{ "model": { "rank": 2615, "code": "thing-line-shape", "model_id": "vr.tr.line-shape", "name": "line", "purpose": "a length (straight or curved) without breadth or thickness; the trace of a moving point", "family": "Thing Registry", "category": "Physical world and living systems", "status": "research-draft", "kind": "thing", "plane": "PHY", "domain": "PHY.OBJ", "industry": "", "version": "", "url": "/models/thing/line-shape/", "tier": 2, "score": 101, "payload": { "layer": "wordnet", "aliases": [ "lip", "band", "belt", "carousel", "carrousel", "luggage carousel", "luggage carrousel", "clinch", "clench", "conveyer belt", "conveyor belt", "conveyer", "conveyor", "transporter", "double clinch", "drip loop", "driving belt", "fan belt", "half track", "inside clinch", "limb", "noose", "running noose", "slip noose", "outside clinch", "track", "caterpillar track", "caterpillar tread", "normal curve", "bell-shaped curve", "Gaussian curve", "Gaussian shape", "regression line", "regression curve", "curve", "lobe", "major lobe", "meander", "oxbow", "rainbow" ], "aliasCount": 141, "merged": 101, "knownIn": 0, "facets": { "substance": "form", "origin": "conceptual", "agency": "inert", "mobility": "not-applicable", "scale": "not-applicable", "affordances": [ "observable" ] }, "markers": [], "lexicalClass": "noun.shape", "senseRank": 3, "alsoRegisteredAs": null, "source": { "dataset": "oewn:2024", "synset": "oewn-13886392-n", "ili": "i109781", "license": "CC BY 4.0" } }, "research": { "vercy": "1.0-draft", "publication": { "status": "research-draft", "adjudicationStatus": "unreviewed", "publishableCanonical": false, "generatedAt": "2026-09-07T10:22:02Z", "providers": [ "Codex", "Grok" ], "missingProviders": [], "pass": 2, "cost": { "grok": { "usd": 0.03646586, "turns": 2, "seconds": 153.5, "error": null }, "codex": { "seconds": 69.8, "error": "Reading additional input from stdin...\nOpenAI Codex v0.153.3\n--------\nworkdir: R:\\02_PROJECTS\\02_Meta_Models_Platforms\\Ver.cy\\current\\thing-registry-backlog\nmodel: gpt-6-astra\nprovider: openai\napproval: never\nsandbox: read-only\nreasoning effort: none\nreasoning summaries: none\nsession id: 01a07b61-4c4d-7572-ac14-e330b6a49c53\n--------\nuser\nYou are drafting a Vercy meta-model for one registered thing. Answer as JSON only, no prose around it.\n\nThing: line\nRegistry id: vr.tr.line-shape\nPlane / domain: PHY / PHY.OBJ\nRegistry definition: a length (straight or curved) without breadth or thickness; the" } } }, "metaModel": { "id": "THING-LINE-SHAPE", "registryId": "vr.tr.line-shape", "name": "line", "version": "0.1.0-research.1", "entryKind": "thing", "family": "Thing Registry", "domain": [ "PHY.OBJ" ], "status": "research-draft" }, "canonicalUrl": "https://ver.cy/models/thing/line-shape/", "model": { "registry_id": "vr.tr.line-shape", "name": "line", "purpose": "Enable an AI agent to recognise a line, assess whether its geometry and continuity support an intended use, and decide which measurements or transformations are valid.", "definition": "A line is a one-dimensional geometric magnitude - length without breadth or thickness - whose extremities, when it has any, are points, equivalently the locus traced by a point moving in space.", "scope_statement": "This model owns a line as an ideal one-dimensional shape or point trace, including its extent, straightness or curvature, continuity, placement and geometric relationships; it distinguishes the line from any physical mark or object used to represent it.", "in_scope": [ "Straight and curved lines, with finite, one-sided unbounded or two-sided unbounded extent", "Endpoints, closure, continuity and self-intersection", "Length, direction, curvature and changes of direction where defined", "Placement within a plane, surface or three-dimensional space", "Geometric representations and their approximation limits", "Operations that preserve or deliberately change line geometry" ], "out_of_scope": [ "The width, thickness, material and colour of a drawn stroke, wire or other physical carrier", "Surfaces and regions, including the interior a closed line may bound", "Movement speed, elapsed time and the identity of an object following a trajectory", "Network routing, flow and connectivity semantics beyond geometric incidence", "Text lines, queues, product lines and other non-geometric meanings of line" ], "distinguishing_features": [ "A line records extension along its course without assigning intrinsic breadth or thickness; a visible stroke or wire has a cross-section belonging to its carrier.", "A line has a course beyond a single location; an isolated point or a collapsed zero-length representation needs explicit treatment as a degenerate case.", "A closed line records its boundary course without including the enclosed region.", "Curvature does not disqualify a shape under this registry definition; the narrower mathematical meaning of an infinite straight line is only one possible case.", "A geometric line does not require a traversal time or speed; those distinguish a motion trajectory from its underlying trace." ], "characteristics": [ { "name": "Geometric form", "kind": "category", "unit_or_values": "straight | curved | piecewise straight | mixed | undetermined", "why_it_matters": "Determines which descriptions, measurements and geometric operations apply." }, { "name": "Extent", "kind": "category", "unit_or_values": "finite | unbounded in one direction | unbounded in both directions | undetermined", "why_it_matters": "Prevents a displayed portion from being mistaken for the