{ "model": { "rank": 4672, "code": "thing-q103585", "model_id": "vr.tr.graviton", "name": "graviton", "purpose": "Enable an agent to recognise graviton hypotheses, assess their theoretical and evidential status, and determine which predictions, comparisons and experimental interpretations are justified.", "family": "Thing Registry", "category": "Cross-cutting context", "status": "research-draft", "kind": "thing", "plane": "XCT", "domain": "XCT.QLT", "industry": "", "version": "", "url": "/models/thing/q103585/", "tier": 2, "score": 73, "payload": { "layer": "wikidata", "aliases": [], "aliasCount": 0, "merged": 0, "knownIn": 73, "facets": null, "markers": [], "lexicalClass": "", "senseRank": null, "alsoRegisteredAs": null, "source": { "dataset": "wikidata", "item": "Q103585", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q103585", "license": "CC0 1.0" } }, "research": { "vercy": "1.0-draft", "publication": { "status": "research-draft", "adjudicationStatus": "unreviewed", "publishableCanonical": false, "generatedAt": "2026-09-09T20:45:46Z", "providers": [ "Codex" ], "breadth": "recalled by Codex without web access - no source was read", "missingProviders": [], "pass": 2, "cost": { "grok": { "seconds": 16.9, "error": "Reading additional input from stdin...\nOpenAI Codex v0.153.4\n--------\nworkdir: R:\\02_PROJECTS\\02_Meta_Models_Platforms\\Ver.cy\\current\\thing-registry-backlog\nmodel: gpt-6-astra\nprovider: openai\napproval: never\nsandbox: read-only\nreasoning effort: none\nreasoning summaries: none\nsession id: 01a087ea-4b61-7ac1-b252-dc9f2fa5f0a8\n--------\nuser\nDescribe what is already known about one registered thing. Answer as JSON only, no prose around it.\n\nThing: graviton\nSense to describe: (none recorded)\nDomain code: XCT.QLT\nAlso known as: (none)\n\n\nContext for this batch of 1001 things:\n# Batch 005: 1001 regist", "usd": 0, "recall": true }, "codex": { "seconds": 72.9, "error": "Reading additional input from stdin...\nOpenAI Codex v0.153.4\n--------\nworkdir: R:\\02_PROJECTS\\02_Meta_Models_Platforms\\Ver.cy\\current\\thing-registry-backlog\nmodel: gpt-6-astra\nprovider: openai\napproval: never\nsandbox: read-only\nreasoning effort: none\nreasoning summaries: none\nsession id: 01a087ea-4b53-79b0-b2b0-0d5ca647fc92\n--------\nuser\nYou are drafting a Vercy meta-model for one registered thing. Answer as JSON only, no prose around it.\n\nThing: graviton\nRegistry id: vr.tr.graviton\nPlane / domain: XCT / XCT.QLT\nRegistry definition: (none recorded)\nNames folded into this entry: (none)\n\n\nContex" } } }, "metaModel": { "id": "THING-Q103585", "registryId": "vr.tr.graviton", "name": "graviton", "version": "0.1.0-research.1", "entryKind": "thing", "family": "Thing Registry", "domain": [ "XCT.QLT" ], "status": "research-draft" }, "canonicalUrl": "https://ver.cy/models/thing/q103585/", "model": { "registry_id": "vr.tr.graviton", "name": "graviton", "purpose": "Enable an agent to recognise graviton hypotheses, assess their theoretical and evidential status, and determine which predictions, comparisons and experimental interpretations are justified.", "definition": "A graviton is a hypothetical quantum of the gravitational field, described in perturbative quantization of general relativity as a massless spin-2 excitation with two physical helicity states.", "scope_statement": "This model owns vr.tr.graviton in XCT / XCT.QLT: the hypothetical quantum of the gravitational field, its theory-dependent variants, identification criteria and evidence requirements; it does not presume an experimentally established particle.", "in_scope": [ "The conventional massless spin-2 graviton and the assumptions supporting that description", "Explicitly qualified massive, extra-dimensional or emergent graviton proposals", "The distinction between gravitational field quantisation, particle states and exchange calculations", "Theory-dependent gravitational couplings, propagation and observable signatures", "Evidence, exclusion limits and unresolved criteria for establishing gravitational quantisation" ], "out_of_scope": [ "General relativity and classical spacetime geometry as complete models", "Gravitational-wave sources, observatories and instrument operation", "Quantum-gravity programmes beyond their graviton content", "Generic particle classification and quantum field theory", "Unrelated spin-2 resonances, gravitinos and analogue excitations except as identification alternatives" ], "distinguishing_features": [ "Require a stated connection to gravitational dynamics; a spin-2 label alone does not establish graviton identity.", "Distinguish the conventional massless spin-2 hypothesis from massive variants by recording the theory, mass assumption and physical polarisation content.", "Require evidence sensitive to quantum gravitational behaviour before treating a classical gravitational-wave observation as graviton detection.", "Distinguish an observable particle-state claim from a virtual graviton used within a perturbative calculation.", "Identify whether 'graviton' denotes a fundamental gravitational excitation, an effective emergent excitation or only an analogue in another physical system." ], "characteristics": [ { "name": "Theoretical realisation", "kind": "category", "unit_or_values": "Perturbative gravitational quantum; massive