{ "model": { "rank": 6581, "code": "thing-q10701282", "model_id": "vr.tr.atlantic-slave-trade", "name": "Atlantic slave trade", "purpose": "Enable an agent to identify and interpret activities constituting the Atlantic slave trade, assess the evidence for particular claims, and support responsible historical analysis.", "family": "Thing Registry", "category": "Activities and processes", "status": "research-draft", "kind": "thing", "plane": "ACT", "domain": "ACT.ACT", "industry": "", "version": "", "url": "/models/thing/q10701282/", "tier": 2, "score": 59, "payload": { "layer": "wikidata", "aliases": [ "Liverpool slave trade" ], "aliasCount": 1, "merged": 1, "knownIn": 59, "facets": null, "markers": [], "lexicalClass": "", "senseRank": null, "alsoRegisteredAs": null, "source": { "dataset": "wikidata", "item": "Q10701282", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10701282", "license": "CC0 1.0" } }, "research": { "vercy": "1.0-draft", "publication": { "status": "research-draft", "adjudicationStatus": "unreviewed", "publishableCanonical": false, "generatedAt": "2026-09-09T23:03:41Z", "providers": [ "Codex" ], "breadth": "recalled by Codex without web access - no source was read", "missingProviders": [], "pass": 2, "cost": { "grok": { "seconds": 25.5, "error": "Reading additional input from stdin...\nOpenAI Codex v0.153.4\n--------\nworkdir: R:\\02_PROJECTS\\02_Meta_Models_Platforms\\Ver.cy\\current\\thing-registry-backlog\nmodel: gpt-6-astra\nprovider: openai\napproval: never\nsandbox: read-only\nreasoning effort: none\nreasoning summaries: none\nsession id: 01a08868-930f-7530-8e40-fe5447dca511\n--------\nuser\nDescribe what is already known about one registered thing. Answer as JSON only, no prose around it.\n\nThing: Atlantic slave trade\nSense to describe: (none recorded)\nDomain code: ACT.ACT\nAlso known as: (none)\n\n\nContext for this batch of 1001 things:\n# Batch 007:", "usd": 0, "recall": true }, "codex": { "seconds": 72.3, "error": "Reading additional input from stdin...\nOpenAI Codex v0.153.4\n--------\nworkdir: R:\\02_PROJECTS\\02_Meta_Models_Platforms\\Ver.cy\\current\\thing-registry-backlog\nmodel: gpt-6-astra\nprovider: openai\napproval: never\nsandbox: read-only\nreasoning effort: none\nreasoning summaries: none\nsession id: 01a08868-931f-7072-839b-61c96938b2a9\n--------\nuser\nYou are drafting a Vercy meta-model for one registered thing. Answer as JSON only, no prose around it.\n\nThing: Atlantic slave trade\nRegistry id: vr.tr.atlantic-slave-trade\nPlane / domain: ACT / ACT.ACT\nRegistry definition: (none recorded)\nNames folded into thi" } } }, "metaModel": { "id": "THING-Q10701282", "registryId": "vr.tr.atlantic-slave-trade", "name": "Atlantic slave trade", "version": "0.1.0-research.1", "entryKind": "thing", "family": "Thing Registry", "domain": [ "ACT.ACT" ], "status": "research-draft" }, "canonicalUrl": "https://ver.cy/models/thing/q10701282/", "model": { "registry_id": "vr.tr.atlantic-slave-trade", "name": "Atlantic slave trade", "purpose": "Enable an agent to identify and interpret activities constituting the Atlantic slave trade, assess the evidence for particular claims, and support responsible historical analysis.", "definition": "The Atlantic slave trade was the system of commerce that forcibly transported enslaved Africans across the Atlantic, principally to the Americas, from the fifteenth through the nineteenth centuries, involving European and American traders and states alongside African rulers and intermediaries.", "scope_statement": "This model owns the historically connected systems of coercion, commerce, and maritime transportation through which enslaved African people were carried across the Atlantic, principally to the Americas, including directly connected transfers, resistance, and suppression.", "in_scope": [ "Capture, enslavement, and inland transfers where evidence connects them to Atlantic transportation", "Coastal confinement, embarkation, the Middle Passage, disembarkation, and directly connected resale", "Trading networks, financing, shipping, markets, and institutions enabling the trade", "Experiences, mortality, survival, agency, and resistance of enslaved people", "Regional and chronological variation, prohibition, enforcement, and clandestine continuation", "Documentary reconstruction, competing interpretations, and uncertainty in identification and estimates" ], "out_of_scope": [ "Slavery as a worldwide institution across all periods", "Indian Ocean, trans-Saharan, and other slave trades except at documented intersections", "Plantation production and everyday slaveholding beyond their direct relationships to trafficking", "Atlantic commerce involving goods or voluntary passengers without a demonstrated connection to slave trading", "Abolition movements in their entirety, beyond actions affecting the trade", "Later racial inequality, collective memory, and reparations policy, except as linked subjects requiring separate models" ], "distinguishing_features": [ "An included episode must involve trafficking in enslaved people or a demonstrable enabling, resisting, or suppressing relationship to that trafficking; participation in Atlantic commerce alone is insufficient.", "The defining network includes forced Atlantic maritime transportation; an inland transaction belongs only where its connection to that network is established or explicitly qualified.", "The model distinguishes the trade in people from the continuing institution of slavery: ending a trading route or prohibiting