complete line." }, { "name": "Arc length", "kind": "measurement", "unit_or_values": "length units with measured domain; finite value | infinite | undetermined", "why_it_matters": "Measures distance along the course and must be distinguished from endpoint separation." }, { "name": "Endpoint status", "kind": "state", "unit_or_values": "endpoint locations and inclusion status, or no endpoints; distinguish geometric endpoints from display cuts", "why_it_matters": "Controls incidence, trimming and whether joining or closure is needed." }, { "name": "Closure", "kind": "state", "unit_or_values": "open | closed | undetermined, with any closure tolerance", "why_it_matters": "Establishes whether the course returns to its start without assuming it encloses a simple region." }, { "name": "Continuity and regularity", "kind": "state", "unit_or_values": "continuous portions, gaps, corners, cusps and locations where a tangent is undefined", "why_it_matters": "Identifies where traversal, smoothing or tangent-dependent operations require special handling." }, { "name": "Curvature", "kind": "measurement", "unit_or_values": "inverse length where defined, with location and estimation method", "why_it_matters": "Describes local bending and supports judging whether a proposed approximation preserves shape." }, { "name": "Geometric embedding", "kind": "relation", "unit_or_values": "coordinate frame, dimension, units and any supporting plane or surface", "why_it_matters": "Makes positions, distances and apparent intersections interpretable." }, { "name": "Intersection and overlap", "kind": "relation", "unit_or_values": "self or other-line intersection locations, shared portions and unresolved near contacts", "why_it_matters": "Distinguishes crossing, touching and coincident courses without inventing network junctions." }, { "name": "Representation fidelity", "kind": "measurement", "unit_or_values": "positional error bound in length units, or unknown, with reference geometry and method", "why_it_matters": "Determines whether sampled or fitted geometry is adequate for a particular decision." } ], "affordances": [ "Measure distance along a specified portion and compare it with straight endpoint separation.", "Locate points, tangents and local bending where these are defined.", "Test closure, continuity, intersections and coincidence under an explicit tolerance.", "Trim, split, extend or join portions while recording changes to endpoints and continuity.", "Translate, rotate, scale or project the line and assess the resulting geometric changes.", "Sample, fit or simplify its representation against an explicit error allowance." ] }, "sources": [ { "id": "euclid-elements-i-lardner", "title": "Euclid, Elements, Book I, Definitions (Dionysius Lardner edition, 1855), Trinity College Dublin", "url": "https://www.maths.tcd.ie/~dwilkins/Euclid/Elements_Lardner1855/BookI/EuclidElementsBk01Definitions_Lardner1855.php", "what_it_supports": "Classical definition of a line as length without breadth; extremities are points; right line as that which lies evenly between its extremities; generation of a mathematical line as the trace of a moving point.", "url_status": "live" }, { "id": "proclus-line-definitions", "title": "Proclus and related ancient commentators on Euclid I, cited in Introduction, Springer (ch. citing Friedlein 1873 / Morrow 1992)", "url": "https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-95817-6_1", "what_it_supports": "Line as length without breadth, as the flowing of a point, and as magnitude extended in one direction; Aristotle on a moving point generating a line; straight line as uniform undeviating flow.", "url_status": "live" }, { "id": "eb1911-geometry", "title": "Geometry, Encyclopædia Britannica, 11th edition (1911), Encyclopædia Britannica / Wikisource", "url": "https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Page:EB1911_-_Volume_11.djvu/697", "what_it_supports": "A line as the one-dimensional object with length only; the path of a moving point is a line; boundaries of a line are points.", "url_status": "blocked" }, { "id": "wikidata-q37105", "title": "line (Q37105), Wikidata", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37105", "what_it_supports": "Stable identifier and labels for the infinite non-curved (straight) line; language contrast such as English line / Spanish recta / Chinese 直线.", "url_status": "live" }, { "id": "iso-80000-3-2019", "title": "ISO 80000-3:2019 Quantities and units - Part 3: Space and time, International Organization for Standardization", "url": "https://standards.iteh.ai/catalog/standards/iec/f0b04329-37ca-4e6f-81d6-94adffcb8ed2/iso-80000-3-2019", "what_it_supports": "Length need not be measured along a straight line; path length / arc length of a rectifiable curve; distance as shortest path length; some curves (e.g. fractals) are not rectifiable.", "url_status": "live" }, { "id": "wikipedia-geometric-primitive", "title": "Geometric primitive, Wikipedia", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geometric_primitive", "what_it_supports": "Line or curve as the one-dimensional geometric primitive in CAD, GIS and vector graphics, commonly stored as polylines or parametric curves.", "url_status": "live" }, { "id": "trettel-lines", "title": "11 Lines, geometry course notes, Steve J. Trettel", "url": "https://geometry.stevejtrettel.site/plane/lines/", "what_it_supports": "Modern metric characterization of a (straight) line as a curve whose every finite segment is length-minimizing.", "url_status": "live" } ], "structure": { "bundles": [ { "id": "course-and-extent", "name": "Course and extent", "description": "Establish what geometric course the line denotes and how far that course extends.", "rationale": "An agent must distinguish the complete line from a finite representation and distinguish geometry from traversal history.", "layers": [ { "id": "geometric-identity", "name": "Geometric identity", "description": "Identify the line's defining course independently of its visible carrier.", "findings": [ { "id": "defining-course", "name": "Defining course", "description": "Record whether the course is straight, curved or composed of portions, and what definition or observation establishes it.", "questions": [ { "text": "What rule, construction or observed trace identifies this particular straight or curved course?", "kind": "definition", "id": "defining-course-q01" }, { "text": "Is the record intended to identify the occupied geometric points alone, or does it also distinguish traversal order and repeated passage?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "defining-course-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "extent-and-ends", "name": "Extent and ends", "description": "Separate actual terminations from limits imposed by a drawing, sample or measurement window.", "findings": [ { "id": "endpoint-and-domain-status", "name": "Endpoint and domain status", "description": "Record finite or unbounded extent, endpoint inclusion and any restriction to a selected portion.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which apparent ends are actual endpoints, and which are clipping or sampling limits?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "endpoint-and-domain-status-q01" }, { "text": "What evidence establishes whether the line terminates, continues indefinitely or has an unresolved continuation?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "endpoint-and-domain-status-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "length-and-local-shape", "name": "Length and local shape", "description": "Describe distance along the line and how its direction changes.", "rationale": "Endpoint separation alone cannot describe a curved course, and local shape controls which geometric operations are well-defined.", "layers": [ { "id": "along-course-distance", "name": "Along-course distance", "description": "Establish the domain and method for measuring length along the line.", "findings": [ { "id": "arc-length-assessment", "name": "Arc length assessment", "description": "Record length for a specified portion, including whether the available representation supports a finite value.", "questions": [ { "text": "Between which locations or parameter limits is arc length being measured, and in what units?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "arc-length-assessment-q01" }, { "text": "Is the reported length exact, estimated from samples, infinite or undetermined, and what supports that assessment?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "arc-length-assessment-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "direction-and-bending", "name": "Direction and bending", "description": "Describe tangents, curvature and exceptional locations along the course.", "findings": [ { "id": "local-shape-regularity", "name": "Local shape regularity", "description": "Record straight portions, smooth bends, corners and cusps without assigning tangents or curvature where they are undefined.", "questions": [ { "text": "Where are tangent direction and curvature defined, and what construction or estimation method supplies them?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "local-shape-regularity-q01" }, { "text": "Which changes of direction are intended corners or cusps, and which may be sampling artefacts?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "local-shape-regularity-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "continuity-and-incidence", "name": "Continuity and incidence", "description": "Establish how the course connects to itself and meets other geometry.", "rationale": "Gaps, closure, crossings and overlaps change how a line can be followed or partitioned, even when its overall appearance is similar.", "layers": [ { "id": "course-continuity", "name": "Course continuity", "description": "Assess uninterrupted connection and return to the starting location.", "findings": [ { "id": "gaps-and-closure", "name": "Gaps and closure", "description": "Record known gaps and whether closure is exact, tolerance-based or unresolved.", "questions": [ { "text": "Can the intended course be followed continuously, and where do actual or suspected gaps occur?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "gaps-and-closure-q01" }, { "text": "Does the course close exactly or only within a stated tolerance, and how was that tested?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "gaps-and-closure-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "crossings-and-shared-portions", "name": "Crossings and shared portions", "description": "Distinguish geometric intersection, touching, retracing and overlap.", "findings": [ { "id": "incidence-classification", "name": "Incidence classification", "description": "Record where courses meet or coincide in the actual embedding, separately from apparent contact in a projection.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which contacts are intersections in the line's coordinate space, and which arise only in a projected view?