gravity mode; extra-dimensional mode; emergent gravitational excitation; other explicitly defined proposal", "why_it_matters": "Determines which properties and predictions can be transferred between claims." }, { "name": "Evidence status", "kind": "state", "unit_or_values": "Theoretical proposal; derived prediction; indirect constraint; candidate signal; independently supported identification", "why_it_matters": "Prevents a prediction, exclusion or candidate from being recorded as an established particle." }, { "name": "Spin and physical polarisation content", "kind": "category", "unit_or_values": "Spin quantum number, helicities or physical modes, with spacetime dimension and theory assumptions", "why_it_matters": "Tests whether the proposed excitation matches the claimed gravitational degree of freedom." }, { "name": "Rest mass specification", "kind": "measurement", "unit_or_values": "eV/c^2; distinguish assumed zero, fitted value, upper limit and excluded interval", "why_it_matters": "Separates defining assumptions from empirical bounds and distinguishes different graviton proposals." }, { "name": "Gravitational coupling prescription", "kind": "relation", "unit_or_values": "Coupled stress-energy or other specified source; coupling normalisation, units and universality assumptions", "why_it_matters": "Connects the excitation to gravitational interactions and permits tests against spin-2 alternatives." }, { "name": "Propagation prescription", "kind": "relation", "unit_or_values": "Energy-momentum relation and propagation speed as functions of energy and background, with conventions", "why_it_matters": "Makes propagation constraints interpretable within a specified theory." }, { "name": "Particle-state setting", "kind": "category", "unit_or_values": "Asymptotic particle; background-dependent excitation; virtual internal line; collective field state", "why_it_matters": "Prevents distinct uses of particle language from being treated as equivalent observations." }, { "name": "Domain of validity", "kind": "relation", "unit_or_values": "Energy scale, curvature scale, background, perturbative order and applicable cutoff", "why_it_matters": "Limits the circumstances in which an agent may use the hypothesis to calculate or interpret evidence." } ], "affordances": [ "Classify a graviton claim by its theoretical realisation and operational meaning.", "Check whether specified spin, coupling and propagation properties support a gravitational interpretation.", "Compare mass bounds only after matching their theories, assumptions and statistical meanings.", "Trace a proposed observable to the graviton properties it could actually constrain.", "Separate evidence for classical gravitational dynamics from evidence for gravitational quantisation.", "Identify missing assumptions or discriminating tests before strengthening an existence claim." ] }, "sources": [], "structure": { "bundles": [ { "id": "graviton-identity", "name": "Graviton identity", "description": "Record what a proposal means by graviton and what qualifies as an instance.", "rationale": "The same term can denote different theoretical objects whose properties cannot be merged without qualification.", "layers": [ { "id": "defining-gravitational-role", "name": "Defining gravitational role", "description": "Establish the excitation's connection to gravity.", "findings": [ { "id": "gravitational-identity-test", "name": "Gravitational identity test", "description": "Require the defining theory and gravitational role rather than accepting spin alone as identification; massive spin-2 alternatives can share relevant coupling structures. [Fok et al., It is a Graviton! or maybe not](https://cds.cern.ch/record/1431934).", "questions": [ { "text": "Which theory and authors define this excitation as a graviton, and what gravitational role do they assign it?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "gravitational-identity-test-q01" }, { "text": "What would distinguish it from a nongravitational spin-2 resonance?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "gravitational-identity-test-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "variant-boundaries", "name": "Variant boundaries", "description": "Keep conventional and extended meanings explicitly qualified.", "findings": [ { "id": "qualified-graviton-realisation", "name": "Qualified graviton realisation", "description": "Record whether the claim concerns the conventional massless excitation, a massive mode, an extra-dimensional mode or an emergent gravitational excitation.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which realisation is intended, and which assumptions define membership in it?", "kind": "definition", "id": "qualified-graviton-realisation-q01" }, { "text": "Does an emergent or analogue use describe physical gravity or a different system with similar mathematics?