{ "model": { "rank": 5054, "code": "thing-q104083", "model_id": "vr.tr.grammatical-number", "name": "grammatical number", "purpose": "Enable an agent to recognise, describe and compare grammatical-number systems and analyse number-bearing expressions without equating grammatical form with real-world quantity.", "family": "Thing Registry", "category": "Cross-cutting context", "status": "research-draft", "kind": "thing", "plane": "XCT", "domain": "XCT.QLT", "industry": "", "version": "", "url": "/models/thing/q104083/", "tier": 2, "score": 70, "payload": { "layer": "wikidata", "aliases": [ "grammatical number in Spanish", "grammatical number in French" ], "aliasCount": 2, "merged": 2, "knownIn": 70, "facets": null, "markers": [], "lexicalClass": "", "senseRank": null, "alsoRegisteredAs": null, "source": { "dataset": "wikidata", "item": "Q104083", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q104083", "license": "CC0 1.0" } }, "research": { "vercy": "1.0-draft", "publication": { "status": "research-draft", "adjudicationStatus": "unreviewed", "publishableCanonical": false, "generatedAt": "2026-09-09T21:34:04Z", "providers": [ "Codex" ], "breadth": "recalled by Codex without web access - no source was read", "missingProviders": [], "pass": 2, "cost": { "grok": { "seconds": 21.8, "error": "Reading additional input from stdin...\nOpenAI Codex v0.153.4\n--------\nworkdir: R:\\02_PROJECTS\\02_Meta_Models_Platforms\\Ver.cy\\current\\thing-registry-backlog\nmodel: gpt-6-astra\nprovider: openai\napproval: never\nsandbox: read-only\nreasoning effort: none\nreasoning summaries: none\nsession id: 01a08816-bd87-7230-87e8-da33a45aeccb\n--------\nuser\nDescribe what is already known about one registered thing. Answer as JSON only, no prose around it.\n\nThing: grammatical number\nSense to describe: (none recorded)\nDomain code: XCT.QLT\nAlso known as: (none)\n\n\nContext for this batch of 1001 things:\n# Batch 005: 1", "usd": 0, "recall": true }, "codex": { "seconds": 58.3, "error": "Reading additional input from stdin...\nOpenAI Codex v0.153.4\n--------\nworkdir: R:\\02_PROJECTS\\02_Meta_Models_Platforms\\Ver.cy\\current\\thing-registry-backlog\nmodel: gpt-6-astra\nprovider: openai\napproval: never\nsandbox: read-only\nreasoning effort: none\nreasoning summaries: none\nsession id: 01a08816-bd81-7792-a2b8-6b9f819d2be1\n--------\nuser\nYou are drafting a Vercy meta-model for one registered thing. Answer as JSON only, no prose around it.\n\nThing: grammatical number\nRegistry id: vr.tr.grammatical-number\nPlane / domain: XCT / XCT.QLT\nRegistry definition: (none recorded)\nNames folded into this en" } } }, "metaModel": { "id": "THING-Q104083", "registryId": "vr.tr.grammatical-number", "name": "grammatical number", "version": "0.1.0-research.1", "entryKind": "thing", "family": "Thing Registry", "domain": [ "XCT.QLT" ], "status": "research-draft" }, "canonicalUrl": "https://ver.cy/models/thing/q104083/", "model": { "registry_id": "vr.tr.grammatical-number", "name": "grammatical number", "purpose": "Enable an agent to recognise, describe and compare grammatical-number systems and analyse number-bearing expressions without equating grammatical form with real-world quantity.", "definition": "Grammatical number is a grammatical category that distinguishes conventional quantity-related classes of referents or participants, such as singular and plural, through contrasts in word forms, agreement, or syntactic behaviour, without necessarily matching their actual cardinality.", "scope_statement": "This model owns grammatical number as a linguistic category: its language-specific values, distribution, expression, interpretation and agreement behaviour, together with the evidence and analytical assumptions used to identify it.", "in_scope": [ "Language-specific number values and the contrasts that justify recognising them", "Number marking on nouns, pronouns and other relevant expression types", "Number agreement, including controller-target mismatches", "Relations between grammatical number, reference and contextual interpretation", "Competing analyses and operational tests for identifying number categories" ], "out_of_scope": [ "Mathematical number and arithmetic", "Numerals and quantifiers except where they diagnose or interact with grammatical number", "Gender, noun class, person and case as independent grammatical categories", "Lexical mass-count distinctions except where they constrain number behaviour", "Event plurality and distributive constructions unless evidence connects them to the number system under analysis" ], "distinguishing_features": [ "Test whether an expression participates in a grammatical contrast or agreement pattern rather than merely naming a quantity.", "Test grammatical behaviour independently of referent count: an expression's number classification need not directly report how many entities it denotes.", "Distinguish number from gender or noun class by examining number alternations and agreement while controlling for lexical classification.", "Distinguish an unmarked number value from absence of a number contrast by checking paradigms, interpretation and agreement.", "Distinguish nominal number from event repetition by identifying what bears the contrast and whether the same grammatical dependencies support it." ], "characteristics": [ { "name": "Number-value inventory", "kind": "category", "unit_or_values": "Language-specific values supported by evidence; candidate labels include singular, dual, trial, paucal and plural", "why_it_matters": "Prevents an agent from imposing a singular-plural inventory before establishing the actual contrasts." }, { "name": "Number-bearing domain", "kind": "category", "unit_or_values": "Noun, pronoun, noun phrase, agreement target or another explicitly identified domain", "why_it_matters": "Locates the category and prevents number inventories from being assumed identical across expression types." }, { "name": "Expression strategy", "kind": "category", "unit_or_values": "Affixation, stem alternation, suppletion, reduplication, separate marker, zero