{ "model": { "rank": 1542, "code": "thing-q11034", "model_id": "vr.tr.printing", "name": "printing", "purpose": "Let an agent explain printing techniques and their history, help choose a printing method for a job, describe file preparation and standards, and support craft and heritage printing.", "family": "Thing Registry", "category": "Activities and processes", "status": "research-draft", "kind": "thing", "plane": "ACT", "domain": "ACT.ACT", "industry": "", "version": "", "url": "/models/thing/q11034/", "tier": 2, "score": 140, "payload": { "layer": "wikidata", "aliases": [ "Tarbiah Kreatif", "dye-sublimation printing", "relief block printing", "xylography", "letterpress printing", "Letterpress Printing in Ireland", "photoengraving", "relief halftone", "microprinting", "3D printing process", "Arabic printing", "extra print", "map printing", "autographic printing", "color printing", "commercial printing (Akzidenzen)", "Perrotine printing", "overprint", "nature printing", "thermographic printing", "printing in Ukraine", "print on demand", "lenticular printing", "Armenian printing", "movable type", "cloud printing", "Printing in Spain", "Revolta", "music printing", "monochrome print", "Printing in Goa", "photographic printing", "trade printing", "counterproving", "thermotransfer print", "Web-to-print", "hexachrome", "wet-on-wet printing", "4c", "Postage stamp reprint" ], "aliasCount": 79, "merged": 79, "knownIn": 140, "facets": null, "markers": [], "lexicalClass": "", "senseRank": null, "alsoRegisteredAs": "vr.tr.printing-communication", "source": { "dataset": "wikidata", "item": "Q11034", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11034", "license": "CC0 1.0" } }, "research": { "vercy": "1.0-draft", "publication": { "status": "research-draft", "adjudicationStatus": "unreviewed", "publishableCanonical": false, "generatedAt": "2026-09-11T21:12:39Z", "providers": [ "Claude" ], "breadth": "written by Claude from model knowledge without web access - no source was read, every claim is a lead to verify", "pass": 2, "wave": 2, "engine": "claude" }, "metaModel": { "id": "THING-Q11034", "registryId": "vr.tr.printing", "name": "printing", "version": "0.2.0-wave.2", "entryKind": "thing", "family": "Thing Registry", "domain": [ "ACT.ACT" ], "status": "research-draft" }, "canonicalUrl": "https://ver.cy/models/thing/q11034/", "model": { "registry_id": "vr.tr.printing", "name": "printing", "purpose": "Let an agent explain printing techniques and their history, help choose a printing method for a job, describe file preparation and standards, and support craft and heritage printing.", "definition": "The process of reproducing text and images on paper, textiles or other surfaces using ink and a template or digital device, from woodblock and letterpress printing through lithography, gravure and screen printing to offset, digital, dye-sublimation and 3D printing; printing transformed the spread of knowledge and remains a major industry with its own techniques, standards and craft traditions.", "what_it_is_for": "Reproducing text and images.", "affordances": [ "explain printing techniques", "choose a method for a print job", "prepare files and specify jobs", "describe printing history and craft" ], "distinguishing_features": [ "Reproduction", "Technique-defined", "Industrial and craft forms", "Historical significance" ], "appearance": "Printed sheets, presses, plates and printers.", "visual_identification": [ "Ink transferred to a surface by a process", "Repeatable reproduction", "Handwriting and drawing are not printing" ], "physical_properties": [], "families_and_kinds": [ "relief printing including woodblock and letterpress", "planographic printing such as lithography and offset", "intaglio such as gravure and etching", "screen and stencil printing", "digital printing including inkjet, laser and dye-sublimation" ], "related_models": [ { "relation": "is a kind of", "target": "printing technique", "why": "category" }, { "relation": "is related to", "target": "book", "why": "main product" }, { "relation": "is related to", "target": "paper", "why": "main substrate" }, { "relation": "is related to", "target": "typography", "why": "design of printed text" } ], "identifiers": [], "standards_and_regulation": [ "Colour management standards such as ICC profiles", "Print production standards", "Environmental rules on inks and solvents" ], "failure_modes_and_hazards": [ "Colour mismatch between screen and print", "Misregistration", "Solvent and machinery hazards" ], "in_scope": [], "out_of_scope": [], "characteristics": [] }, "sources": [], "structure": { "bundles": [ { "id": "choose", "name": "Choose", "description": "Choosing a method.", "rationale": "Fit to job.", "layers": [ { "id": "method", "name": "Method", "description": "Which technique.", "findings": [ { "id": "method-finding", "name": "Method", "description": "Method.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which printing method suits this run length, substrate, quality and budget?", "kind": "action" }, { "text": "How do offset, digital and screen printing compare?", "kind": "measurement" } ] } ] }, { "id": "prepare", "name": "Prepare", "description": "File preparation.", "findings": [ { "id": "prepare-finding", "name": "Prepare", "description": "Preparation.", "questions": [ { "text": "How should files be prepared, with bleed, resolution and colour profiles?", "kind": "action" }, { "text": "Which proofs should be requested?