{ "model": { "rank": 618, "code": "thing-q1075", "model_id": "vr.tr.color", "name": "color", "purpose": "Let an agent specify colour precisely with a colour space or system, and handle the gap between physical light, perception, names and device reproduction.", "family": "Thing Registry", "category": "Cross-cutting context", "status": "research-draft", "kind": "thing", "plane": "XCT", "domain": "XCT.QLT", "industry": "", "version": "", "url": "/models/thing/q1075/", "tier": 2, "score": 230, "payload": { "layer": "wikidata", "aliases": [ "cadmium pigments", "gamboge", "sinopia", "web color", "color system", "color notation", "web-safe color", "HTML4 named color", "safest web colors", "premature greying of hair", "premature graying of body hair", "skin pigmentation", "human skin color", "fluorescence", "chlorophyll fluorescence", "resonance fluorescence", "atomic fluorescence", "Lunar fluorescence", "X-ray fluorescence", "Fluorescence anisotropy", "JNR color", "albero", "black and white", "human hair color", "Pantone color", "color in nature", "hair color", "undertone", "X11 color", "flame", "background color", "leaf color", "adzuki", "fruit color", "achromatic color", "forbidden colors", "Reddish Brown", "black & white", "Chromo", "Kula" ], "aliasCount": 176, "merged": 177, "knownIn": 230, "facets": null, "markers": [], "lexicalClass": "", "senseRank": null, "alsoRegisteredAs": "vr.tr.color-2", "source": { "dataset": "wikidata", "item": "Q1075", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1075", "license": "CC0 1.0" } }, "research": { "vercy": "1.0-draft", "publication": { "status": "research-draft", "adjudicationStatus": "unreviewed", "publishableCanonical": false, "generatedAt": "2026-09-11T04:52:39Z", "providers": [ "Claude" ], "breadth": "written by Claude from model knowledge without web access - no source was read, every claim is a lead to verify", "pass": 2, "wave": 1, "engine": "claude" }, "metaModel": { "id": "THING-Q1075", "registryId": "vr.tr.color", "name": "color", "version": "0.2.0-wave.1", "entryKind": "thing", "family": "Thing Registry", "domain": [ "XCT.QLT" ], "status": "research-draft" }, "canonicalUrl": "https://ver.cy/models/thing/q1075/", "model": { "registry_id": "vr.tr.color", "name": "color", "purpose": "Let an agent specify colour precisely with a colour space or system, and handle the gap between physical light, perception, names and device reproduction.", "definition": "The property of light, and of objects that reflect or emit it, perceived as hue, saturation and lightness, arising from the spectral distribution of light and the response of the eye and brain.", "what_it_is_for": "Describing, matching and reproducing appearance, in design, printing, screens, paint, signals and science.", "affordances": [ "measure it, with spectrophotometers and colorimeters", "specify it, in colour spaces or systems", "reproduce it, on screens, in print or with pigments", "name it, which is imprecise and language-dependent" ], "distinguishing_features": [ "Partly physical, partly perceptual", "Specified in colour spaces with defined illuminants", "Device-dependent values (RGB, CMYK) differ from device-independent ones (CIELAB)", "Colour vision deficiency changes what people see" ], "appearance": "Everything seen has colour; the same object looks different under different light.", "visual_identification": [ "Colour names are approximate and cultural", "Codes such as hex #RRGGBB, Pantone numbers or CIELAB values specify colour", "Appearance depends on the light source and surroundings" ], "physical_properties": [ { "quantity": "visible wavelengths", "typical_range": "380-750", "unit": "nm", "note": "" }, { "quantity": "colour difference noticeable", "typical_range": "about 1-2", "unit": "Delta E", "note": "CIEDE2000" } ], "families_and_kinds": [ "colour spaces: sRGB, CIELAB, CMYK", "colour systems: Munsell, Pantone, RAL, NCS", "pigments and dyes", "web colours and web-safe colours", "colour names" ], "related_models": [ { "relation": "has kind", "target": "red and other hues", "why": "individual colours are entries" }, { "relation": "is produced by", "target": "pigment and light", "why": "materials and emission" }, { "relation": "is perceived by", "target": "vision", "why": "depends on the observer" }, { "relation": "is used in", "target": "signal and design", "why": "safety colours, brands" } ], "identifiers": [ { "scheme": "hex code", "value_or_pattern": "#RRGGBB in sRGB", "note": "web colours" }, { "scheme": "Pantone number", "value_or_pattern": "for example Pantone 179 C", "note": "proprietary spot colours" }, { "scheme": "RAL code", "value_or_pattern": "four digits", "note": "industrial colours" } ], "standards_and_regulation": [ "CIE colorimetry standards", "IEC 61966-2-1 sRGB", "ISO 3864 safety colours", "WCAG contrast requirements" ], "failure_modes_and_hazards": [ "Colour mismatch between screen and print", "Relying on colour alone, excluding colour-blind users", "Poor contrast making text unreadable", "Toxic historical pigments such as cadmium and lead" ], "in_scope": [], "out_of_scope": [], "characteristics": [] }, "sources": [], "structure": { "bundles": [ { "id": "specification", "name": "Specification", "description": "Stating a colour precisely.", "rationale": "Without a colour space and illuminant, a colour value is ambiguous.", "layers": [ { "id": "space", "name": "Colour space", "description": "sRGB, CIELAB, CMYK.", "findings": [ { "id": "space-finding", "name": "Colour space", "description": "The space and values.", "questions": [ { "text": "In which colour space is this colour given, and with what values?", "kind": "measurement" }, { "text": "Which illuminant and observer apply?", "kind": "provenance" } ] } ] }, { "id": "system", "name": "Colour system", "description": "Pantone, RAL, Munsell.", "findings": [ { "id": "system-finding", "name": "System reference", "description": "The system reference.