expression or combinations supported by analysis", "why_it_matters": "Separates the grammatical contrast from the forms used to express it." }, { "name": "Distribution and obligatoriness", "kind": "state", "unit_or_values": "Obligatory, optional, unavailable or unresolved within a specified grammatical environment", "why_it_matters": "Supports judgements about whether an observed form is expected, licensed or anomalous." }, { "name": "Interpretive contribution", "kind": "relation", "unit_or_values": "Number value linked to contextual readings, referent groupings and explicit exceptions", "why_it_matters": "Prevents automatic conversion of a grammatical label into an exact cardinality." }, { "name": "Agreement dependency", "kind": "relation", "unit_or_values": "Controller, target, construction, realised value and conditions on matching or mismatch", "why_it_matters": "Allows an agent to analyse number beyond the morphology of the referring expression." }, { "name": "Analytical support", "kind": "state", "unit_or_values": "Proposed, supported, contested or unresolved, with source, variety and diagnostic evidence", "why_it_matters": "Keeps descriptive observations distinct from theoretical commitments." } ], "affordances": [ "Annotate an expression's number form, proposed value and contextual interpretation separately.", "Compare number systems while preserving language-specific contrasts and distributional restrictions.", "Evaluate candidate number analyses against paradigms, agreement and interpretation evidence.", "Identify apparent number mismatches and determine whether a documented construction licenses them.", "Generate targeted elicitation or corpus-search questions for unresolved number contrasts." ] }, "sources": [], "structure": { "bundles": [ { "id": "category-and-contrasts", "name": "Category and contrasts", "description": "Establish what counts as grammatical number and which distinctions a particular analysis recognises.", "rationale": "Number labels are useful only when tied to explicit contrasts and a stated account of the category.", "layers": [ { "id": "definition-and-framework", "name": "Definition and framework", "description": "Record the criteria and theoretical commitments behind identifying number.", "findings": [ { "id": "criteria-for-number", "name": "Criteria for identifying number", "description": "Capture how a named source or analytical framework identifies number through form, interpretation, agreement or a combination of diagnostics.", "questions": [ { "text": "What definition of grammatical number does the analysis adopt, and which source or school advances it?", "kind": "definition", "id": "criteria-for-number-q01" }, { "text": "Where would a competing analysis classify the same evidence as quantification, lexical meaning or another grammatical category?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "criteria-for-number-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "inventory-and-contrast", "name": "Inventory and contrast", "description": "Establish number values without assuming that familiar labels identify equivalent categories.", "findings": [ { "id": "supported-number-values", "name": "Supported number values", "description": "Record each proposed value with contrasting examples and the domain in which the contrast holds.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which minimal or controlled contrasts justify each proposed number value?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "supported-number-values-q01" }, { "text": "Do nouns, pronouns and agreement targets support the same inventory, or must their inventories be recorded separately?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "supported-number-values-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "expression-and-distribution", "name": "Expression and distribution", "description": "Describe how number contrasts are realised and where they are available or required.", "rationale": "An agent must distinguish a number category from its markers and avoid treating every missing marker as singular.", "layers": [ { "id": "forms-and-paradigms", "name": "Forms and paradigms", "description": "Connect number values to observed forms and paradigm relationships.", "findings": [ { "id": "number-exponents", "name": "Number exponents and ambiguity", "description": "Record overt and zero expression, shared forms and evidence for analyses of apparently unmarked expressions.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which forms express each number value, and which forms are shared across values or also express other features?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "number-exponents-q01" }, { "text": "What evidence distinguishes zero marking of a particular value from general number, syncretism or absence of number specification?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "number-exponents-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "licensing-environments", "name": "Licensing environments", "description": "Specify the lexical and constructional conditions governing number expression.", "findings": [ { "id": "marking-conditions", "name": "Conditions on number marking", "description": "Capture restrictions involving lexical classes, animacy, numerals, quantifiers and construction type where supported.", "questions": [ { "text": "In which environments is number marking obligatory, optional or unavailable, and what examples establish those judgements?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "marking-conditions-q01" }, { "text": "How should an agent assess a form when a numeral, quantifier or lexical restriction changes the usual marking pattern?", "kind": "action", "id": "marking-conditions-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "meaning-and-reference", "name": "Meaning and reference", "description": "Relate grammatical-number values to readings while retaining context and lexical contributions.", "rationale": "Number interpretation requires more than counting referents or translating a category label.", "layers": [ { "id": "cardinality-and-context", "name": "Cardinality and context", "description": "Record the quantity-related interpretations supported by particular forms in context.", "findings": [ { "id": "value-to-reading", "name": "Number value and contextual reading", "description": "Separate grammatical classification from exact, lower-bounded, vague, generic or otherwise context-dependent readings.", "questions": [ { "text": "What quantity-related readings does each value permit, and which contextual contrasts establish their limits?