{ "model": { "rank": 6822, "code": "thing-q105580", "model_id": "vr.tr.gauge-boson", "name": "gauge boson", "purpose": "Let an agent explain gauge bosons and their role, relay the Standard Model force carriers, their properties and discovery from particle physics sources, describe hypothetical gauge bosons the registry aliases name, and distinguish gauge bosons from the Higgs boson, from fermions and from the hypothetical graviton.", "family": "Thing Registry", "category": "Cross-cutting context", "status": "research-draft", "kind": "thing", "plane": "XCT", "domain": "XCT.QLT", "industry": "", "version": "", "url": "/models/thing/q105580/", "tier": 2, "score": 58, "payload": { "layer": "wikidata", "aliases": [ "W or Z boson", "X and Y bosons", "W' and Z' bosons" ], "aliasCount": 3, "merged": 3, "knownIn": 58, "facets": null, "markers": [], "lexicalClass": "", "senseRank": null, "alsoRegisteredAs": null, "source": { "dataset": "wikidata", "item": "Q105580", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q105580", "license": "CC0 1.0" } }, "research": { "vercy": "1.0-draft", "publication": { "status": "research-draft", "adjudicationStatus": "unreviewed", "publishableCanonical": false, "generatedAt": "2026-09-13T15:18:08Z", "providers": [ "Claude" ], "breadth": "written by Claude from model knowledge without web access - no source was read, every claim is a lead to verify", "pass": 2, "wave": 4, "engine": "claude" }, "metaModel": { "id": "THING-Q105580", "registryId": "vr.tr.gauge-boson", "name": "gauge boson", "version": "0.2.0-wave.4", "entryKind": "thing", "family": "Thing Registry", "domain": [ "XCT.QLT" ], "status": "research-draft" }, "canonicalUrl": "https://ver.cy/models/thing/q105580/", "model": { "registry_id": "vr.tr.gauge-boson", "name": "gauge boson", "purpose": "Let an agent explain gauge bosons and their role, relay the Standard Model force carriers, their properties and discovery from particle physics sources, describe hypothetical gauge bosons the registry aliases name, and distinguish gauge bosons from the Higgs boson, from fermions and from the hypothetical graviton.", "definition": "A boson that mediates a fundamental force in gauge theories of particle physics, comprising the photon of electromagnetism, the W and Z bosons of the weak interaction and the eight gluons of the strong interaction in the Standard Model, and hypothetical gauge bosons predicted by extensions such as the X and Y bosons of grand unified theories and the W prime and Z prime bosons of extended electroweak models; gauge bosons have spin one and arise from local gauge symmetry.", "what_it_is_for": "Not applicable; a class of particles.", "affordances": [ "explain the concept", "relay Standard Model bosons", "describe hypothetical bosons", "distinguish related particles" ], "distinguishing_features": [ "Spin one", "Gauge symmetry origin", "Force mediation", "Massive and massless kinds" ], "appearance": "Not a visible object; elementary particles.", "visual_identification": [ "Spin-one force carrier from gauge symmetry", "Photon, W and Z bosons, gluons; hypothetical X and Y bosons, W prime and Z prime", "The Higgs boson is spin zero; fermions are matter particles; the graviton is hypothetical spin two" ], "physical_properties": [ { "quantity": "W boson mass", "typical_range": "about 80.4", "unit": "GeV", "note": "" }, { "quantity": "Z boson mass", "typical_range": "about 91.2", "unit": "GeV", "note": "" }, { "quantity": "photon and gluon mass", "typical_range": "0", "unit": "note", "note": "" }, { "quantity": "W and Z discovered", "typical_range": "1983", "unit": "year", "note": "CERN" } ], "families_and_kinds": [ "photon", "W and Z bosons", "gluons", "hypothetical X and Y bosons of grand unification", "hypothetical W prime and Z prime bosons", "dark photons and other proposed gauge bosons" ], "related_models": [ { "relation": "is a kind of", "target": "elementary boson", "why": "in registry terms" }, { "relation": "is a kind of", "target": "force carrier", "why": "in registry terms" }, { "relation": "is exemplified by", "target": "photon", "why": "the electromagnetic carrier" }, { "relation": "acquires mass through", "target": "Higgs mechanism", "why": "for W and Z" } ], "identifiers": [], "standards_and_regulation": [ "Particle Data Group reviews as reference" ], "failure_modes_and_hazards": [ "Confusing gauge bosons with the Higgs boson", "Presenting hypothetical bosons as discovered", "Registry aliases mixing established and hypothetical particles" ], "in_scope": [], "out_of_scope": [], "characteristics": [] }, "sources": [], "structure": { "bundles": [ { "id": "understand", "name": "Understand", "description": "What a gauge boson is.", "rationale": "Science.", "layers": [ { "id": "definition", "name": "Definition", "description": "Definition.", "findings": [ { "id": "definition-finding", "name": "Definition", "description": "Definition.", "questions": [ { "text": "What is a gauge boson, and how does it differ from the Higgs boson, fermions and the graviton?", "kind": "definition" }, { "text": "Is the question about the Standard Model, a specific boson, theory or hypothetical particles?