imports does not establish emancipation.", "It records actual itineraries and transfers rather than requiring every episode to follow a triangular route.", "It distinguishes people from the transactions and voyage records documenting them, so repeated sale or transportation does not automatically imply additional unique individuals." ], "characteristics": [ { "name": "Episode and route classification", "kind": "category", "unit_or_values": "capture or inland transfer; coastal confinement; transatlantic passage; connected maritime redistribution; sale; resistance; suppression", "why_it_matters": "Locates an episode within the trading system without treating every form of slavery or forced movement as the same phenomenon." }, { "name": "Historical time coverage", "kind": "measurement", "unit_or_values": "calendar dates or date intervals, with precision and uncertainty", "why_it_matters": "Supports comparison across changing routes, jurisdictions, prohibitions, and archival coverage." }, { "name": "Geographic connection", "kind": "relation", "unit_or_values": "documented or inferred links among inland origins, embarkation places, intermediate stops, landing places, and destinations", "why_it_matters": "Separates recorded ports from inferred origins and reveals transfers concealed by a single origin-destination pair." }, { "name": "People embarked, disembarked, and otherwise accounted for", "kind": "measurement", "unit_or_values": "persons by episode and counting stage; observed count or estimate with uncertainty", "why_it_matters": "Prevents arrivals, departures, transfers, and estimates from being combined as interchangeable totals." }, { "name": "Mortality during a specified interval", "kind": "measurement", "unit_or_values": "deaths and percentage of a stated population over a stated interval", "why_it_matters": "Makes the denominator and period explicit and prevents unaccounted-for people from automatically being classified as deaths." }, { "name": "Participant involvement", "kind": "relation", "unit_or_values": "person or institution linked to a documented role, action, period, and episode", "why_it_matters": "Supports precise attribution of participation and responsibility without assigning uniform roles to whole populations." }, { "name": "Legal and enforcement position", "kind": "state", "unit_or_values": "authorized, restricted, prohibited, contested, or undetermined under a named jurisdiction and date; enforcement recorded separately", "why_it_matters": "Distinguishes historical legal classifications from actual practice and from moral evaluation." }, { "name": "Evidence status", "kind": "state", "unit_or_values": "directly documented; reconstructed; estimated; disputed; unknown", "why_it_matters": "Allows an agent to decide whether a claim can be reported, needs qualification, or requires further research." } ], "affordances": [ "Determine whether an episode belongs to the Atlantic slave trade and explain uncertain boundary decisions.", "Reconstruct trafficking routes and transfers while preserving gaps and alternative identifications.", "Compare counts and mortality estimates only where counting units, coverage, and denominators permit.", "Trace documented roles in financing, trafficking, resistance, and suppression.", "Evaluate claims about prohibition and cessation against evidence of enforcement and continued trafficking.", "Prepare source-qualified historical accounts that preserve enslaved people's identities and agency where evidence permits." ] }, "sources": [], "structure": { "bundles": [ { "id": "trade-boundaries-and-routes", "name": "Trade boundaries and routes", "description": "Identifies which movements and connected activities constitute the Atlantic slave trade.", "rationale": "The trade cannot be recognized reliably through an ocean crossing, a port name, or a generic reference to slavery alone.", "layers": [ { "id": "connected-trafficking-episodes", "name": "Connected trafficking episodes", "description": "Tests the connection between a particular episode and forced Atlantic transportation.", "findings": [ { "id": "episode-membership", "name": "Episode membership", "description": "Record the grounds for including capture, confinement, transportation, or sale within this trading system.", "questions": [ { "text": "What evidence connects this episode to the transportation of enslaved African people through Atlantic trading networks?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "episode-membership-q01" }, { "text": "Does the episode describe trafficking, an enabling activity, or slaveholding that belongs primarily to a neighbouring model?", "kind": "definition", "id": "episode-membership-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "itineraries-and-periods", "name": "Itineraries and periods", "description": "Represents actual routes, transfers, and temporal coverage without assuming a fixed circuit.", "findings": [ { "id": "route-reconstruction", "name": "Route reconstruction", "description": "Distinguish intended destinations, observed movements, connected transfers, and uncertain geographic identifications.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which embarkation places, stops, landing places, and subsequent transfers are documented, and which are inferred?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "route-reconstruction-q01" }, { "text": "What dates and geographic limits define this route or regional phase, and what evidence supports those limits?