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "incidence-classification-q01" }, { "text": "At each contact, do the courses cross, touch or share a portion, and does any claimed junction meaning belong to another model?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "incidence-classification-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "representation-and-geometric-actions", "name": "Representation and geometric actions", "description": "Connect the ideal line to its recorded representation and constrain changes by the intended geometric result.", "rationale": "Agents act on equations, samples or drawings; they must know which features those representations preserve and which proposed edits change the line itself.", "layers": [ { "id": "embedding-and-fidelity", "name": "Embedding and fidelity", "description": "Record the space, representation method and uncertainty needed to interpret the line.", "findings": [ { "id": "representation-basis", "name": "Representation basis", "description": "Identify coordinate frame, units, supporting geometry and how an equation, control-point construction or sample represents the intended course.", "questions": [ { "text": "In what coordinate frame and units is the line defined, and is it constrained to a plane or surface?", "kind": "definition", "id": "representation-basis-q01" }, { "text": "How was the representation obtained, and what positional error or unresolved interpolation exists between recorded points?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "representation-basis-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "operation-conditions", "name": "Operation conditions", "description": "State the conditions and preservation requirements for a proposed geometric operation.", "findings": [ { "id": "permitted-geometric-change", "name": "Permitted geometric change", "description": "Record whether an operation changes the intended course or only its representation, together with the geometric properties that must remain valid.", "questions": [ { "text": "For the proposed trim, join, extension, transformation or simplification, which endpoints, lengths, incidences or closure properties must be preserved?", "kind": "action", "id": "permitted-geometric-change-q01" }, { "text": "What construction rule and error allowance make the operation determinate, and how will the resulting course be checked?", "kind": "action", "id": "permitted-geometric-change-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "evidence-and-external-alignment", "name": "Evidence and external alignment", "description": "What the world already says about this thing, gathered so the model can be checked against it.", "rationale": "A model that cannot be lined up against existing standards, identifiers and practice cannot be adopted by anyone who already uses them.", "layers": [ { "id": "reported-evidence", "name": "Reported evidence", "description": "Findings from the breadth pass, kept separate from the structural claims.", "findings": [ { "id": "evidence-kinds", "name": "Kinds and varieties", "description": "Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.", "evidence": [ "straight line", "line segment", "ray", "curve", "closed curve", "geodesic", "polyline", "space curve" ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-kinds-q01", "text": "Which of these kinds and varieties hold for the sense of line this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-identifiers", "name": "Identifiers and schemes", "description": "Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.", "evidence": [ { "scheme": "Wikidata", "value_or_pattern": "Q37105", "note": "Item labelled line; described as the infinite non-curved geometric object, i.e. the straight line, which is narrower than Euclid's line (straight or curved)." }, { "scheme": "Euclid Elements", "value_or_pattern": "I.Def.2", "note": "Canonical citation for \"a line is length without breadth\"; I.Def.3 (extremities are points) and I.Def.4 (straight line) sit beside it." } ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-identifiers-q01", "text": "Which of these identifiers and schemes hold for the sense of line this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-standards-and-regulation", "name": "Standards and regulation", "description": "Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.", "evidence": [ "ISO 80000-3:2019 Quantities and units - Part 3: Space and time (International Organization for Standardization): defines length, path length/arc length of a rectifiable curve, and distance as shortest path length.", "Euclid, Elements, Book I, Definitions and Postulates (classical geometric canon, not a modern statutory code): defines line and straight line and requires that a straight line can be drawn from any point to any point." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-standards-and-regulation-q01", "text": "Which of these standards and regulation hold for the sense of line this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-real-world-use", "name": "Real-world use", "description": "Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.", "evidence": [ "Euclidean construction: drawing the unique straight path between two marked points and extending it.", "CAD, CAM and vector graphics: storing and rendering one-dimensional primitives (segments, polylines, circular arcs, Bézier curves) with no assigned area.", "GIS and mapping: roads, rivers, pipelines and boundaries encoded as linear features rather than polygons.", "Surveying and metrology: measuring length along a laid-out line or along a curve (tape, total station, path length).", "Kinematics and geometric optics: a particle trajectory or a light ray treated as the trace of a moving point.", "Drafting and plotting: ink, graphite or pixel strokes used as physical stand-ins for zero-width lines." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-real-world-use-q01", "text": "Which of these real-world use hold for the sense of line this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-measurements", "name": "Typical measurements", "description": "Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.", "evidence": [ { "quantity": "path length (arc length) of a rectifiable piece", "typical_range": "0 to unbounded; physical drawings typically millimetres to metres, survey lines metres to tens of kilometres", "unit": "m" }, { "quantity": "distance between two points of the line (shortest path)", "typical_range": "0 up to the path length; equal to path length if and only if that piece is straight (in Euclidean metric)", "unit": "m" }, { "quantity": "curvature", "typical_range": "0 for a straight line; larger for tighter bends", "unit": "m^-1" }, { "quantity": "number of extremities", "typical_range": "0 (unbounded line or closed curve), 1 (ray), 2 (segment)", "unit": "1" } ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-measurements-q01", "text": "Which of these typical measurements hold for the sense of line this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-failure-modes-and-hazards", "name": "Failure modes and hazards", "description": "Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.", "evidence": [ "Taking a physical stroke (which has breadth) for a mathematical line, then miscomputing incidence, intersection or area.", "Treating a non-rectifiable curve as if it had a finite length (ISO 80000-3 flags fractal examples).", "Collapsing \"line\" to \"straight line\" and then drawing or coding a unique join that the geometry does not actually determine (e.g. on a sphere, many great circles).", "Degenerate segment: coincident endpoints, zero length, unstable direction.", "Digital linework errors: undershoots, dangles and false intersections when polylines fail to meet.", "Raster approximation (aliasing) shifting apparent intersections away from the intended locus." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-failure-modes-and-hazards-q01", "text": "Which of these failure modes and hazards hold for the sense of line this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-regional-variation", "name": "Regional variation", "description": "Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.", "evidence": [ "In much English school geometry, \"line\" means the infinite straight line; Euclid's γραμμή (line) includes curves, and \"straight line\" / \"right line\" is the species that lies evenly with its points.", "French distinguishes ligne (general line) from droite (infinite straight line); Spanish línea from recta; German Linie from Gerade.", "Wikidata's default English label line for Q37105 matches the school-straight sense, while several other languages label that same item with their word for straight line." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-regional-variation-q01", "text": "Which of these regional variation hold for the sense of line this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-neighbours", "name": "Neighbouring kinds and how to tell them apart", "description": "Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.", "evidence": [ { "name": "point", "difference": "A point has no part and no length (Euclid I.Def.1); a line has one-dimensional extent, and the extremities of a line are points (I.Def.3)." }, { "name": "surface", "difference": "A surface has length and breadth only (Euclid I.Def.5); a line has length without breadth." }, { "name": "straight line", "difference": "A straight (right) line lies evenly with the points on itself (Euclid I.Def.4) and is locally length-minimizing; the researched line includes curves, whose path length between two points exceeds their distance." }, { "name": "line segment", "difference": "A segment is bounded by two endpoints and has finite measurable length; an unbounded line has no finite length and no pair of extremities that exhaust it." }, { "name": "ray", "difference": "A ray has exactly one extremity and is unbounded the other way; a two-way infinite line has none, a segment has two." }, { "name": "distance", "difference": "Distance is the scalar shortest path length between two points (ISO 80000-3 item 3-1.8), not the one-dimensional locus itself." }, { "name": "physical stroke or mark", "difference": "A drawn or printed mark has measurable breadth and thickness; a geometric line has none, though the mark is used to stand for it." } ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-neighbours-q01", "text": "Which of these neighbouring kinds and how to tell them apart hold for the sense of line this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] } ] } ] } ] }, "openQuestions": [ "Does this registry entry include rays, disconnected collections of curve portions and branched traces, or should some of these belong to neighbouring models?", "Should two traces occupying the same geometric points count as the same line when their traversal order or repeated coverage differs?", "How should zero-length degeneracies and non-rectifiable curves be represented without treating them as ordinary measurable lines?", "Which application-specific tolerances should govern closure, coincidence and