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] }, { "id": "kinds", "name": "Kinds", "description": "Kinds.", "findings": [ { "id": "kinds-finding", "name": "Kinds", "description": "Kinds.", "questions": [ { "text": "What are the photon, W and Z bosons, gluons and the hypothetical X, Y, W prime and Z prime bosons?", "kind": "definition" }, { "text": "Which entry fits the specific boson?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "theory", "name": "Theory", "description": "Theory.", "rationale": "Science.", "layers": [ { "id": "gauge", "name": "Gauge", "description": "Gauge symmetry.", "findings": [ { "id": "gauge-finding", "name": "Gauge", "description": "Gauge.", "questions": [ { "text": "How does local gauge symmetry give rise to gauge bosons?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "text": "Which references are standard?", "kind": "provenance" } ] } ] }, { "id": "mass", "name": "Mass", "description": "Mass.", "findings": [ { "id": "mass-finding", "name": "Mass", "description": "Mass.", "questions": [ { "text": "Why are W and Z massive while photons and gluons are massless?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "text": "Which sources are cited?", "kind": "provenance" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "experiment", "name": "Experiment", "description": "Experiment.", "rationale": "Science.", "layers": [ { "id": "discovery", "name": "Discovery", "description": "Discovery.", "findings": [ { "id": "discovery-finding", "name": "Discovery", "description": "Discovery.", "questions": [ { "text": "How were the W and Z bosons and gluons discovered?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "text": "Which entry fits the specific discovery?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] }, { "id": "searches", "name": "Searches", "description": "Searches.", "findings": [ { "id": "searches-finding", "name": "Searches", "description": "Searches.", "questions": [ { "text": "How do experiments search for W prime, Z prime and other new gauge bosons?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "text": "Which entry fits physics beyond the Standard Model?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "context", "name": "Context", "description": "History and unification.", "rationale": "Context.", "layers": [ { "id": "history", "name": "History", "description": "History.", "findings": [ { "id": "history-finding", "name": "History", "description": "History.", "questions": [ { "text": "How did gauge theory develop from Weyl and Yang-Mills to the electroweak theory?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "text": "Which entry fits the history of gauge theory?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] }, { "id": "unification", "name": "Unification", "description": "Grand unification.", "findings": [ { "id": "unification-finding", "name": "Unification", "description": "Unification.", "questions": [ { "text": "What role do X and Y bosons play in grand unified theories, and what constrains them?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "text": "Which entry fits grand unified theory?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] } ] } ] }, "openQuestions": [ "Should W and Z boson and hypothetical bosons be separate primary entries?", "How should particle physics sources be linked?", "The registry entry has merged aliases naming established and hypothetical particles; should they be split off?" ], "statistics": { "bundles": 4, "layers": 8, "findings": 8, "questions": 16 } }, "draft": { "generator": "vr.draft.v3", "status": "draft-generated", "researched": false, "archetype": "abstract concept", "method": "Written from the archetype playbook - what this kind of thing needs beyond identity and provenance - and from the structure that recurred across 6,333 models already researched by two engines. Applied to this entry by rule. No source was read for this thing and no claim here is researched. This entry carries no facets of its own, so they were inferred from its domain - a guess about a whole domain applied to one thing.", "facetsInferred": true, "nextPass": "A researcher replaces this draft with a sourced specification. Treat every sentence below as a proposal to argue with.", "purpose": "Give an agent a durable, checkable way to recognise a gauge boson, record what state it is in, and decide what may be done with it.", "whatItIs": "Let an agent explain gauge bosons and their role, relay the Standard Model force carriers, their properties and discovery from particle physics sources, describe hypothetical gauge bosons the registry aliases name, and distinguish gauge bosons from the Higgs boson, from fermions and from the hypothetical graviton.", "characteristics": { "substance": "abstract", "origin": "conceptual", "agency": "inert" }, "whatYouCanDoWithIt": [ "observed and measured" ], "distinguishingFeatures": [ "Names folded into this entry, which a task may need to split apart again: W or Z boson, X and Y bosons, W' and Z' bosons.", "3 finer distinctions are held as aliases rather than separate entries, because telling them apart needs a task that asks for it.", "Described in 58 Wikipedia languages, which is a measure of how widely the thing is known, not of how important it is." ], "openQuestionsForResearch": [ "Which of the bundles below does a real task actually need, and which are ceremony?", "What does this thing have that the facets do not capture at all?", "Which neighbouring kind is most often confused with a