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "value-to-reading-q01" }, { "text": "Which parts of a reading are attributed to grammatical number, and which to lexical meaning, quantification or pragmatic inference?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "value-to-reading-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "individuation-and-grouping", "name": "Individuation and grouping", "description": "Examine what is treated as an individual or group in a number interpretation.", "findings": [ { "id": "countability-and-special-readings", "name": "Countability and special readings", "description": "Record interactions with mass-count behaviour, collective reference, associative readings and unit-forming constructions without presupposing one analysis.", "questions": [ { "text": "When a form receives a group, associate, portion or kind reading, what evidence identifies the contribution of number?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "countability-and-special-readings-q01" }, { "text": "What contrasts show whether an unusual reading is productive, construction-specific or restricted to particular lexical items?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "countability-and-special-readings-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "agreement-and-analysis", "name": "Agreement and analysis", "description": "Track number dependencies and the evidence needed to interpret or validate them.", "rationale": "Number can be diagnosed through dependent expressions, and apparent mismatches require construction-specific analysis.", "layers": [ { "id": "controllers-and-targets", "name": "Controllers and targets", "description": "Identify which expression controls number and how dependent forms respond.", "findings": [ { "id": "agreement-patterns", "name": "Number agreement patterns", "description": "Record controller-target relations, coordination patterns and alternatives involving grammatical form or interpreted reference.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which expressions control number on which targets, and what changes when the controller is coordinated or denotes a group?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "agreement-patterns-q01" }, { "text": "What evidence supports analysing an apparent mismatch as licensed agreement, variation, an error or a mistaken feature assignment?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "agreement-patterns-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "evidence-and-operationalisation", "name": "Evidence and operationalisation", "description": "Make number analyses traceable and usable in annotation, elicitation and corpus work.", "findings": [ { "id": "diagnostic-evidence-and-decisions", "name": "Diagnostic evidence and analysis decisions", "description": "Associate classifications with attested examples, elicitation conditions, sources and rules for retaining unresolved alternatives.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which source, language variety, speaker context and attested or elicited examples support each proposed contrast or restriction?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "diagnostic-evidence-and-decisions-q01" }, { "text": "When morphology, agreement and interpretation support different classifications, what annotation should preserve the evidence and competing analyses?", "kind": "action", "id": "diagnostic-evidence-and-decisions-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "evidence-and-external-alignment", "name": "Evidence and external alignment", "description": "What the world already says about this thing, gathered so the model can be checked against it.", "rationale": "A model that cannot be lined up against existing standards, identifiers and practice cannot be adopted by anyone who already uses them.", "layers": [ { "id": "reported-evidence", "name": "Reported evidence", "description": "Findings from the breadth pass, kept separate from the structural claims.", "findings": [ { "id": "evidence-confidence-notes", "name": "Check these first", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ "This describes grammatical number in linguistics; the registry supplied no narrower sense.", "The inventory is illustrative: treatments differ over whether general number and certain collective or associative constructions are number values or separate phenomena.", "Language-specific distributions and annotation conventions should be checked before implementation; this account is recalled knowledge, not source-verified research." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-confidence-notes-q01", "text": "Which of these check these first hold for the sense of grammatical number this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-kinds", "name": "Kinds and varieties", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ "Singular", "Plural", "Dual", "Trial", "Paucal", "General number, leaving quantity unspecified" ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-kinds-q01", "text": "Which of these kinds and varieties hold for the sense of grammatical number this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-identifiers", "name": "Identifiers and schemes", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ { "scheme": "Universal Dependencies morphological features", "value_or_pattern": "Number=Sing, Number=Plur, Number=Dual", "note": "Feature-value labels for grammatical annotation, not identifiers for the concept itself; other values are available." }, { "scheme": "Leipzig Glossing Rules", "value_or_pattern": "SG, PL, DU", "note": "Conventional abbreviations for singular, plural, and dual in interlinear glosses." } ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-identifiers-q01", "text": "Which of these identifiers and schemes hold for the sense of grammatical number this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-standards-and-regulation", "name": "Standards and regulation", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ "The Leipzig Glossing Rules, associated with the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology and Leipzig University, provide conventions for representing grammatical number in interlinear glosses.", "The Universal Dependencies project defines a Number feature for morphological annotation." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-standards-and-regulation-q01", "text": "Which of these standards and regulation hold for the sense of grammatical number this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-real-world-use", "name": "Real-world use", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ "Describing noun, pronoun, and agreement systems in grammars and language documentation.", "Annotating corpora for linguistic research and natural language processing.", "Teaching inflection and agreement in language education.", "Selecting grammatical forms in machine translation and text generation.", "Localizing messages whose wording changes with numerical expressions." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-real-world-use-q01", "text": "Which of these real-world use hold for the sense of grammatical number this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-failure-modes-and-hazards", "name": "Failure modes and hazards", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ "Equating grammatical number with actual cardinality, overlooking collective expressions, mass nouns, and formally plural expressions with singular reference.", "Assuming every language obligatorily distinguishes singular and plural.", "Treating paucal as a universally fixed numerical interval.", "Confusing a word's own number marking with number agreement controlled by another expression.", "Applying one language's plural rules to another language in translation or software localization." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-failure-modes-and-hazards-q01", "text": "Which of these failure modes and hazards hold for the sense of grammatical number this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-regional-variation", "name": "Regional variation", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ "Many European languages prominently distinguish singular and plural; Slovenian additionally retains a productive dual.", "Many East and Southeast Asian languages allow nouns without obligatory number marking, although particular constructions or noun classes may mark plurality.", "Some Oceanic languages distinguish singular, dual, trial, or paucal in pronouns more extensively than in nouns." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-regional-variation-q01", "text": "Which of these regional variation hold for the sense of grammatical number this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-neighbours", "name": "Neighbouring kinds and how to tell them apart", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ { "name": "Cardinality", "difference": "Cardinality counts members of a set; grammatical number classifies linguistic expressions and may diverge from that count." }, { "name": "Numeral", "difference": "A numeral expresses numerical content lexically; grammatical number is a grammatical contrast that can occur without a numeral." }, { "name": "Agreement", "difference": "Agreement is a dependency through which expressions share or reflect features; number is one feature that agreement can transmit." }, { "name": "Countability", "difference": "Countability concerns whether and how a noun supports counting constructions; number concerns contrasts such as singular and plural." }, { "name": "Pluractionality", "difference": "Pluractionality expresses multiplicity or distribution of events; participant number or number agreement on a verb need not express multiple events." } ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-neighbours-q01", "text": "Which of these neighbouring kinds and how to tell them apart hold for the sense of grammatical number this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] } ] } ] } ] }, "openQuestions": [ "Which reference works and theoretical accounts should anchor the definition, especially where morphological, syntactic and semantic diagnostics diverge?", "How should cross-language comparison distinguish general number, number neutrality, syncretism and absence of a grammatical-number category?", "Under what evidence should collective, associative, singulative or inverse patterns be treated as number values, expression strategies or separate constructions?", "Which diagnostics best separate grammatical-number contributions from mass-count behaviour and contextual shifts in individuation?", "How should conflicting number evidence across controllers, agreement targets and discourse reference be represented without prematurely selecting one theoretical analysis?" ], "statistics": { "bundles": 5, "layers": 9, "findings": 16, "questions": 24 } }, "draft": { "generator": "vr.draft.v3", "status": "draft-generated", "researched": false, "archetype": "abstract concept", "method": "Written from the archetype playbook - what this kind of thing needs beyond identity and provenance - and from the structure that recurred across 6,333 models already researched by two engines. Applied to this entry by rule. No source was read for this thing and no claim here is researched. This entry carries no facets of its own, so they were inferred from its domain - a guess about a whole domain applied to one thing.", "facetsInferred": true, "nextPass": "A researcher replaces this draft with a sourced specification. Treat every sentence