name": "Justified leaf action", "description": "Link each intervention to its purpose, sampling location and expected effect on subsequent observations.", "questions": [ { "text": "Can imaging or an attached-leaf measurement answer the question, or is tissue collection or removal necessary?", "kind": "action", "id": "justified-leaf-action-q01" }, { "text": "If tissue is collected or the leaf is removed, how will location, timing, parent-plant impact and sample preservation be documented?", "kind": "action", "id": "justified-leaf-action-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "evidence-and-external-alignment", "name": "Evidence and external alignment", "description": "What the world already says about this thing, gathered so the model can be checked against it.", "rationale": "A model that cannot be lined up against existing standards, identifiers and practice cannot be adopted by anyone who already uses them.", "layers": [ { "id": "reported-evidence", "name": "Reported evidence", "description": "Findings from the breadth pass, kept separate from the structural claims.", "findings": [ { "id": "evidence-confidence-notes", "name": "Check these first", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ "This describes the vascular-plant organ, not an organism or taxon; binomial authorities and conservation assessments do not apply to leaf as a general concept.", "Measurement ranges are recalled illustrations, not diagnostic limits; comparison requires species, leaf age, surface and measurement conditions.", "Specialised leaves may primarily serve storage, protection, support or prey capture; photosynthesis and transpiration are not defining functions of every leaf." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-confidence-notes-q01", "text": "Which of these check these first hold for the sense of leaf this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-kinds", "name": "Kinds and varieties", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ "Simple leaves, with an undivided blade or lobes that do not form separate leaflets", "Compound leaves, divided into distinct leaflets", "Needle-like leaves", "Scale-like leaves" ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-kinds-q01", "text": "Which of these kinds and varieties hold for the sense of leaf this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-identifiers", "name": "Identifiers and schemes", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ { "scheme": "Plant Ontology (PO)", "value_or_pattern": "PO: followed by seven digits", "note": "Provides identifiers for plant anatomical entities, including leaf; the exact leaf identifier is omitted because it is not confidently recalled." } ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-identifiers-q01", "text": "Which of these identifiers and schemes hold for the sense of leaf this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-real-world-use", "name": "Real-world use", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ "Leaf arrangement, venation and shape help identify plants.", "Leaf tissue analysis helps assess crop nutrient status.", "Leaf gas exchange and chlorophyll fluorescence help assess photosynthetic performance and plant stress.", "Leaves provide food, fodder, fibres and other plant products.", "Leaf traits inform studies of vegetation productivity, water use and ecological strategies." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-real-world-use-q01", "text": "Which of these real-world use hold for the sense of leaf this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-measurements", "name": "Typical measurements", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ { "quantity": "Stomatal density", "typical_range": "Often tens to hundreds; varies substantially with species, development, environment and leaf surface", "unit": "stomata per mm²" }, { "quantity": "Net photosynthetic CO₂ assimilation per leaf area", "typical_range": "Approximately 5-30 for many C3 foliage leaves under favourable light and water conditions; not a universal range", "unit": "µmol CO₂ m⁻² s⁻¹" } ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-measurements-q01", "text": "Which of these typical measurements hold for the sense of leaf this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-failure-modes-and-hazards", "name": "Failure modes and hazards", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ "Water loss exceeding supply can reduce turgor, cause wilting and lead to tissue death.", "Excess light, especially during cold or drought, can cause photoinhibition and oxidative damage.", "Heat, freezing, salinity and nutrient imbalance can impair leaf function.", "Herbivores and pathogens can remove or damage photosynthetic tissue.", "Some leaves contain toxins or irritants; appearance alone does not establish edibility." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-failure-modes-and-hazards-q01", "text": "Which of these failure modes and hazards hold for the sense of leaf this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-regional-variation", "name": "Regional variation", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ "Dry environments often favour traits that conserve water, including reduced leaf area, although strategies differ among lineages.", "Seasonally cold or dry regions often support deciduous vegetation that sheds leaves during unfavourable periods.", "Aquatic plants may have distinct submerged and floating leaf forms, with different anatomy and stomatal distributions." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-regional-variation-q01", "text": "Which of these regional variation hold for the sense of leaf this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-neighbours", "name": "Neighbouring kinds and how to tell them apart", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ { "name": "Leaflet", "difference": "A leaflet is a subdivision of a compound leaf; unlike the complete leaf, it does not independently subtend an axillary bud at a stem node." }, { "name": "Stem", "difference": "A stem bears nodes, internodes, leaves and buds; a leaf is an organ borne on that shoot axis." }, { "name": "Cotyledon", "difference": "A cotyledon is an embryonic leaf, distinguished from subsequent foliage leaves by its developmental origin." }, { "name": "Phyllode", "difference": "A phyllode is a flattened photosynthetic petiole or rachis that functionally replaces a reduced or absent leaf blade." }, { "name": "Plant", "difference": "The plant is the whole organism; a leaf is one of its organs and has no independent species-level conservation status." } ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-neighbours-q01", "text": "Which of these neighbouring kinds and how to tell them apart hold for the sense of leaf this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] } ] } ] } ] }, "openQuestions": [ "Does this registry entry include cotyledons, bracts, floral leaves and highly modified leaves, or should some be linked to neighbouring organ models?", "Which recognition criteria and terminology are needed across ferns, gymnosperms and flowering plants without assuming flowering-plant anatomy?", "Which measurement conventions permit useful comparisons among broad, needle-like, succulent and compound leaves?", "What species-, age- and environment-specific reference evidence is required before classifying a leaf's physiological measurements as impaired?", "At what point should a detached or decomposing leaf be represented primarily through a specimen, litter or material model while retaining its leaf provenance?" ], "statistics": { "bundles": 6, "layers": 11, "findings": 18, "questions": 28 } }, "draft": { "generator": "vr.draft.v3", "status": "draft-generated", "researched": false, "archetype": "organism", "method": "Written from the archetype playbook - what this kind of thing needs beyond identity and provenance - and from the structure that recurred across 6,333 models already researched by two engines. Applied to this entry by rule. No source was read for this thing and no claim here is researched.", "facetsInferred": false, "nextPass": "A researcher replaces this draft with a sourced specification. Treat every sentence below as a proposal to argue with.", "purpose": "Give an agent a durable, checkable way to recognise a leaf, record what state it is in, and decide what may be done with it.", "whatItIs": "the main organ of photosynthesis and transpiration in higher plants", "characteristics": { "substance": "living", "origin": "natural", "agency": "inert" }, "whatYouCanDoWithIt": [ "observed and measured" ], "distinguishingFeatures": [ "Names folded into this entry, which a task may need to split apart again: cataphyll, cotyledon, seed leaf, megasporophyll, microsporophyll, petal, flower petal, sepal, floral leaf, dandelion green, pitcher, sporophyll.", "68 finer distinctions are held as aliases rather than separate entries, because telling them apart needs a task that asks for it." ], "openQuestionsForResearch": [ "Which of the bundles below does a real task actually need, and which are ceremony?", "What does this thing have that the facets do not capture at all?", "Which neighbouring kind is most often confused with a leaf, and on what evidence are they told apart?" ], "whatItIsMadeOf": "a living thing", "physicalCharacter": [ "Does nothing on its own; everything it does, something else did to it." ], "whatCanBeDoneWithIt": [ "observe it, measure it, record its state" ], "howItIsRecognised": [ "Recognised by diagnostic characters, and those differ by life stage - the young of many kinds are mistaken for other kinds entirely. A sighting is settled by characters, a photograph and a place, not by a name alone." ], "relatedModels": [ { "relation": "covers", "note": "Finer kinds folded into this entry because telling them apart needs a task that asks for it. Each is a model waiting to be split out when one does.", "targets": [ "cataphyll", "cotyledon", "seed leaf", "megasporophyll", "microsporophyll", "petal", "flower petal", "sepal", "floral leaf", "dandelion green", "pitcher", "sporophyll" ] } ], "standing": "68 finer distinctions are held inside this entry as names rather than as separate models.", "structure": { "bundles": [ { "id": "identity-and-classification", "name": "Identity, naming and classification", "description": "How an agent tells one leaf from another, and a leaf from things that resemble it.", "rationale": "Recognition comes before every other claim. Without stable identity nothing else in the model can be trusted to be about the same thing twice.", "layers": [ { "id": "naming-and-identifiers", "name": "Names and identifiers", "description": "The names this thing goes by and the identifiers that survive translation and time.", "findings": [ { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases", "name": "Preferred name, aliases and local names", "description": "Which name to use, which names mean the same thing, and which merely sound similar.", "questions": [ { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the name of a leaf, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the name of a leaf, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the name of a leaf is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers", "name": "Stable identifiers and external keys", "description": "Identifiers that keep pointing at this kind of thing across systems and languages.", "questions": [ { "id": "stable-identifiers-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes an identifier for a leaf, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about an identifier for a leaf, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once an identifier for a leaf is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "classification-and-granularity", "name": "Classification and granularity", "description": "Where a leaf sits among kinds, and how finely a task needs to cut it.", "findings": [ { "id": "kind-and-parents", "name": "Kind, parents and neighbouring kinds", "description": "The classes this