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "route-reconstruction-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "coercion-experience-and-resistance", "name": "Coercion, experience, and resistance", "description": "Examines how people were enslaved, confined, transported, and able to act under coercion.", "rationale": "Commercial records alone can obscure violence, lived experience, and the agency of the people trafficked.", "layers": [ { "id": "enslavement-and-confinement", "name": "Enslavement and confinement", "description": "Tracks the evidenced mechanisms connecting loss of freedom to inland and coastal custody.", "findings": [ { "id": "pathways-into-trafficking", "name": "Pathways into trafficking", "description": "Record how people entered the trafficking system without treating traders' justifications as established accounts.", "questions": [ { "text": "What is known about how these people were enslaved and transferred, and whose account supports that reconstruction?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "pathways-into-trafficking-q01" }, { "text": "Which claims about capture, purchase, legal status, or consent originate with participants seeking to justify the transaction?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "pathways-into-trafficking-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "passage-survival-and-agency", "name": "Passage, survival, and agency", "description": "Addresses conditions aboard ships, human losses, resistance, and outcomes for survivors.", "findings": [ { "id": "conditions-and-responses", "name": "Conditions and responses", "description": "Record confinement, provisioning, illness, violence, mutual support, escape, and revolt where supported by evidence.", "questions": [ { "text": "What evidence describes conditions and violence during this passage, and how does its authorship limit what can be concluded?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "conditions-and-responses-q01" }, { "text": "What actions by enslaved people are documented, and how should interpretations of their intentions be qualified?", "kind": "action", "id": "conditions-and-responses-q02" }, { "text": "What happened to identified survivors after landing, escape, revolt, or interception, and where does the record end?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "conditions-and-responses-q03" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "commercial-and-institutional-organization", "name": "Commercial and institutional organization", "description": "Connects trafficking episodes to their participants, financial arrangements, shipping capacity, and markets.", "rationale": "The model must explain how the trade operated while distinguishing documented roles from broad collective attribution.", "layers": [ { "id": "participants-and-authority", "name": "Participants and authority", "description": "Identifies the actions and powers of merchants, intermediaries, ship operators, purchasers, and governing institutions.", "findings": [ { "id": "documented-participation", "name": "Documented participation", "description": "Attribute specific involvement to identifiable actors within a stated time and place.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which actors organized, financed, supplied, authorized, transported, sold, or purchased people in this episode?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "documented-participation-q01" }, { "text": "What evidence distinguishes direct action, delegated authority, financial benefit, and an association that does not establish participation?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "documented-participation-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "finance-shipping-and-markets", "name": "Finance, shipping, and markets", "description": "Examines the resources and transactions sustaining particular voyages and trading networks.", "findings": [ { "id": "transaction-and-resource-chain", "name": "Transaction and resource chain", "description": "Connect documented credit, insurance, goods, vessels, payments, and sales without presuming a universal business pattern.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which contracts, accounts, or other records establish how this voyage or trading operation was resourced and paid for?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "transaction-and-resource-chain-q01" }, { "text": "When comparing prices, revenues, or returns, what currencies, dates, costs, and missing transactions must be accounted for?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "transaction-and-resource-chain-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "prohibition-suppression-and-continuation", "name": "Prohibition, suppression, and continuation", "description": "Distinguishes changes in law from enforcement, evasion, and the outcomes of intervention.", "rationale": "A prohibition date cannot stand for the end of trafficking or the emancipation of the people affected.", "layers": [ { "id": "jurisdiction-and-legal-change", "name": "Jurisdiction and legal change", "description": "Identifies what a legal measure covered and when and where it applied.", "findings": [ { "id": "legal-reach", "name": "Legal reach", "description": "Record the acts, actors, territories, and vessels covered by authorizations, restrictions, or prohibitions.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which legal instrument applied to this activity, in which jurisdiction, and from what effective date?