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "techniques", "name": "Techniques", "description": "How printing works.", "rationale": "Processes.", "layers": [ { "id": "process", "name": "Process", "description": "A technique explained.", "findings": [ { "id": "process-finding", "name": "Process", "description": "Process.", "questions": [ { "text": "How does this printing technique work, from plate or screen to impression?", "kind": "definition" }, { "text": "What are its strengths and limits?", "kind": "definition" } ] } ] }, { "id": "identify", "name": "Identify", "description": "Identifying prints.", "findings": [ { "id": "identify-finding", "name": "Identify", "description": "Identification.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which technique produced this print, judging by its marks and texture?", "kind": "definition" }, { "text": "How do collectors verify?", "kind": "provenance" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "history", "name": "History", "description": "History of printing.", "rationale": "Attribution.", "layers": [ { "id": "origins", "name": "Origins", "description": "Origins.", "findings": [ { "id": "origins-finding", "name": "Origins", "description": "Origins.", "questions": [ { "text": "How did printing develop in East Asia and Europe, from woodblock and movable type to the press?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "text": "What were its social effects?", "kind": "provenance" } ] } ] }, { "id": "regional", "name": "Regional", "description": "Regional histories.", "findings": [ { "id": "regional-finding", "name": "Regional", "description": "Regional histories.", "questions": [ { "text": "What is the history of printing in a specific country or region, according to historians?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "text": "Which presses and printers were notable?", "kind": "provenance" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "craft", "name": "Craft", "description": "Craft printing.", "rationale": "Making by hand.", "layers": [ { "id": "letterpress", "name": "Letterpress", "description": "Letterpress and relief.", "findings": [ { "id": "letterpress-finding", "name": "Letterpress", "description": "Craft printing.", "questions": [ { "text": "How can someone learn letterpress, woodblock or screen printing, and where?", "kind": "action" }, { "text": "Which equipment and safety measures are needed?", "kind": "provenance" } ] } ] }, { "id": "sustain", "name": "Sustain", "description": "Sustainable printing.", "findings": [ { "id": "sustain-finding", "name": "Sustain", "description": "Sustainability.", "questions": [ { "text": "How can printing reduce environmental impact through inks, paper and processes?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "text": "Which certifications exist?", "kind": "provenance" } ] } ] } ] } ] }, "openQuestions": [ "Should each technique be a separate entry?", "How should print standards be linked?", "How should heritage presses be linked?" ], "statistics": { "bundles": 4, "layers": 8, "findings": 8, "questions": 16 } }, "draft": { "generator": "vr.draft.v3", "status": "draft-generated", "researched": false, "archetype": "abstract concept", "method": "Written from the archetype playbook - what this kind of thing needs beyond identity and provenance - and from the structure that recurred across 6,333 models already researched by two engines. Applied to this entry by rule. No source was read for this thing and no claim here is researched. This entry carries no facets of its own, so they were inferred from its domain - a guess about a whole domain applied to one thing.", "facetsInferred": true, "nextPass": "A researcher replaces this draft with a sourced specification. Treat every sentence below as a proposal to argue with.", "purpose": "Give an agent a durable, checkable way to recognise a printing, record what state it is in, and decide what may be done with it.", "whatItIs": "Let an agent explain printing techniques and their history, help choose a printing method for a job, describe file preparation and standards, and support craft and heritage printing.", "characteristics": { "substance": "activity", "origin": "conceptual", "agency": "inert" }, "whatYouCanDoWithIt": [ "observed and measured" ], "distinguishingFeatures": [ "Names folded into this entry, which a task may need to split apart again: Tarbiah Kreatif, dye-sublimation printing, relief block printing, xylography, letterpress printing, Letterpress Printing in Ireland, photoengraving, relief halftone, microprinting, 3D printing process, Arabic printing, extra print.", "79 finer distinctions are held as aliases rather than separate entries, because telling them apart needs a task that asks for it.", "Described in 140 Wikipedia languages, which is a measure of how widely the thing is known, not of how important it is." ], "openQuestionsForResearch": [ "Which of the bundles below does a real task actually need, and which are ceremony?", "What does this thing have that the facets do not capture at all?", "Which neighbouring kind is most often confused with a printing, and on what evidence are they told apart?" ], "whatItIsMadeOf": "something that happens over time", "physicalCharacter": [ "Does nothing on its own; everything it does, something else did to it.", "These come from the domain this entry sits in rather than from the entry itself, so treat them as a first guess about the whole domain applied to one thing." ], "whatCanBeDoneWithIt": [ "observe it, measure it, record its state" ], "howItIsRecognised": [ "Nothing to see. What is recognised is an instance of it, and which instances count is exactly what is argued about." ], "relatedModels": [ { "relation": "covers", "note": "Finer kinds folded into this entry because telling them apart needs a task that asks for it. Each is a model waiting to be split out when one does.", "targets": [ "Tarbiah Kreatif", "dye-sublimation printing", "relief block printing", "xylography", "letterpress printing", "Letterpress Printing in Ireland", "photoengraving", "relief halftone", "microprinting", "3D printing process", "Arabic printing", "extra print" ] } ], "standing": "Described in 140 Wikipedia languages, which measures how widely it is written about rather than how important or how common it is. 79 finer distinctions are held inside this entry as names rather than as separate models.", "structure": { "bundles": [ { "id": "identity-and-classification", "name": "Identity, naming and classification", "description": "How an agent tells one printing from another, and a printing from things that resemble it.", "rationale": "Recognition comes before every other claim. Without stable identity nothing else in the model can be trusted to be about the same thing twice.", "layers": [ { "id": "naming-and-identifiers", "name": "Names and identifiers", "description": "The names this thing goes by and the identifiers that survive translation and time.", "findings": [ { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases", "name": "Preferred name, aliases and local names", "description": "Which name to use, which names mean the same thing, and which merely sound similar.", "questions": [ { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the name of a printing, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the name of a printing, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the name of a printing is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers", "name": "Stable identifiers and external keys", "description": "Identifiers that keep pointing at this kind of thing across systems and languages.", "questions": [ { "id": "stable-identifiers-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes an identifier for a printing, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about an identifier for a printing, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once an identifier for a printing is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "classification-and-granularity", "name": "Classification and granularity", "description": "Where a printing sits among kinds, and how finely a task needs to cut it.", "findings": [ { "id": "kind-and-parents", "name": "Kind, parents and neighbouring kinds", "description": "The classes this thing belongs to and the ones it is next to.", "questions": [ { "id": "kind-and-parents-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the kind of a printing, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "kind-and-parents-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the kind of a printing, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "kind-and-parents-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the kind of a printing is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features", "name": "Distinguishing features", "description": "What separates a printing from the things most often confused with it.", "questions": [ { "id": "distinguishing-features-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes what distinguishes a printing, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about what distinguishes a printing, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once what distinguishes a printing is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "state-and-lifecycle", "name": "State and lifecycle", "description": "The states a printing passes through and the events that move it between them.", "rationale": "Most decisions about a thing depend on what state it is in now, which is a claim with a time on it, not a property.", "layers": [ { "id": "lifecycle-stages", "name": "Lifecycle stages", "description": "From coming into existence to ceasing to be one of these.", "findings": [ { "id": "stages-and-transitions", "name": "Stages and transitions", "description": "The stages worth naming and what moves a printing between them.", "questions": [ { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the lifecycle of a printing, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the lifecycle of a printing, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the lifecycle of a printing is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "observations-and-status", "name": "Observations and current status", "description": "What is observed about a printing, how often and by whom.", "findings": [ { "id": "observation-record", "name": "Observation record", "description": "How an observation of a printing is recorded so that it can be superseded rather than overwritten.", "questions": [ { "id": "observation-record-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes an observation of a printing, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "observation-record-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about an observation of a printing, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "observation-record-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once an observation of a printing is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "process-and-outcome", "name": "Process, inputs and outcome", "description": "How a printing proceeds, what it needs and what it leaves behind.", "rationale": "An activity is known by its steps and its results, and both have to be recordable