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which colour system code specifies it?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "text": "What is its closest sRGB equivalent?", "kind": "measurement" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "perception", "name": "Perception", "description": "How it is seen.", "rationale": "The same colour looks different to different people and in different light.", "layers": [ { "id": "conditions", "name": "Viewing conditions", "description": "Light and surround.", "findings": [ { "id": "conditions-finding", "name": "Viewing conditions", "description": "Lighting and background.", "questions": [ { "text": "Under which light and against what background is it seen?", "kind": "definition" }, { "text": "How much does its appearance shift?", "kind": "measurement" } ] } ] }, { "id": "accessibility", "name": "Accessibility", "description": "Colour vision and contrast.", "findings": [ { "id": "accessibility-finding", "name": "Accessibility", "description": "Contrast and colour-blind safety.", "questions": [ { "text": "Does the design rely on colour alone?", "kind": "boundary" }, { "text": "Does it meet contrast requirements?", "kind": "measurement" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "reproduction", "name": "Reproduction", "description": "Screens, print, paint.", "rationale": "Each medium has its own gamut and limits.", "layers": [ { "id": "gamut", "name": "Gamut", "description": "What a device can show.", "findings": [ { "id": "gamut-finding", "name": "Gamut check", "description": "Whether the colour fits the gamut.", "questions": [ { "text": "Can this colour be reproduced in the target medium?", "kind": "boundary" }, { "text": "How will it be mapped if not?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] }, { "id": "matching", "name": "Matching", "description": "Colour difference.", "findings": [ { "id": "matching-finding", "name": "Match tolerance", "description": "Tolerance for matches.", "questions": [ { "text": "What colour difference is acceptable?", "kind": "measurement" }, { "text": "How is the match verified?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "meaning-and-materials", "name": "Meaning and materials", "description": "What colour signals and what makes it.", "rationale": "Colours carry meaning and come from materials with risks.", "layers": [ { "id": "meaning", "name": "Meaning", "description": "Safety and cultural meanings.", "findings": [ { "id": "meaning-finding", "name": "Meaning", "description": "Conventional meanings.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which safety or cultural meaning does this colour carry here?", "kind": "definition" }, { "text": "Could it be misread in another culture?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] }, { "id": "pigments", "name": "Pigments", "description": "Materials and toxicity.", "findings": [ { "id": "pigments-finding", "name": "Pigment", "description": "Pigments used.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which pigment or dye produces it?", "kind": "definition" }, { "text": "Is that material hazardous?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] } ] } ] }, "openQuestions": [ "Which colour space should the registry use as reference?", "How should colour names across languages be linked?", "Should pigments be separate entries from colours?" ], "statistics": { "bundles": 4, "layers": 8, "findings": 8, "questions": 16 } }, "draft": { "generator": "vr.draft.v3", "status": "draft-generated", "researched": false, "archetype": "abstract concept", "method": "Written from the archetype playbook - what this kind of thing needs beyond identity and provenance - and from the structure that recurred across 6,333 models already researched by two engines. Applied to this entry by rule. No source was read for this thing and no claim here is researched. This entry carries no facets of its own, so they were inferred from its domain - a guess about a whole domain applied to one thing.", "facetsInferred": true, "nextPass": "A researcher replaces this draft with a sourced specification. Treat every sentence below as a proposal to argue with.", "purpose": "Give an agent a durable, checkable way to recognise a color, record what state it is in, and decide what may be done with it.", "whatItIs": "Let an agent specify colour precisely with a colour space or system, and handle the gap between physical light, perception, names and device reproduction.", "characteristics": { "substance": "abstract", "origin": "conceptual", "agency": "inert" }, "whatYouCanDoWithIt": [ "observed and measured" ], "distinguishingFeatures": [ "Names folded into this entry, which a task may need to split apart again: cadmium pigments, gamboge, sinopia, web color, color system, color notation, web-safe color, HTML4 named color, safest web colors, premature greying of hair, premature graying of body hair, skin pigmentation.", "177 finer distinctions are held as aliases rather than separate entries, because telling them apart needs a task that