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "legal-reach-q01" }, { "text": "Did the measure address trading, transportation, importation, ownership, or emancipation, and what remained outside its reach?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "legal-reach-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "enforcement-evasion-and-outcomes", "name": "Enforcement, evasion, and outcomes", "description": "Examines interceptions, adjudication, clandestine practices, and the subsequent treatment of people removed from ships.", "findings": [ { "id": "suppression-in-practice", "name": "Suppression in practice", "description": "Assess interventions through observed outcomes rather than legal declarations or official labels alone.", "questions": [ { "text": "What evidence establishes enforcement, evasion, or continued trafficking after prohibition?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "suppression-in-practice-q01" }, { "text": "What became of the people removed from intercepted vessels, including any subsequent compulsory labour or renewed enslavement?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "suppression-in-practice-q02" }, { "text": "What evidence would justify describing trafficking as ended within this geographic and temporal scope?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "suppression-in-practice-q03" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "historical-evidence-and-reconstruction", "name": "Historical evidence and reconstruction", "description": "Controls how archival traces become claims about people, voyages, scale, and historical meaning.", "rationale": "Surviving records are uneven, often produced by perpetrators or administrators, and do not directly supply a complete count or account.", "layers": [ { "id": "source-perspective-and-identification", "name": "Source perspective and identification", "description": "Evaluates authorship, terminology, record linkage, and the recovery of personal identities.", "findings": [ { "id": "traceable-historical-claims", "name": "Traceable historical claims", "description": "Preserve source wording and context while distinguishing historical classifications from the model's descriptions.", "questions": [ { "text": "Who created each source, for what purpose, and what experiences or transactions was it unlikely to record?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "traceable-historical-claims-q01" }, { "text": "What supports linking names, ships, or episodes across records, and which alternative identifications remain plausible?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "traceable-historical-claims-q02" }, { "text": "How should an agent quote dehumanizing archival terms while clearly attributing them and preserving the personhood of those described?", "kind": "action", "id": "traceable-historical-claims-q03" } ] } ] }, { "id": "counts-estimates-and-comparison", "name": "Counts, estimates, and comparison", "description": "Separates recorded observations from reconstructions and establishes valid units of comparison.", "findings": [ { "id": "population-and-voyage-estimates", "name": "Population and voyage estimates", "description": "Specify counting stages, duplicate handling, missing records, and assumptions behind numerical claims.", "questions": [ { "text": "Does this number count unique people, embarkations, disembarkations, transactions, or voyages, and how are repeated transfers handled?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "population-and-voyage-estimates-q01" }, { "text": "How were missing voyages or population counts estimated, and what uncertainty or revision history accompanies the result?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "population-and-voyage-estimates-q02" }, { "text": "Are regional or chronological comparisons valid given differences in record survival, coverage, and reconstruction methods?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "population-and-voyage-estimates-q03" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "evidence-and-external-alignment", "name": "Evidence and external alignment", "description": "What the world already says about this thing, gathered so the model can be checked against it.", "rationale": "A model that cannot be lined up against existing standards, identifiers and practice cannot be adopted by anyone who already uses them.", "layers": [ { "id": "reported-evidence", "name": "Reported evidence", "description": "Findings from the breadth pass, kept separate from the structural claims.", "findings": [ { "id": "evidence-confidence-notes", "name": "Check these first", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ "The demographic totals are widely cited historical estimates, not complete counts; their coverage and uncertainty should be checked against the relevant SlaveVoyages release.", "Period boundaries depend on whether early Atlantic island trafficking and later clandestine voyages are included.", "The relative roles of particular actors, the economic effects and the demographic consequences varied by period and region; aggregate statements should not imply uniform participation or outcomes." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-confidence-notes-q01", "text": "Which of these check these first hold for the sense of Atlantic slave trade this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-kinds", "name": "Kinds and varieties", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ "Direct voyages from Africa to the Americas", "Triangular voyages linking Europe, Africa and the Americas", "South Atlantic circuits linking Africa and Brazil", "Clandestine trafficking after national prohibitions" ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-kinds-q01", "text": "Which of these kinds and varieties hold for the sense of Atlantic slave trade this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-identifiers", "name": "Identifiers and schemes", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ { "scheme": "SlaveVoyages Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade Database voyage identifier", "value_or_pattern": "Numeric voyage ID", "note": "Identifies an individual documented voyage, not the trade as a whole." } ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-identifiers-q01", "text": "Which of these identifiers and schemes hold for the sense of Atlantic slave trade this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-standards-and-regulation", "name": "Standards and regulation", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ "British Parliament: Slave Trade Act 1807 prohibited British participation in the slave trade but did not abolish slavery.", "United States Congress: Act Prohibiting Importation of Slaves, enacted in 1807 and effective in 1808, prohibited overseas importation while domestic slavery and trading continued.", "Brazilian imperial government: Eusébio de Queirós Law of 1850 strengthened suppression of the Atlantic slave trade to Brazil." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-standards-and-regulation-q01", "text": "Which of these standards and regulation hold for the sense of Atlantic slave trade this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-real-world-use", "name": "Real-world use", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ "Supplied coerced labor to plantation agriculture, mining, domestic service and other activities in American slave societies.", "Generated commercial revenue for participating merchants, shipowners, financiers and governments.", "Provides a subject for historical demographic reconstruction and the study of Atlantic economies.", "Informs African diaspora history, genealogy, museums and public commemoration.", "Figures in debates about historical responsibility, restitution and reparations." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-real-world-use-q01", "text": "Which of these real-world use hold for the sense of Atlantic slave trade this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-measurements", "name": "Typical measurements", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ { "quantity": "Estimated cumulative number of enslaved Africans embarked for Atlantic transportation", "typical_range": "Approximately 12.5 million across the full historical period", "unit": "people" }, { "quantity": "Estimated cumulative number of enslaved Africans disembarked alive", "typical_range": "Approximately 10.7 million across the full historical period", "unit": "people" } ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-measurements-q01", "text": "Which of these typical measurements hold for the sense of Atlantic slave trade this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-failure-modes-and-hazards", "name": "Failure modes and hazards", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ "Capture, kidnapping, warfare and coerced sale caused deaths, displacement and family separation before embarkation.", "Shipboard confinement, disease, malnutrition, dehydration and violence caused extensive mortality during the Middle Passage.", "Sexual violence and other physical and psychological abuse occurred throughout the system.", "Survivors faced sale into coercive labor regimes, often involving hereditary enslavement.", "Incomplete records and illegal voyages limit reconstruction; shipping totals do not capture all deaths associated with capture, inland movement and enslavement." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-failure-modes-and-hazards-q01", "text": "Which of these failure modes and hazards hold for the sense of Atlantic slave trade this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-regional-variation", "name": "Regional variation", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ "Brazil and the Caribbean received the large majority of transported Africans; mainland North America received a much smaller share directly from Africa.", "Embarkation regions shifted over time, with West Central Africa and several West African coastal regions playing major roles.", "Prohibitions and enforcement differed across empires and states, and trafficking to Brazil and Cuba continued after British and United States prohibitions." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-regional-variation-q01", "text": "Which of these regional variation hold for the sense of Atlantic slave trade this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-neighbours", "name": "Neighbouring kinds and how to tell them apart", "description": "Recalled without web access and unsourced; every item is a lead to verify.", "evidence": [ { "name": "Slavery", "difference": "Slavery is an institution of domination and ownership claims over people; the Atlantic slave trade was a geographically and historically specific system of trafficking enslaved people." }, { "name": "Middle Passage", "difference": "The Middle Passage was the transatlantic transportation stage within the wider trading system." }, { "name": "Triangular trade", "difference": "Triangular trade describes a three-region commercial circuit; Atlantic slave trading also operated through routes that were not triangular." }, { "name": "Intra-American slave trade", "difference": "This involved trafficking between locations in the Americas rather than transportation from Africa across the Atlantic." }, { "name": "Trans-Saharan slave trade", "difference": "This used routes across the Sahara rather than Atlantic shipping routes." } ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-neighbours-q01", "text": "Which of these neighbouring kinds and how to tell them apart hold for the sense of Atlantic slave trade this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] } ] } ] } ] }, "openQuestions": [ "Which chronological endpoints best fit the registry's intended scope, and should regional endpoints be recorded instead of one universal start and end?", "How should intra-American redistribution and non-American Atlantic destinations be bounded within this entry while preserving their connections to the wider trafficking system?", "Which sources and reconstruction methods provide defensible estimates of scale and mortality for each region and period, especially where records are sparse?", "Where can African origins, personal identities, and survivor experiences be recovered without treating embarkation ports or traders' classifications as reliable substitutes?", "Which scholarly disagreements over participation, profitability, and causal explanations should be represented as competing interpretations rather than settled findings?" ], "statistics": { "bundles": 6, "layers": 11, "findings": 19, "questions": 33 } }, "draft": { "generator": "vr.draft.v3", "status": "draft-generated", "researched": false, "archetype": "abstract concept", "method": "Written from the archetype playbook - what this kind of thing needs beyond identity and provenance - and from the structure that recurred across 6,333 models already researched by two engines. Applied to this entry by rule. No source was read for this thing and no claim here is researched. This entry carries no facets of its own, so they were inferred from its domain - a guess about a whole domain applied to one thing.", "facetsInferred": true, "nextPass": "A researcher replaces this draft with a sourced specification. Treat every sentence below as a proposal to argue with.", "purpose": "Give an agent a durable, checkable way to recognise a Atlantic slave trade, record what state it is in, and decide what may be done with it.", "whatItIs": "Enable an agent to identify and interpret activities constituting the Atlantic slave trade, assess the evidence for particular claims, and support responsible historical analysis.", "characteristics": { "substance": "activity", "origin": "conceptual", "agency": "inert" }, "whatYouCanDoWithIt": [ "observed and measured" ], "distinguishingFeatures": [ "Names folded into this entry, which a task may need to split apart again: Liverpool slave trade.", "1 finer distinctions are held as aliases rather than separate entries, because telling them apart needs a task that asks for it.", "Described in 59 Wikipedia languages, which is a measure of how widely the thing is known, not of how important it is." ], "openQuestionsForResearch": [ "Which of the bundles below does a real task actually need, and which are ceremony?", "What does this thing have that the facets do not capture at all?", "Which neighbouring kind is most often confused with a Atlantic slave trade, and on what evidence are they told apart?" ], "whatItIsMadeOf": "something that happens over time", "physicalCharacter": [ "Does nothing on its own; everything it does, something else did to it.", "These come from the domain this entry sits in rather than from the entry itself, so treat them as a first guess about the whole domain applied to one thing." ], "whatCanBeDoneWithIt": [ "observe it, measure it, record its state" ], "howItIsRecognised": [ "Nothing to see. What is recognised is an instance of it, and which instances count is exactly what is argued about." ], "relatedModels": [ { "relation": "covers", "note": "Finer kinds folded into this entry because telling them apart needs a task that asks for it. Each is a model waiting to be split out when one does.", "targets": [ "Liverpool slave trade" ] } ], "standing": "Described in 59 Wikipedia languages, which measures how widely it is written about rather than how important or how common it is. 1 finer distinctions are held inside this entry as names rather than as separate models.", "structure": { "bundles": [ { "id": "identity-and-classification", "name": "Identity, naming and classification", "description": "How an agent tells one Atlantic slave trade from another, and a Atlantic slave trade from things that resemble it.", "rationale": "Recognition comes before every other claim. Without stable identity nothing else in the model can be trusted to be about the same thing twice.", "layers": [ { "id": "naming-and-identifiers", "name": "Names and identifiers", "description": "The names this thing goes by and the identifiers that survive translation and time.", "findings": [ { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases", "name": "Preferred name, aliases and local names", "description": "Which name to use, which names mean the same thing, and which merely sound similar.", "questions": [ { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the name of a Atlantic slave trade, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the