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "qualified-graviton-realisation-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "quantum-state-meaning", "name": "Quantum state meaning", "description": "Establish when graviton particle language is meaningful and what state a claim concerns.", "rationale": "A field perturbation, a particle state and an internal line in a calculation support different assertions.", "layers": [ { "id": "background-and-quantisation", "name": "Background and quantisation", "description": "Identify the field, background and quantisation prescription.", "findings": [ { "id": "particle-definition-setting", "name": "Particle definition setting", "description": "Require the setting that makes an excitation count as a particle, including any background, observer or asymptotic-state assumptions.", "questions": [ { "text": "What field or effective degree of freedom is quantised to define the graviton?", "kind": "definition", "id": "particle-definition-setting-q01" }, { "text": "Which background or asymptotic conditions make the proposed particle state well defined?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "particle-definition-setting-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "state-and-exchange-claims", "name": "State and exchange claims", "description": "Separate observable-state claims from calculational representations.", "findings": [ { "id": "real-virtual-and-collective", "name": "Real, virtual and collective uses", "description": "Record whether the claim concerns a propagating quantum state, virtual exchange or a collective field state, and require an observable appropriate to that claim.", "questions": [ { "text": "Is the graviton represented as an external particle state, an internal propagator or part of a collective field state?", "kind": "definition", "id": "real-virtual-and-collective-q01" }, { "text": "Which observable supports the claim without treating virtual exchange as a directly detected particle?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "real-virtual-and-collective-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "gravitational-dynamics", "name": "Gravitational dynamics", "description": "Capture the degrees of freedom, couplings and propagation rules needed to derive predictions.", "rationale": "Graviton identity becomes operational through how the proposed excitation interacts and propagates.", "layers": [ { "id": "spin-and-coupling", "name": "Spin and coupling", "description": "Specify the physical modes and their gravitational interaction prescription.", "findings": [ { "id": "physical-mode-content", "name": "Physical mode content", "description": "Record spin and propagating polarisations with the dimension, mass assumptions and constraints used to count them.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which physical helicities or polarisations remain after constraints and gauge redundancy are accounted for?", "kind": "definition", "id": "physical-mode-content-q01" }, { "text": "What angular or polarisation observable could test this mode assignment?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "physical-mode-content-q02" } ] }, { "id": "source-coupling", "name": "Source coupling", "description": "Specify how the graviton couples to matter and gravitational degrees of freedom, including any claimed universality.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which source operator does the excitation couple to, and with what normalisation?", "kind": "definition", "id": "source-coupling-q01" }, { "text": "Which calculation or observation could distinguish this coupling from that of a spin-2 impostor?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "source-coupling-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "mass-and-propagation", "name": "Mass and propagation", "description": "Connect mass assumptions and propagation laws to interpretable tests.", "findings": [ { "id": "conditional-mass-inference", "name": "Conditional mass inference", "description": "Treat a graviton mass bound as conditional on its theory and analysis rather than as a universal particle measurement. [Particle Data Group graviton mass listings](https://pdgprod.lbl.gov/pdgprod/pdgLive/DataBlock.action?node=G033M).", "questions": [ { "text": "Is masslessness assumed, or is a mass parameter fitted or constrained within a named theory?", "kind": "definition", "id": "conditional-mass-inference-q01" }, { "text": "What dispersion relation, background and statistical assumptions turn the observation into a mass bound?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "conditional-mass-inference-q02" }, { "text": "Can this bound be compared with another result without changing the meaning of the mass parameter?", "kind": "action", "id": "conditional-mass-inference-q03" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "evidence-and-identification", "name": "Evidence and identification", "description": "Determine what observations support and what remains unestablished.", "rationale": "Evidence for gravitational behaviour, constraints on a hypothesis and identification of a quantum require separate judgments.", "layers": [ { "id": "quantisation-evidence", "name": "Quantisation evidence", "description": "Assess whether an observation distinguishes quantum gravitational behaviour from classical alternatives.", "findings": [ { "id": "quantum-discriminator", "name": "Quantum discriminator", "description": "Require the specific observation and inference that support quantisation, including an account of competing classical explanations.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which measured feature is claimed to require a quantum gravitational description?