thing belongs to and the ones it is next to.", "questions": [ { "id": "kind-and-parents-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the kind of a leaf, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "kind-and-parents-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the kind of a leaf, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "kind-and-parents-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the kind of a leaf is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features", "name": "Distinguishing features", "description": "What separates a leaf from the things most often confused with it.", "questions": [ { "id": "distinguishing-features-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes what distinguishes a leaf, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about what distinguishes a leaf, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once what distinguishes a leaf is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "form-and-composition", "name": "Form, composition and condition", "description": "What a leaf is made of, what shape and size it takes, and what state it is in.", "rationale": "A physical thing can be measured, and a model that cannot record its measurements cannot support any decision that depends on them.", "layers": [ { "id": "form-and-dimensions", "name": "Form and dimensions", "description": "Shape, size, mass and the ranges these take across examples.", "findings": [ { "id": "measurable-dimensions", "name": "Measurable dimensions and their units", "description": "The quantities worth recording and the units they are recorded in.", "questions": [ { "id": "measurable-dimensions-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the dimensions of a leaf, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "measurable-dimensions-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the dimensions of a leaf, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "measurable-dimensions-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the dimensions of a leaf is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "material-and-composition", "name": "Material and composition", "description": "Anatomy, parts and life stage.", "findings": [ { "id": "parts-and-materials", "name": "Parts and life stages", "description": "The parts of a leaf and the stages it passes through.", "questions": [ { "id": "parts-and-materials-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the composition of a leaf, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "parts-and-materials-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the composition of a leaf, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "parts-and-materials-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the composition of a leaf is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "condition-and-integrity", "name": "Condition and integrity", "description": "Wear, damage, health and the difference between working and broken.", "findings": [ { "id": "condition-assessment", "name": "Condition, damage and health", "description": "How the condition of a leaf is judged and by whom.", "questions": [ { "id": "condition-assessment-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the condition of a leaf, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "condition-assessment-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the condition of a leaf, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "condition-assessment-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the condition of a leaf is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "state-and-lifecycle", "name": "State and lifecycle", "description": "The states a leaf passes through and the events that move it between them.", "rationale": "Most decisions about a thing depend on what state it is in now, which is a claim with a time on it, not a property.", "layers": [ { "id": "lifecycle-stages", "name": "Lifecycle stages", "description": "From coming into existence to ceasing to be one of these.", "findings": [ { "id": "stages-and-transitions", "name": "Stages and transitions", "description": "The stages worth naming and what moves a leaf between them.", "questions": [ { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the lifecycle of a leaf, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the lifecycle of a leaf, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the lifecycle of a leaf is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "observations-and-status", "name": "Observations and current status", "description": "What is observed about a leaf, how often and by whom.", "findings": [ { "id": "observation-record", "name": "Observation record", "description": "How an observation of a leaf is recorded so that it can be superseded rather than overwritten.", "questions": [ { "id": "observation-record-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes an observation of a leaf, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "observation-record-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about an observation of a leaf, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "observation-record-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once an observation of a leaf is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "taxonomic-placement", "name": "Taxonomic placement and identification", "description": "What leaf is called scientifically, by whose authority, and how a specimen is recognised.", "rationale": "Names change with revisions while the organism does not, so a name without its authority and date cannot be reconciled later.", "layers": [ { "id": "accepted-name", "name": "Accepted name and synonymy", "description": "The current binomial, its author and date, and the names it replaced.", "findings": [ { "id": "name-and-authority", "name": "Accepted name, authority and synonyms", "description": "What to record so a later revision can be applied without losing the old data.", "questions": [ { "id": "name-and-authority-q01", "text": "What