asks for it.", "Described in 230 Wikipedia languages, which is a measure of how widely the thing is known, not of how important it is." ], "openQuestionsForResearch": [ "Which of the bundles below does a real task actually need, and which are ceremony?", "What does this thing have that the facets do not capture at all?", "Which neighbouring kind is most often confused with a color, and on what evidence are they told apart?" ], "whatItIsMadeOf": "an abstraction with no physical instance", "physicalCharacter": [ "Does nothing on its own; everything it does, something else did to it.", "These come from the domain this entry sits in rather than from the entry itself, so treat them as a first guess about the whole domain applied to one thing." ], "whatCanBeDoneWithIt": [ "observe it, measure it, record its state" ], "howItIsRecognised": [ "Nothing to see. What is recognised is an instance of it, and which instances count is exactly what is argued about." ], "relatedModels": [ { "relation": "covers", "note": "Finer kinds folded into this entry because telling them apart needs a task that asks for it. Each is a model waiting to be split out when one does.", "targets": [ "cadmium pigments", "gamboge", "sinopia", "web color", "color system", "color notation", "web-safe color", "HTML4 named color", "safest web colors", "premature greying of hair", "premature graying of body hair", "skin pigmentation" ] } ], "standing": "Described in 230 Wikipedia languages, which measures how widely it is written about rather than how important or how common it is. 177 finer distinctions are held inside this entry as names rather than as separate models.", "structure": { "bundles": [ { "id": "identity-and-classification", "name": "Identity, naming and classification", "description": "How an agent tells one color from another, and a color from things that resemble it.", "rationale": "Recognition comes before every other claim. Without stable identity nothing else in the model can be trusted to be about the same thing twice.", "layers": [ { "id": "naming-and-identifiers", "name": "Names and identifiers", "description": "The names this thing goes by and the identifiers that survive translation and time.", "findings": [ { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases", "name": "Preferred name, aliases and local names", "description": "Which name to use, which names mean the same thing, and which merely sound similar.", "questions": [ { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the name of a color, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the name of a color, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the name of a color is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers", "name": "Stable identifiers and external keys", "description": "Identifiers that keep pointing at this kind of thing across systems and languages.", "questions": [ { "id": "stable-identifiers-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes an identifier for a color, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about an identifier for a color, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once an identifier for a color is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "classification-and-granularity", "name": "Classification and granularity", "description": "Where a color sits among kinds, and how finely a task needs to cut it.", "findings": [ { "id": "kind-and-parents", "name": "Kind, parents and neighbouring kinds", "description": "The classes this thing belongs to and the ones it is next to.", "questions": [ { "id": "kind-and-parents-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the kind of a color, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "kind-and-parents-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the kind of a color, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "kind-and-parents-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the kind of a color is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features", "name": "Distinguishing features", "description": "What separates a color from the things most often confused with it.", "questions": [ { "id": "distinguishing-features-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes what distinguishes a color, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about what distinguishes a color, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once what distinguishes a color is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "state-and-lifecycle", "name": "State and lifecycle", "description": "The states a color passes through and the events that move it between them.", "rationale": "Most decisions about a thing depend on what state it is in now, which is a claim with a time on it, not a property.", "layers": [ { "id": "lifecycle-stages", "name": "Lifecycle stages", "description": "From coming into existence to ceasing to be one of these.", "findings": [ { "id": "stages-and-transitions", "name": "Stages and transitions", "description": "The stages worth naming and what moves a color between them.", "questions": [ { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the lifecycle of a color, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the lifecycle of a color, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the lifecycle of a color is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "observations-and-status", "name": "Observations and current status", "description": "What is