gauge boson, and on what evidence are they told apart?" ], "whatItIsMadeOf": "an abstraction with no physical instance", "physicalCharacter": [ "Does nothing on its own; everything it does, something else did to it.", "These come from the domain this entry sits in rather than from the entry itself, so treat them as a first guess about the whole domain applied to one thing." ], "whatCanBeDoneWithIt": [ "observe it, measure it, record its state" ], "howItIsRecognised": [ "Nothing to see. What is recognised is an instance of it, and which instances count is exactly what is argued about." ], "relatedModels": [ { "relation": "covers", "note": "Finer kinds folded into this entry because telling them apart needs a task that asks for it. Each is a model waiting to be split out when one does.", "targets": [ "W or Z boson", "X and Y bosons", "W' and Z' bosons" ] } ], "standing": "Described in 58 Wikipedia languages, which measures how widely it is written about rather than how important or how common it is. 3 finer distinctions are held inside this entry as names rather than as separate models.", "structure": { "bundles": [ { "id": "identity-and-classification", "name": "Identity, naming and classification", "description": "How an agent tells one gauge boson from another, and a gauge boson from things that resemble it.", "rationale": "Recognition comes before every other claim. Without stable identity nothing else in the model can be trusted to be about the same thing twice.", "layers": [ { "id": "naming-and-identifiers", "name": "Names and identifiers", "description": "The names this thing goes by and the identifiers that survive translation and time.", "findings": [ { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases", "name": "Preferred name, aliases and local names", "description": "Which name to use, which names mean the same thing, and which merely sound similar.", "questions": [ { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the name of a gauge boson, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the name of a gauge boson, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the name of a gauge boson is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers", "name": "Stable identifiers and external keys", "description": "Identifiers that keep pointing at this kind of thing across systems and languages.", "questions": [ { "id": "stable-identifiers-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes an identifier for a gauge boson, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about an identifier for a gauge boson, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once an identifier for a gauge boson is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "classification-and-granularity", "name": "Classification and granularity", "description": "Where a gauge boson sits among kinds, and how finely a task needs to cut it.", "findings": [ { "id": "kind-and-parents", "name": "Kind, parents and neighbouring kinds", "description": "The classes this thing belongs to and the ones it is next to.", "questions": [ { "id": "kind-and-parents-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the kind of a gauge boson, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "kind-and-parents-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the kind of a gauge boson, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "kind-and-parents-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the kind of a gauge boson is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features", "name": "Distinguishing features", "description": "What separates a gauge boson from the things most often confused with it.", "questions": [ { "id": "distinguishing-features-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes what distinguishes a gauge boson, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about what distinguishes a gauge boson, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once what distinguishes a gauge boson is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "state-and-lifecycle", "name": "State and lifecycle", "description": "The states a gauge boson passes through and the events that move it between them.", "rationale": "Most decisions about a thing depend on what state it is in now, which is a claim with a time on it, not a property.", "layers": [ { "id": "lifecycle-stages", "name": "Lifecycle stages", "description": "From coming into existence to ceasing to be one of these.", "findings": [ { "id": "stages-and-transitions", "name": "Stages and transitions", "description": "The stages worth naming and what moves a gauge boson between them.", "questions": [ { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the lifecycle of a gauge boson, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the lifecycle of a gauge boson, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the lifecycle of a gauge boson is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "observations-and-status", "name": "Observations and current status", "description": "What is observed about a gauge boson, how often and by whom.", "findings": [ { "id": "observation-record", "name": "Observation record", "description": "How an observation of a gauge boson is recorded so that it can be superseded rather than overwritten.", "questions": [ { "id": "observation-record-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes an observation of a gauge boson, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "observation-record-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about an observation of a gauge boson, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "observation-record-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once an observation of a gauge boson is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "definitions-in-contest", "name": "Definitions and who holds them", "description": "What gauge boson is taken to mean, and by whom.", "rationale": "When a field disagrees about a concept, the disagreement is the content. A model that picks one definition silently destroys the information.", "layers": [ { "id": "competing-definitions", "name": "Competing definitions", "description": "The main readings and the traditions behind them.", "findings": [ { "id": "definition-map", "name": "Definitions and their holders", "description": "Each definition with the school or body that holds it.", "questions": [ { "id": "definition-map-q01", "text": "Which definitions of gauge boson are in use, and which tradition or body holds each?", "kind": "definition" }, { "id": "definition-map-q02", "text": "What turns on the difference between them in practice?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] }, { "id": "operationalisation", "name": "Operationalisation", "description": "How it is measured or applied when it has to be.", "findings": [ { "id": "operational-record", "name": "Measures and proxies", "description": "Instruments and indicators used to stand in for it.", "questions": [ { "id": "operational-record-q01", "text": "How is gauge boson operationalised or measured in practice, and by what instrument?", "kind": "measurement" }, { "id": "operational-record-q02", "text": "What does that operationalisation leave out, and when does that matter?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "instances-and-use", "name": "Instances, use and consequence", "description": "What counts as an instance of gauge boson and what follows from calling something that.", "rationale": "Applying a concept is an act with consequences, so a model must say what the label licenses and what it does not.", "layers": [ { "id": "instances", "name": "What counts as an instance", "description": "Clear cases, borderline cases and non-cases.", "findings": [ { "id": "instance-tests", "name": "Tests for an instance", "description": "What would settle whether something falls under it.", "questions": [ { "id": "instance-tests-q01", "text": "What would settle whether something is an instance of gauge boson?", "kind": "boundary" }, { "id": "instance-tests-q02", "text": "Which borderline cases are argued about, and on what grounds?", "kind": "definition" } ] } ] }, { "id": "consequence", "name": "Consequence of application", "description": "Rights, duties or decisions that follow from the label.", "findings": [ { "id": "consequence-record", "name": "What the label licenses", "description": "What an agent may do once something is classified this way.", "questions": [ { "id": "consequence-record-q01", "text": "What follows practically once something is treated as gauge boson?", "kind": "action" }, { "id": "consequence-record-q02", "text": "What must an agent not infer from the label alone?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "provenance-and-evidence", "name": "Provenance, evidence and time", "description": "Where every claim about a gauge boson came from and when it held.", "rationale": "A claim without a source and a time cannot be superseded, only overwritten, and an agent that overwrites loses the ability to explain itself.", "layers": [ { "id": "source-and-authority", "name": "Source and authority", "description": "Who said it, on what evidence, and how strongly.", "findings": [ { "id": "claim-provenance", "name": "Claim provenance and confidence", "description": "The authority behind each claim about a gauge boson and how confident it is.", "questions": [ { "id": "claim-provenance-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes a claim about a gauge boson, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "claim-provenance-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about a claim about a gauge boson, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "claim-provenance-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once a claim about a gauge boson is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "time-and-versions", "name": "Time, versions and supersession", "description": "When a claim was true, when it was learnt, and what replaced it.", "findings": [ { "id": "validity-and-supersession", "name": "Validity period and supersession", "description": "How an old claim about a gauge boson is retired without being erased.", "questions": [ { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the validity of a claim about a gauge boson, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the validity of a claim about a gauge boson, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the validity of a claim about a gauge boson is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] } ] }, "statistics": { "bundles": 5, "layers": 10, "findings": 12, "questions": 32 } } } }