name of a Atlantic slave trade, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the name of a Atlantic slave trade is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers", "name": "Stable identifiers and external keys", "description": "Identifiers that keep pointing at this kind of thing across systems and languages.", "questions": [ { "id": "stable-identifiers-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes an identifier for a Atlantic slave trade, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about an identifier for a Atlantic slave trade, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once an identifier for a Atlantic slave trade is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "classification-and-granularity", "name": "Classification and granularity", "description": "Where a Atlantic slave trade sits among kinds, and how finely a task needs to cut it.", "findings": [ { "id": "kind-and-parents", "name": "Kind, parents and neighbouring kinds", "description": "The classes this thing belongs to and the ones it is next to.", "questions": [ { "id": "kind-and-parents-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the kind of a Atlantic slave trade, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "kind-and-parents-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the kind of a Atlantic slave trade, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "kind-and-parents-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the kind of a Atlantic slave trade is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features", "name": "Distinguishing features", "description": "What separates a Atlantic slave trade from the things most often confused with it.", "questions": [ { "id": "distinguishing-features-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes what distinguishes a Atlantic slave trade, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about what distinguishes a Atlantic slave trade, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once what distinguishes a Atlantic slave trade is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "state-and-lifecycle", "name": "State and lifecycle", "description": "The states a Atlantic slave trade passes through and the events that move it between them.", "rationale": "Most decisions about a thing depend on what state it is in now, which is a claim with a time on it, not a property.", "layers": [ { "id": "lifecycle-stages", "name": "Lifecycle stages", "description": "From coming into existence to ceasing to be one of these.", "findings": [ { "id": "stages-and-transitions", "name": "Stages and transitions", "description": "The stages worth naming and what moves a Atlantic slave trade between them.", "questions": [ { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the lifecycle of a Atlantic slave trade, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the lifecycle of a Atlantic slave trade, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the lifecycle of a Atlantic slave trade is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "observations-and-status", "name": "Observations and current status", "description": "What is observed about a Atlantic slave trade, how often and by whom.", "findings": [ { "id": "observation-record", "name": "Observation record", "description": "How an observation of a Atlantic slave trade is recorded so that it can be superseded rather than overwritten.", "questions": [ { "id": "observation-record-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes an observation of a Atlantic slave trade, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "observation-record-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about an observation of a Atlantic slave trade, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "observation-record-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once an observation of a Atlantic slave trade is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "process-and-outcome", "name": "Process, inputs and outcome", "description": "How a Atlantic slave trade proceeds, what it needs and what it leaves behind.", "rationale": "An activity is known by its steps and its results, and both have to be recordable while it is still running.", "layers": [ { "id": "steps-and-sequence", "name": "Steps and sequence", "description": "The steps of a Atlantic slave trade, their order and what may run in parallel.", "findings": [ { "id": "steps-and-preconditions", "name": "Steps, preconditions and completion", "description": "What has to be true before each step of a Atlantic slave trade and what marks it done.", "questions": [ { "id": "steps-and-preconditions-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes a step of a Atlantic slave trade, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "steps-and-preconditions-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about a step of a Atlantic slave trade, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "steps-and-preconditions-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once a step of a Atlantic slave trade is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "inputs-and-results", "name": "Inputs, resources and results", "description": "What a Atlantic slave trade consumes and what it produces.", "findings": [ { "id": "inputs-and-outputs", "name": "Inputs, outputs and side effects", "description": "The resources a Atlantic slave trade takes and the results it leaves, wanted or not.", "questions": [ { "id": "inputs-and-outputs-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the inputs and results of a Atlantic slave trade, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "inputs-and-outputs-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the inputs and results of a Atlantic slave trade, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "inputs-and-outputs-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the inputs and results of a Atlantic slave trade is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "definitions-in-contest", "name": "Definitions and who holds them", "description": "What Atlantic slave trade is taken to mean, and by whom.", "rationale": "When a field disagrees about a concept, the disagreement is the content. A model that picks one definition silently destroys the information.", "layers": [ { "id": "competing-definitions", "name": "Competing definitions", "description": "The main readings and the traditions behind them.", "findings": [ { "id": "definition-map", "name": "Definitions and their holders", "description": "Each definition with the school or body that holds it.", "questions": [ { "id": "definition-map-q01", "text": "Which definitions of Atlantic slave trade are in use, and which tradition or body holds each?", "kind": "definition" }, { "id": "definition-map-q02", "text": "What turns on the difference between them in practice?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] }, { "id": "operationalisation", "name": "Operationalisation", "description": "How it is measured or applied when it has to be.", "findings": [ { "id": "operational-record", "name": "Measures and proxies", "description": "Instruments and indicators used to stand in for it.", "questions": [ { "id": "operational-record-q01", "text": "How is Atlantic slave trade operationalised or measured in practice, and by what instrument?", "kind": "measurement" }, { "id": "operational-record-q02", "text": "What does that operationalisation leave out, and when does that matter?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "instances-and-use", "name": "Instances, use and consequence", "description": "What counts as an instance of Atlantic slave trade and what follows from calling something that.", "rationale": "Applying a concept is an act with consequences, so a model must say what the label licenses and what it does not.", "layers": [ { "id": "instances", "name": "What counts as an instance", "description": "Clear cases, borderline cases and non-cases.", "findings": [ { "id": "instance-tests", "name": "Tests for an instance", "description": "What would settle whether something falls under it.", "questions": [ { "id": "instance-tests-q01", "text": "What would settle whether something is an instance of Atlantic slave trade?", "kind": "boundary" }, { "id": "instance-tests-q02", "text": "Which borderline cases are argued about, and on what grounds?", "kind": "definition" } ] } ] }, { "id": "consequence", "name": "Consequence of application", "description": "Rights, duties or decisions that follow from the label.", "findings": [ { "id": "consequence-record", "name": "What the label licenses", "description": "What an agent may do once something is classified this way.", "questions": [ { "id": "consequence-record-q01", "text": "What follows practically once something is treated as Atlantic slave trade?", "kind": "action" }, { "id": "consequence-record-q02", "text": "What must an agent not infer from the label alone?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "provenance-and-evidence", "name": "Provenance, evidence and time", "description": "Where every claim about a Atlantic slave trade came from and when it held.", "rationale": "A claim without a source and a time cannot be superseded, only overwritten, and an agent that overwrites loses the ability to explain itself.", "layers": [ { "id": "source-and-authority", "name": "Source and authority", "description": "Who said it, on what evidence, and how strongly.", "findings": [ { "id": "claim-provenance", "name": "Claim provenance and confidence", "description": "The authority behind each claim about a Atlantic slave trade and how confident it is.", "questions": [ { "id": "claim-provenance-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes a claim about a Atlantic slave trade, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "claim-provenance-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about a claim about a Atlantic slave trade, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "claim-provenance-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once a claim about a Atlantic slave trade is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "time-and-versions", "name": "Time, versions and supersession", "description": "When a claim was true, when it was learnt, and what replaced it.", "findings": [ { "id": "validity-and-supersession", "name": "Validity period and supersession", "description": "How an old claim about a Atlantic slave trade is retired without being erased.", "questions": [ { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the validity of a claim about a Atlantic slave trade, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the validity of a claim about a Atlantic slave trade, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the validity of a claim about a Atlantic slave trade is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] } ] }, "statistics": { "bundles": 6, "layers": 12, "findings": 14, "questions": 38 } } } }