observed about a color, how often and by whom.", "findings": [ { "id": "observation-record", "name": "Observation record", "description": "How an observation of a color is recorded so that it can be superseded rather than overwritten.", "questions": [ { "id": "observation-record-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes an observation of a color, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "observation-record-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about an observation of a color, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "observation-record-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once an observation of a color is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "definitions-in-contest", "name": "Definitions and who holds them", "description": "What color is taken to mean, and by whom.", "rationale": "When a field disagrees about a concept, the disagreement is the content. A model that picks one definition silently destroys the information.", "layers": [ { "id": "competing-definitions", "name": "Competing definitions", "description": "The main readings and the traditions behind them.", "findings": [ { "id": "definition-map", "name": "Definitions and their holders", "description": "Each definition with the school or body that holds it.", "questions": [ { "id": "definition-map-q01", "text": "Which definitions of color are in use, and which tradition or body holds each?", "kind": "definition" }, { "id": "definition-map-q02", "text": "What turns on the difference between them in practice?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] }, { "id": "operationalisation", "name": "Operationalisation", "description": "How it is measured or applied when it has to be.", "findings": [ { "id": "operational-record", "name": "Measures and proxies", "description": "Instruments and indicators used to stand in for it.", "questions": [ { "id": "operational-record-q01", "text": "How is color operationalised or measured in practice, and by what instrument?", "kind": "measurement" }, { "id": "operational-record-q02", "text": "What does that operationalisation leave out, and when does that matter?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "instances-and-use", "name": "Instances, use and consequence", "description": "What counts as an instance of color and what follows from calling something that.", "rationale": "Applying a concept is an act with consequences, so a model must say what the label licenses and what it does not.", "layers": [ { "id": "instances", "name": "What counts as an instance", "description": "Clear cases, borderline cases and non-cases.", "findings": [ { "id": "instance-tests", "name": "Tests for an instance", "description": "What would settle whether something falls under it.", "questions": [ { "id": "instance-tests-q01", "text": "What would settle whether something is an instance of color?", "kind": "boundary" }, { "id": "instance-tests-q02", "text": "Which borderline cases are argued about, and on what grounds?", "kind": "definition" } ] } ] }, { "id": "consequence", "name": "Consequence of application", "description": "Rights, duties or decisions that follow from the label.", "findings": [ { "id": "consequence-record", "name": "What the label licenses", "description": "What an agent may do once something is classified this way.", "questions": [ { "id": "consequence-record-q01", "text": "What follows practically once something is treated as color?", "kind": "action" }, { "id": "consequence-record-q02", "text": "What must an agent not infer from the label alone?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "provenance-and-evidence", "name": "Provenance, evidence and time", "description": "Where every claim about a color came from and when it held.", "rationale": "A claim without a source and a time cannot be superseded, only overwritten, and an agent that overwrites loses the ability to explain itself.", "layers": [ { "id": "source-and-authority", "name": "Source and authority", "description": "Who said it, on what evidence, and how strongly.", "findings": [ { "id": "claim-provenance", "name": "Claim provenance and confidence", "description": "The authority behind each claim about a color and how confident it is.", "questions": [ { "id": "claim-provenance-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes a claim about a color, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "claim-provenance-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about a claim about a color, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "claim-provenance-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once a claim about a color is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "time-and-versions", "name": "Time, versions and supersession", "description": "When a claim was true, when it was learnt, and what replaced it.", "findings": [ { "id": "validity-and-supersession", "name": "Validity period and supersession", "description": "How an old claim about a color is retired without being erased.", "questions": [ { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the validity of a claim about a color, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the validity of a claim about a color, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the validity of a claim about a color is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] } ] }, "statistics": { "bundles": 5, "layers": 10, "findings": 12, "questions": 32 } } } }