continuity, and how should conflicting tolerances be reconciled?", "When a line is inferred from a physical stroke or wire, what extraction rule establishes its course and uncertainty?" ], "statistics": { "bundles": 5, "layers": 9, "findings": 16, "questions": 24 } }, "draft": { "generator": "vr.draft.v3", "status": "draft-generated", "researched": false, "archetype": "device, machine or tool", "method": "Written from the archetype playbook - what this kind of thing needs beyond identity and provenance - and from the structure that recurred across 6,333 models already researched by two engines. Applied to this entry by rule. No source was read for this thing and no claim here is researched.", "facetsInferred": false, "nextPass": "A researcher replaces this draft with a sourced specification. Treat every sentence below as a proposal to argue with.", "purpose": "Give an agent a durable, checkable way to recognise a line, record what state it is in, and decide what may be done with it.", "whatItIs": "a length (straight or curved) without breadth or thickness; the trace of a moving point", "characteristics": { "substance": "form", "origin": "conceptual", "agency": "inert" }, "whatYouCanDoWithIt": [ "observed and measured" ], "distinguishingFeatures": [ "Names folded into this entry, which a task may need to split apart again: lip, band, belt, carousel, carrousel, luggage carousel, luggage carrousel, clinch, clench, conveyer belt, conveyor belt, conveyer.", "101 finer distinctions are held as aliases rather than separate entries, because telling them apart needs a task that asks for it." ], "openQuestionsForResearch": [ "Which of the bundles below does a real task actually need, and which are ceremony?", "What does this thing have that the facets do not capture at all?", "Which neighbouring kind is most often confused with a line, and on what evidence are they told apart?" ], "whatItIsMadeOf": "a shape or arrangement rather than a substance", "physicalCharacter": [ "Does nothing on its own; everything it does, something else did to it." ], "whatCanBeDoneWithIt": [ "observe it, measure it, record its state" ], "howItIsRecognised": [ "Recognised by form, by the arrangement of its controls, and by markings - a plate, a model number, a certification mark. Form alone rarely separates two models that do very different things." ], "relatedModels": [ { "relation": "covers", "note": "Finer kinds folded into this entry because telling them apart needs a task that asks for it. Each is a model waiting to be split out when one does.", "targets": [ "lip", "band", "belt", "carousel", "carrousel", "luggage carousel", "luggage carrousel", "clinch", "clench", "conveyer belt", "conveyor belt", "conveyer" ] } ], "standing": "101 finer distinctions are held inside this entry as names rather than as separate models.", "structure": { "bundles": [ { "id": "identity-and-classification", "name": "Identity, naming and classification", "description": "How an agent tells one line from another, and a line from things that resemble it.", "rationale": "Recognition comes before every other claim. Without stable identity nothing else in the model can be trusted to be about the same thing twice.", "layers": [ { "id": "naming-and-identifiers", "name": "Names and identifiers", "description": "The names this thing goes by and the identifiers that survive translation and time.", "findings": [ { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases", "name": "Preferred name, aliases and local names", "description": "Which name to use, which names mean the same thing, and which merely sound similar.", "questions": [ { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the name of a line, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the name of a line, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the name of a line is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers", "name": "Stable identifiers and external keys", "description": "Identifiers that keep pointing at this kind of thing across systems and languages.", "questions": [ { "id": "stable-identifiers-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes an identifier for a line, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about an identifier for a line, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once an identifier for a line is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "classification-and-granularity", "name": "Classification and granularity", "description": "Where a line sits among kinds, and how finely a task needs to cut it.", "findings": [ { "id": "kind-and-parents", "name": "Kind, parents and neighbouring kinds", "description": "The classes this thing belongs to and the ones it is next to.", "questions": [ { "id": "kind-and-parents-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the kind of a line, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "kind-and-parents-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the kind of a line, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "kind-and-parents-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the kind of a line is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features", "name": "Distinguishing features", "description": "What separates a line from the things most often confused with it.", "questions": [ { "id": "distinguishing-features-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes what distinguishes a line, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about what distinguishes a line, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once what distinguishes a line is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "form-and-composition", "name": "Form, composition and condition", "description": "What a line is made of, what shape and size it takes, and what state it is in.", "rationale": "A physical thing can be measured, and a model that cannot record its measurements cannot support any decision that depends on them.", "layers": [ { "id": "form-and-dimensions", "name": "Form and dimensions", "description": "Shape, size, mass and the ranges these take across examples.", "findings": [ { "id": "measurable-dimensions", "name": "Measurable dimensions and their units", "description": "The quantities worth recording and the units they are recorded in.", "questions": [ { "id": "measurable-dimensions-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the dimensions of a line, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "measurable-dimensions-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the dimensions of a line, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "measurable-dimensions-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the dimensions of a line is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "material-and-composition", "name": "Material and composition", "description": "Materials, parts and how they are put together.", "findings": [ { "id": "parts-and-materials", "name": "Parts and materials", "description": "What a line is built from and which parts are replaceable.", "questions": [ { "id": "parts-and-materials-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the composition of a line, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "parts-and-materials-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the composition of a line, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "parts-and-materials-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the composition of a line is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "condition-and-integrity", "name": "Condition and integrity", "description": "Wear, damage, health and the difference between working and broken.", "findings": [ { "id": "condition-assessment", "name": "Condition, damage and health", "description": "How the condition of a line is judged and by whom.", "questions": [ { "id": "condition-assessment-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the condition of a line, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "condition-assessment-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the condition of a line, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "condition-assessment-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the condition of a line is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "state-and-lifecycle", "name": "State and lifecycle", "description": "The states a line passes through and the events that move it between them.", "rationale": "Most decisions about a thing depend on what state it is in now, which is a claim with a time on it, not a property.", "layers": [ { "id": "lifecycle-stages", "name": "Lifecycle stages", "description": "From coming into existence to ceasing to be one of these.", "findings": [ { "id": "stages-and-transitions", "name": "Stages and transitions", "description": "The stages worth naming and what moves a line between them.", "questions": [ { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the lifecycle of a line, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the lifecycle of a line, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the lifecycle of a line is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "observations-and-status", "name": "Observations and current status", "description": "What is observed about a line, how often and by whom.", "findings": [ { "id": "observation-record", "name": "Observation record", "description": "How an observation of a line is recorded so that it can be superseded rather than overwritten.", "questions": [ { "id": "observation-record-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes an observation of a line, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "observation-record-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about an observation of a line, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "observation-record-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once an observation of a line is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "function-and-principle", "name": "Function and operating principle", "description": "What line is for and how it achieves it.", "rationale": "Two devices with the same name can work on different principles, and the principle is what predicts failure and constrains use.", "layers": [ { "id": "intended-function", "name": "Intended function", "description": "The job it does, and the jobs it is used for anyway.", "findings": [ { "id": "function-record", "name": "Function, principle and variants", "description": "What it does, how, and which variants do it differently.", "questions": [ { "id": "function-record-q01", "text": "What function does line perform, on what operating principle, and which variants differ in that principle?", "kind": "definition" }, { "id": "function-record-q02", "text": "What use falls outside the intended function but happens in practice?