below as a proposal to argue with.", "purpose": "Give an agent a durable, checkable way to recognise a grammatical number, record what state it is in, and decide what may be done with it.", "whatItIs": "Enable an agent to recognise, describe and compare grammatical-number systems and analyse number-bearing expressions without equating grammatical form with real-world quantity.", "characteristics": { "substance": "abstract", "origin": "conceptual", "agency": "inert" }, "whatYouCanDoWithIt": [ "observed and measured" ], "distinguishingFeatures": [ "Names folded into this entry, which a task may need to split apart again: grammatical number in Spanish, grammatical number in French.", "2 finer distinctions are held as aliases rather than separate entries, because telling them apart needs a task that asks for it.", "Described in 70 Wikipedia languages, which is a measure of how widely the thing is known, not of how important it is." ], "openQuestionsForResearch": [ "Which of the bundles below does a real task actually need, and which are ceremony?", "What does this thing have that the facets do not capture at all?", "Which neighbouring kind is most often confused with a grammatical number, and on what evidence are they told apart?" ], "whatItIsMadeOf": "an abstraction with no physical instance", "physicalCharacter": [ "Does nothing on its own; everything it does, something else did to it.", "These come from the domain this entry sits in rather than from the entry itself, so treat them as a first guess about the whole domain applied to one thing." ], "whatCanBeDoneWithIt": [ "observe it, measure it, record its state" ], "howItIsRecognised": [ "Nothing to see. What is recognised is an instance of it, and which instances count is exactly what is argued about." ], "relatedModels": [ { "relation": "covers", "note": "Finer kinds folded into this entry because telling them apart needs a task that asks for it. Each is a model waiting to be split out when one does.", "targets": [ "grammatical number in Spanish", "grammatical number in French" ] } ], "standing": "Described in 70 Wikipedia languages, which measures how widely it is written about rather than how important or how common it is. 2 finer distinctions are held inside this entry as names rather than as separate models.", "structure": { "bundles": [ { "id": "identity-and-classification", "name": "Identity, naming and classification", "description": "How an agent tells one grammatical number from another, and a grammatical number from things that resemble it.", "rationale": "Recognition comes before every other claim. Without stable identity nothing else in the model can be trusted to be about the same thing twice.", "layers": [ { "id": "naming-and-identifiers", "name": "Names and identifiers", "description": "The names this thing goes by and the identifiers that survive translation and time.", "findings": [ { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases", "name": "Preferred name, aliases and local names", "description": "Which name to use, which names mean the same thing, and which merely sound similar.", "questions": [ { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the name of a grammatical number, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the name of a grammatical number, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the name of a grammatical number is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers", "name": "Stable identifiers and external keys", "description": "Identifiers that keep pointing at this kind of thing across systems and languages.", "questions": [ { "id": "stable-identifiers-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes an identifier for a grammatical number, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about an identifier for a grammatical number, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once an identifier for a grammatical number is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "classification-and-granularity", "name": "Classification and granularity", "description": "Where a grammatical number sits among kinds, and how finely a task needs to cut it.", "findings": [ { "id": "kind-and-parents", "name": "Kind, parents and neighbouring kinds", "description": "The classes this thing belongs to and the ones it is next to.", "questions": [ { "id": "kind-and-parents-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the kind of a grammatical number, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "kind-and-parents-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the kind of a grammatical number, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "kind-and-parents-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the kind of a grammatical number is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features", "name": "Distinguishing features", "description": "What separates a grammatical number from the things most often confused with it.", "questions": [ { "id": "distinguishing-features-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes what distinguishes a grammatical number, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about what distinguishes a grammatical number, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once what distinguishes a grammatical number is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "state-and-lifecycle", "name": "State and lifecycle", "description": "The states a grammatical number passes through and the events that move it between them.", "rationale": "Most decisions about a thing depend on what state it is in now, which is a claim with a time on it, not a property.", "layers": [ { "id": "lifecycle-stages", "name": "Lifecycle stages", "description": "From coming into existence to ceasing to be one of these.", "findings": [ { "id": "stages-and-transitions", "name": "Stages and transitions", "description": "The stages worth naming and what moves a grammatical number between them.", "questions": [ { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the lifecycle of a grammatical number, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the lifecycle of a grammatical number, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the lifecycle of a grammatical number is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "observations-and-status", "name": "Observations and current status", "description": "What is observed about a grammatical number, how often and by whom.", "findings": [ { "id": "observation-record", "name": "Observation record", "description": "How an observation of a grammatical number is recorded so that it can be superseded rather than overwritten.", "questions": [ { "id": "observation-record-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes an observation of a grammatical number, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "observation-record-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about an observation of a grammatical number, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "observation-record-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once an observation of a grammatical number is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "definitions-in-contest", "name": "Definitions and who holds them", "description": "What grammatical number is taken to mean, and by whom.", "rationale": "When a field disagrees about a concept, the disagreement is the content. A model that picks one definition silently destroys the information.", "layers": [ { "id": "competing-definitions", "name": "Competing definitions", "description": "The main readings and the traditions behind them.", "findings": [ { "id": "definition-map", "name": "Definitions and their holders", "description": "Each definition with the school or body that holds it.", "questions": [ { "id": "definition-map-q01", "text": "Which definitions of grammatical number are in use, and which tradition or body holds each?", "kind": "definition" }, { "id": "definition-map-q02", "text": "What turns on the difference between them in practice?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] }, { "id": "operationalisation", "name": "Operationalisation", "description": "How it is measured or applied when it has to be.", "findings": [ { "id": "operational-record", "name": "Measures and proxies", "description": "Instruments and indicators used to stand in for it.", "questions": [ { "id": "operational-record-q01", "text": "How is grammatical number operationalised or measured in practice, and by what instrument?", "kind": "measurement" }, { "id": "operational-record-q02", "text": "What does that operationalisation leave out, and when does that matter?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "instances-and-use", "name": "Instances, use and consequence", "description": "What counts as an instance of grammatical number and what follows from calling something that.", "rationale": "Applying a concept is an act with consequences, so a model must say what the label licenses and what it does not.", "layers": [ { "id": "instances", "name": "What counts as an instance", "description": "Clear cases, borderline cases and non-cases.", "findings": [ { "id": "instance-tests", "name": "Tests for an instance", "description": "What would settle whether something falls under it.", "questions": [ { "id": "instance-tests-q01", "text": "What would settle whether something is an instance of grammatical number?", "kind": "boundary" }, { "id": "instance-tests-q02", "text": "Which borderline cases are argued about, and on what grounds?", "kind": "definition" } ] } ] }, { "id": "consequence", "name": "Consequence of application", "description": "Rights, duties or decisions that follow from the label.", "findings": [ { "id": "consequence-record", "name": "What the label licenses", "description": "What an agent may do once something is classified this way.", "questions": [ { "id": "consequence-record-q01", "text": "What follows practically once something is treated as grammatical number?", "kind": "action" }, { "id": "consequence-record-q02", "text": "What must an agent not infer from the label alone?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "provenance-and-evidence", "name": "Provenance, evidence and time", "description": "Where every claim about a grammatical number came from and when it held.", "rationale": "A claim without a source and a time cannot be superseded, only overwritten, and an agent that overwrites loses the ability to explain itself.", "layers": [ { "id": "source-and-authority", "name": "Source and authority", "description": "Who said it, on what evidence, and how strongly.", "findings": [ { "id": "claim-provenance", "name": "Claim provenance and confidence", "description": "The authority behind each claim about a grammatical number and how confident it is.", "questions": [ { "id": "claim-provenance-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes a claim about a grammatical number, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "claim-provenance-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about a claim about a grammatical number, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "claim-provenance-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once a claim about a grammatical number is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "time-and-versions", "name": "Time, versions and supersession", "description": "When a claim was true, when it was learnt, and what replaced it.", "findings": [ { "id": "validity-and-supersession", "name": "Validity period and supersession", "description": "How an old claim about a grammatical number is retired without being erased.", "questions": [ { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the validity of a claim about a grammatical number, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the validity of a claim about a grammatical number, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the validity of a claim about a grammatical number is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] } ] }, "statistics": { "bundles": 5, "layers": 10, "findings": 12, "questions": 32 } } } }