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "quantum-discriminator-q01" }, { "text": "Which classical or semiclassical alternatives have been evaluated, and under what assumptions?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "quantum-discriminator-q02" }, { "text": "Would the result establish gravitational quantisation generally or identify a particular graviton state?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "quantum-discriminator-q03" } ] } ] }, { "id": "search-and-exclusion", "name": "Search and exclusion", "description": "Interpret candidate signals and null results within their actual parameter spaces.", "findings": [ { "id": "model-dependent-search-result", "name": "Model-dependent search result", "description": "Attach resonance exclusions to the stated graviton model and coupling assumptions; CMS reports explicitly model-dependent exclusions in a massive-graviton search. [CMS graviton search results](https://twiki.cern.ch/twiki/bin/view/CMSPublic/PhysicsResultsEXO11102Pub).", "questions": [ { "text": "Which graviton variant, production process and final state does this search target?", "kind": "definition", "id": "model-dependent-search-result-q01" }, { "text": "What parameter region, confidence construction and coupling assumptions support the reported exclusion or excess?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "model-dependent-search-result-q02" }, { "text": "What additional evidence would justify identifying an excess as gravitational rather than merely compatible with spin 2?", "kind": "action", "id": "model-dependent-search-result-q03" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "theoretical-validity-and-use", "name": "Theoretical validity and use", "description": "Determine where graviton calculations are meaningful and which agent actions their support permits.", "rationale": "A useful low-energy description, a consistent proposed extension and an established microscopic theory are different achievements.", "layers": [ { "id": "consistency-and-validity", "name": "Consistency and validity", "description": "Record the assumptions and limits supporting a particular graviton calculation.", "findings": [ { "id": "controlled-prediction-domain", "name": "Controlled prediction domain", "description": "Require explicit energy and background limits, approximation control and treatment of any additional modes or instabilities.", "questions": [ { "text": "Over which energies, curvatures and backgrounds is the calculation claimed to be reliable?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "controlled-prediction-domain-q01" }, { "text": "How are unwanted modes, instability risks and loss of perturbative control assessed in this theory?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "controlled-prediction-domain-q02" }, { "text": "Which prediction must be withheld when the proposed validity domain is exceeded?", "kind": "action", "id": "controlled-prediction-domain-q03" } ] } ] }, { "id": "claim-management", "name": "Claim management", "description": "Connect traceable evidence to permitted changes in a graviton record.", "findings": [ { "id": "evidence-qualified-state-change", "name": "Evidence-qualified state change", "description": "Preserve the distinction between assumed properties, theoretical derivations, empirical constraints and identification claims when updating the model.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which read source supports each property, and is its support theoretical, observational or interpretive?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "evidence-qualified-state-change-q01" }, { "text": "What additional result would justify changing this record from a constrained hypothesis to a supported identification?", "kind": "action", "id": "evidence-qualified-state-change-q02" }, { "text": "Which unresolved alternatives must remain attached to the claim after the update?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "evidence-qualified-state-change-q03" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "evidence-and-external-alignment", "name": "Evidence and external alignment", "description": "What the world already says about this thing, gathered so the model can be checked against it.", "rationale": "A model that cannot be lined up against existing standards, identifiers and practice cannot be adopted by anyone who already uses them.", "layers": [ { "id": "reported-evidence", "name": "Reported evidence", "description": "Findings from the breadth pass, kept separate from the structural claims.", "findings": [ { "id": "evidence-confidence-notes", "name": "Check these first", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ "This covers the theoretical physics sense; no experimental confirmation of individual gravitons is established in recalled knowledge.", "Masslessness and two helicity states describe the standard four-dimensional theory, not every proposed gravitational theory.", "The listed properties are theoretical predictions, not direct measurements; numerical experimental bounds are omitted." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-confidence-notes-q01", "text": "Which of these check these first hold for the sense of graviton this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-kinds", "name": "Kinds and varieties", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ "Massless gravitons in perturbative quantum general relativity", "Massive gravitons in some proposed modifications of gravity" ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-kinds-q01", "text": "Which of these kinds and varieties hold for the sense of graviton this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-real-world-use", "name": "Real-world use", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ "Calculating quantum gravitational interactions within effective field theory", "Studying scattering amplitudes and consistency conditions for quantum gravity", "Developing and testing theoretical models of modified gravity" ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-real-world-use-q01", "text": "Which of these real-world use hold for the sense of graviton this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-measurements", "name": "Typical measurements", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ { "quantity": "Spin quantum number", "typical_range": "2 in the standard theoretical description; not experimentally measured for a graviton", "unit": "dimensionless" }, { "quantity": "Rest mass", "typical_range": "Exactly zero in the standard massless theory; model-dependent in massive-gravity proposals", "unit": "kg" } ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-measurements-q01", "text": "Which of these typical measurements hold for the sense of graviton this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-failure-modes-and-hazards", "name": "Failure modes and hazards", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ "Treating detection of classical gravitational waves as detection of individual gravitons.", "Presenting gravitons as experimentally established particles.", "Applying perturbative quantum general relativity beyond its effective-field-theory regime without a justified completion.", "Assuming a graviton particle description is uniquely defined on every curved spacetime background." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-failure-modes-and-hazards-q01", "text": "Which of these failure modes and hazards hold for the sense of graviton this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-neighbours", "name": "Neighbouring kinds and how to tell them apart", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ { "name": "gravitational wave", "difference": "A gravitational wave is a propagating disturbance of spacetime curvature; a graviton is a proposed individual quantum of the corresponding field." }, { "name": "gravity", "difference": "Gravity is the physical interaction described classically by general relativity; the graviton belongs to a proposed quantum description." }, { "name": "photon", "difference": "A photon is an experimentally established spin-1 quantum of the electromagnetic field; the standard graviton is a hypothetical spin-2 quantum of gravity." }, { "name": "gravitino", "difference": "A gravitino is a hypothetical spin-3/2 supersymmetric partner of the graviton, rather than the graviton itself." } ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-neighbours-q01", "text": "Which of these neighbouring kinds and how to tell them apart hold for the sense of graviton this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] } ] } ] } ] }, "openQuestions": [ "Which proposed observations can establish gravitational quantisation, and which can additionally identify individual graviton states?", "Does physical gravity admit the conventional massless spin-2 quantum as its appropriate low-energy particle description, and what microscopic theory supports it?", "Which massive or emergent graviton proposals remain theoretically consistent and empirically viable within explicitly stated domains?", "How should graviton identity be operationalised in cosmological or strongly curved settings without a unique particle-state construction?", "Which published graviton bounds can be compared or combined after their theory assumptions, parameter definitions and statistical procedures are reconciled?" ], "statistics": { "bundles": 6, "layers": 11, "findings": 17, "questions": 33 } }, "draft": { "generator": "vr.draft.v3", "status": "draft-generated", "researched": false, "archetype": "abstract concept", "method": "Written from the archetype playbook - what this kind of thing needs beyond identity and provenance - and from the structure that recurred across 6,333 models already researched by two engines. Applied to this entry by rule. No source was read for this thing and no claim here is researched. This entry carries no facets of its own, so they were inferred from its domain - a guess about a whole domain applied to one thing.", "facetsInferred": true, "nextPass": "A researcher replaces this draft with a sourced specification. Treat every sentence below as a proposal to argue with.", "purpose": "Give an agent a durable, checkable way to recognise a graviton, record what state it is in, and decide what may be done with it.", "whatItIs": "Enable an agent to recognise graviton hypotheses, assess their theoretical and evidential status, and determine which predictions, comparisons and experimental interpretations are justified.", "characteristics": { "substance": "abstract", "origin": "conceptual", "agency": "inert" }, "whatYouCanDoWithIt": [ "observed and measured" ], "distinguishingFeatures": [ "Described in 73 Wikipedia languages, which is a measure of how widely the thing is known, not of how important it is." ], "openQuestionsForResearch": [ "Which of the bundles below does a real task actually need, and which are ceremony?", "What does this thing have that the facets do not capture at all?", "Which neighbouring kind is most often confused with a graviton, and on what evidence are they told apart?" ], "whatItIsMadeOf": "an abstraction with no physical instance", "physicalCharacter": [ "Does nothing on its own; everything it does, something else did to it.", "These come from the domain this entry sits in rather than from the entry itself, so treat them as a first guess about the whole domain applied to one thing." ], "whatCanBeDoneWithIt": [ "observe it, measure it, record its state" ], "howItIsRecognised": [ "Nothing to see. What is recognised is an instance of it, and which instances count is exactly what is argued about." ], "relatedModels": [], "standing": "Described in 73 Wikipedia languages, which measures how widely it is written about rather than how important or how common it is.", "structure": { "bundles": [ { "id": "identity-and-classification", "name": "Identity, naming and classification", "description": "How an agent tells one graviton from another, and a graviton from things that resemble it.", "rationale": "Recognition comes before every other claim. Without stable identity nothing else in the model can be trusted to be about the same thing twice.", "layers": [ { "id": "naming-and-identifiers", "name": "Names and identifiers", "description": "The names this thing goes by and the identifiers that survive translation and time.", "findings": [ { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases", "name": "Preferred name, aliases and local names", "description": "Which name to use, which names mean the same thing, and which merely sound similar.", "questions": [ { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the name of a graviton, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the name of a graviton, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the name of a graviton is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers", "name": "Stable identifiers and external keys", "description": "Identifiers that keep pointing at this kind of thing across systems and languages.", "questions": [ { "id": "stable-identifiers-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes an identifier for a graviton, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about an identifier for a graviton, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once an identifier for a graviton is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "classification-and-granularity", "name": "Classification and granularity", "description": "Where a graviton sits among kinds, and how finely a task needs to cut it.", "findings": [ { "id": "kind-and-parents", "name": "Kind, parents and neighbouring kinds", "description": "The classes this thing belongs to and the ones it is next to.", "questions": [ { "id": "kind-and-parents-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the kind of a graviton, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "kind-and-parents-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the kind of a graviton, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "kind-and-parents-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the kind of a graviton is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features", "name": "Distinguishing features", "description": "What separates a graviton from the things most often confused with it.", "questions": [ { "id": "distinguishing-features-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes what distinguishes a graviton, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about what distinguishes a graviton, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once what distinguishes a graviton is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "state-and-lifecycle", "name": "State and lifecycle", "description": "The states a graviton passes through and the events that move it between them.", "rationale": "Most decisions about a thing depend on what state it is in now, which is a claim with a time on it, not a property.", "layers": [ { "id": "lifecycle-stages", "name": "Lifecycle stages", "description": "From coming into existence to ceasing to be one of these.", "findings": [ { "id": "stages-and-transitions", "name": "Stages and transitions", "description": "The stages worth naming and what moves a graviton between them.", "questions": [ { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the lifecycle of a graviton, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the lifecycle of a graviton, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the lifecycle of a graviton is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "observations-and-status", "name": "Observations and current status", "description": "What is observed about a graviton, how often and by whom.", "findings": [ { "id": "observation-record", "name": "Observation record", "description": "How an observation of a graviton is recorded so that it can be superseded rather than