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] }, { "id": "capacity-and-rating", "name": "Capacity and rating", "description": "The numbers that say what it can do and where it stops.", "findings": [ { "id": "ratings", "name": "Ratings and their conditions", "description": "Rated capacity, power, throughput and the conditions each assumes.", "questions": [ { "id": "ratings-q01", "text": "What ratings characterise line, in what units, and under what stated conditions?", "kind": "measurement" }, { "id": "ratings-q02", "text": "What happens beyond the rating - degradation, refusal, damage - and how is that detected?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "operation-and-state", "name": "Operation, controls and state", "description": "How line is operated and what state it is in right now.", "rationale": "An agent acting on a device needs its current state and the controls that change it, not just its specification.", "layers": [ { "id": "controls-and-modes", "name": "Controls and modes", "description": "What can be set, what that changes, and what is interlocked.", "findings": [ { "id": "control-surface", "name": "Control surface and interlocks", "description": "The settings available and the conditions that block them.", "questions": [ { "id": "control-surface-q01", "text": "What controls and modes does line have, and what does each change?", "kind": "definition" }, { "id": "control-surface-q02", "text": "Which actions are interlocked or forbidden in which state, and what must be true before acting?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] }, { "id": "condition-and-maintenance", "name": "Condition and maintenance", "description": "Wear, service intervals, consumables and the line between working and broken.", "findings": [ { "id": "service-record", "name": "Condition, service and consumables", "description": "What is consumed, what is serviced, and how condition is judged.", "questions": [ { "id": "service-record-q01", "text": "What consumables and service does line need, at what interval, and on whose authority?", "kind": "measurement" }, { "id": "service-record-q02", "text": "What evidence separates a unit that is working from one that is out of service?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "kind-model-unit", "name": "Kind, model and unit", "description": "Whether a claim about line is about the kind, a product line, or one physical unit.", "rationale": "This is the boundary most often got wrong for made things, and getting it wrong mixes a catalogue entry with the machine in the yard.", "layers": [ { "id": "level-of-reference", "name": "Level of reference", "description": "The three levels and what belongs at each.", "findings": [ { "id": "level-rules", "name": "What belongs to kind, model and unit", "description": "Which properties are shared by all of them and which are not.", "questions": [ { "id": "level-rules-q01", "text": "Which facts about line hold for every one of them, which for a model, and which only for one unit?", "kind": "boundary" }, { "id": "level-rules-q02", "text": "What identifies an individual unit, and what should an agent do when it has only the kind?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] }, { "id": "standards-and-conformity", "name": "Standards and conformity", "description": "The standards a working example must meet and who attests it.", "findings": [ { "id": "conformity", "name": "Standards, marks and attestation", "description": "Which standard applies, who certifies, and what the mark means.", "questions": [ { "id": "conformity-q01", "text": "Which standards govern line, issued by whom, and what does conformity actually assert?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "id": "conformity-q02", "text": "What may an agent conclude from a certification mark, and what may it not?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "provenance-and-evidence", "name": "Provenance, evidence and time", "description": "Where every claim about a line came from and when it held.", "rationale": "A claim without a source and a time cannot be superseded, only overwritten, and an agent that overwrites loses the ability to explain itself.", "layers": [ { "id": "source-and-authority", "name": "Source and authority", "description": "Who said it, on what evidence, and how strongly.", "findings": [ { "id": "claim-provenance", "name": "Claim provenance and confidence", "description": "The authority behind each claim about a line and how confident it is.", "questions": [ { "id": "claim-provenance-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes a claim about a line, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "claim-provenance-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about a claim about a line, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "claim-provenance-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once a claim about a line is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "time-and-versions", "name": "Time, versions and supersession", "description": "When a claim was true, when it was learnt, and what replaced it.", "findings": [ { "id": "validity-and-supersession", "name": "Validity period and supersession", "description": "How an old claim about a line is retired without being erased.", "questions": [ { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the validity of a claim about a line, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the validity of a claim about a line, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the validity of a claim about a line is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] } ] }, "statistics": { "bundles": 7, "layers": 15, "findings": 17, "questions": 45 } } } }