is the accepted scientific name of leaf, with its author and year, and which synonyms does it absorb?", "kind": "definition" }, { "id": "name-and-authority-q02", "text": "Which taxonomic authority is being followed, and what would a competing authority say?", "kind": "provenance" } ] } ] }, { "id": "field-identification", "name": "Field identification", "description": "The characters that separate leaf from what it is confused with.", "findings": [ { "id": "diagnostic-characters", "name": "Diagnostic characters and confusable kinds", "description": "Features that settle an identification, and those that only suggest it.", "questions": [ { "id": "diagnostic-characters-q01", "text": "Which observable characters distinguish leaf from its closest look-alikes, and at which life stage are they visible?", "kind": "boundary" }, { "id": "diagnostic-characters-q02", "text": "What evidence is enough to record an identification as confirmed rather than provisional?", "kind": "provenance" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "life-cycle-and-condition", "name": "Life stages, condition and behaviour", "description": "What leaf does over its life and how its state is judged.", "rationale": "Stage and condition change what may be done - handled, treated, harvested, left alone - and both are observations with a time.", "layers": [ { "id": "stages-and-reproduction", "name": "Stages and reproduction", "description": "Development from origin to death, including forms that look like different animals.", "findings": [ { "id": "life-stages", "name": "Life stages and their marks", "description": "The stages worth recording and what tells them apart.", "questions": [ { "id": "life-stages-q01", "text": "What stages does leaf pass through, and what observable change marks each transition?", "kind": "definition" }, { "id": "life-stages-q02", "text": "Which stages are so unlike the adult that they are mistaken for another kind?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] }, { "id": "health-and-condition", "name": "Health and condition", "description": "How condition is assessed and by whom.", "findings": [ { "id": "condition-assessment", "name": "Condition assessment", "description": "Signs of health, injury and stress, and who is competent to judge them.", "questions": [ { "id": "condition-assessment-q01", "text": "How is the condition of leaf judged, on what scale, and by whom?", "kind": "measurement" }, { "id": "condition-assessment-q02", "text": "What condition obliges an agent to act, and what act is permitted to whom?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "range-and-status", "name": "Habitat, range and conservation status", "description": "Where leaf lives and how threatened it is.", "rationale": "Range and status govern what is lawful, and both are assessments with an assessor and a year rather than facts of nature.", "layers": [ { "id": "habitat-and-range", "name": "Habitat and range", "description": "Native range, introductions and the habitat it needs.", "findings": [ { "id": "range-record", "name": "Range, introductions and habitat", "description": "What to record about where it is found and how it got there.", "questions": [ { "id": "range-record-q01", "text": "What is the native range of leaf, where has it been introduced, and what habitat does it require?", "kind": "definition" }, { "id": "range-record-q02", "text": "What distinguishes a native record from an introduced or vagrant one?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] }, { "id": "protection-status", "name": "Protection and legal status", "description": "Conservation assessments and the rules that follow from them.", "findings": [ { "id": "status-and-rules", "name": "Conservation status and legal consequence", "description": "The assessment, its date, and what it forbids or requires where.", "questions": [ { "id": "status-and-rules-q01", "text": "What conservation status does leaf hold, under which assessment and year?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "id": "status-and-rules-q02", "text": "What does that status forbid or require of an agent, and in which jurisdiction?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "provenance-and-evidence", "name": "Provenance, evidence and time", "description": "Where every claim about a leaf came from and when it held.", "rationale": "A claim without a source and a time cannot be superseded, only overwritten, and an agent that overwrites loses the ability to explain itself.", "layers": [ { "id": "source-and-authority", "name": "Source and authority", "description": "Who said it, on what evidence, and how strongly.", "findings": [ { "id": "claim-provenance", "name": "Claim provenance and confidence", "description": "The authority behind each claim about a leaf and how confident it is.", "questions": [ { "id": "claim-provenance-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes a claim about a leaf, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "claim-provenance-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about a claim about a leaf, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "claim-provenance-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once a claim about a leaf is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "time-and-versions", "name": "Time, versions and supersession", "description": "When a claim was true, when it was learnt, and what replaced it.", "findings": [ { "id": "validity-and-supersession", "name": "Validity period and supersession", "description": "How an old claim about a leaf is retired without being erased.", "questions": [ { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the validity of a claim about a leaf, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the validity of a claim about a leaf, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the validity of a claim about a leaf is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] } ] }, "statistics": { "bundles": 7, "layers": 15, "findings": 17, "questions": 45 } } } }