overwritten.", "questions": [ { "id": "observation-record-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes an observation of a graviton, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "observation-record-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about an observation of a graviton, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "observation-record-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once an observation of a graviton is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "definitions-in-contest", "name": "Definitions and who holds them", "description": "What graviton is taken to mean, and by whom.", "rationale": "When a field disagrees about a concept, the disagreement is the content. A model that picks one definition silently destroys the information.", "layers": [ { "id": "competing-definitions", "name": "Competing definitions", "description": "The main readings and the traditions behind them.", "findings": [ { "id": "definition-map", "name": "Definitions and their holders", "description": "Each definition with the school or body that holds it.", "questions": [ { "id": "definition-map-q01", "text": "Which definitions of graviton are in use, and which tradition or body holds each?", "kind": "definition" }, { "id": "definition-map-q02", "text": "What turns on the difference between them in practice?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] }, { "id": "operationalisation", "name": "Operationalisation", "description": "How it is measured or applied when it has to be.", "findings": [ { "id": "operational-record", "name": "Measures and proxies", "description": "Instruments and indicators used to stand in for it.", "questions": [ { "id": "operational-record-q01", "text": "How is graviton operationalised or measured in practice, and by what instrument?", "kind": "measurement" }, { "id": "operational-record-q02", "text": "What does that operationalisation leave out, and when does that matter?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "instances-and-use", "name": "Instances, use and consequence", "description": "What counts as an instance of graviton and what follows from calling something that.", "rationale": "Applying a concept is an act with consequences, so a model must say what the label licenses and what it does not.", "layers": [ { "id": "instances", "name": "What counts as an instance", "description": "Clear cases, borderline cases and non-cases.", "findings": [ { "id": "instance-tests", "name": "Tests for an instance", "description": "What would settle whether something falls under it.", "questions": [ { "id": "instance-tests-q01", "text": "What would settle whether something is an instance of graviton?", "kind": "boundary" }, { "id": "instance-tests-q02", "text": "Which borderline cases are argued about, and on what grounds?", "kind": "definition" } ] } ] }, { "id": "consequence", "name": "Consequence of application", "description": "Rights, duties or decisions that follow from the label.", "findings": [ { "id": "consequence-record", "name": "What the label licenses", "description": "What an agent may do once something is classified this way.", "questions": [ { "id": "consequence-record-q01", "text": "What follows practically once something is treated as graviton?", "kind": "action" }, { "id": "consequence-record-q02", "text": "What must an agent not infer from the label alone?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "provenance-and-evidence", "name": "Provenance, evidence and time", "description": "Where every claim about a graviton came from and when it held.", "rationale": "A claim without a source and a time cannot be superseded, only overwritten, and an agent that overwrites loses the ability to explain itself.", "layers": [ { "id": "source-and-authority", "name": "Source and authority", "description": "Who said it, on what evidence, and how strongly.", "findings": [ { "id": "claim-provenance", "name": "Claim provenance and confidence", "description": "The authority behind each claim about a graviton and how confident it is.", "questions": [ { "id": "claim-provenance-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes a claim about a graviton, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "claim-provenance-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about a claim about a graviton, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "claim-provenance-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once a claim about a graviton is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "time-and-versions", "name": "Time, versions and supersession", "description": "When a claim was true, when it was learnt, and what replaced it.", "findings": [ { "id": "validity-and-supersession", "name": "Validity period and supersession", "description": "How an old claim about a graviton is retired without being erased.", "questions": [ { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the validity of a claim about a graviton, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the validity of a claim about a graviton, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the validity of a claim about a graviton is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] } ] }, "statistics": { "bundles": 5, "layers": 10, "findings": 12, "questions": 32 } } } }