while it is still running.", "layers": [ { "id": "steps-and-sequence", "name": "Steps and sequence", "description": "The steps of a printing, their order and what may run in parallel.", "findings": [ { "id": "steps-and-preconditions", "name": "Steps, preconditions and completion", "description": "What has to be true before each step of a printing and what marks it done.", "questions": [ { "id": "steps-and-preconditions-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes a step of a printing, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "steps-and-preconditions-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about a step of a printing, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "steps-and-preconditions-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once a step of a printing is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "inputs-and-results", "name": "Inputs, resources and results", "description": "What a printing consumes and what it produces.", "findings": [ { "id": "inputs-and-outputs", "name": "Inputs, outputs and side effects", "description": "The resources a printing takes and the results it leaves, wanted or not.", "questions": [ { "id": "inputs-and-outputs-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the inputs and results of a printing, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "inputs-and-outputs-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the inputs and results of a printing, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "inputs-and-outputs-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the inputs and results of a printing is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "definitions-in-contest", "name": "Definitions and who holds them", "description": "What printing is taken to mean, and by whom.", "rationale": "When a field disagrees about a concept, the disagreement is the content. A model that picks one definition silently destroys the information.", "layers": [ { "id": "competing-definitions", "name": "Competing definitions", "description": "The main readings and the traditions behind them.", "findings": [ { "id": "definition-map", "name": "Definitions and their holders", "description": "Each definition with the school or body that holds it.", "questions": [ { "id": "definition-map-q01", "text": "Which definitions of printing are in use, and which tradition or body holds each?", "kind": "definition" }, { "id": "definition-map-q02", "text": "What turns on the difference between them in practice?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] }, { "id": "operationalisation", "name": "Operationalisation", "description": "How it is measured or applied when it has to be.", "findings": [ { "id": "operational-record", "name": "Measures and proxies", "description": "Instruments and indicators used to stand in for it.", "questions": [ { "id": "operational-record-q01", "text": "How is printing operationalised or measured in practice, and by what instrument?", "kind": "measurement" }, { "id": "operational-record-q02", "text": "What does that operationalisation leave out, and when does that matter?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "instances-and-use", "name": "Instances, use and consequence", "description": "What counts as an instance of printing and what follows from calling something that.", "rationale": "Applying a concept is an act with consequences, so a model must say what the label licenses and what it does not.", "layers": [ { "id": "instances", "name": "What counts as an instance", "description": "Clear cases, borderline cases and non-cases.", "findings": [ { "id": "instance-tests", "name": "Tests for an instance", "description": "What would settle whether something falls under it.", "questions": [ { "id": "instance-tests-q01", "text": "What would settle whether something is an instance of printing?", "kind": "boundary" }, { "id": "instance-tests-q02", "text": "Which borderline cases are argued about, and on what grounds?", "kind": "definition" } ] } ] }, { "id": "consequence", "name": "Consequence of application", "description": "Rights, duties or decisions that follow from the label.", "findings": [ { "id": "consequence-record", "name": "What the label licenses", "description": "What an agent may do once something is classified this way.", "questions": [ { "id": "consequence-record-q01", "text": "What follows practically once something is treated as printing?", "kind": "action" }, { "id": "consequence-record-q02", "text": "What must an agent not infer from the label alone?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "provenance-and-evidence", "name": "Provenance, evidence and time", "description": "Where every claim about a printing came from and when it held.", "rationale": "A claim without a source and a time cannot be superseded, only overwritten, and an agent that overwrites loses the ability to explain itself.", "layers": [ { "id": "source-and-authority", "name": "Source and authority", "description": "Who said it, on what evidence, and how strongly.", "findings": [ { "id": "claim-provenance", "name": "Claim provenance and confidence", "description": "The authority behind each claim about a printing and how confident it is.", "questions": [ { "id": "claim-provenance-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes a claim about a printing, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "claim-provenance-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about a claim about a printing, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "claim-provenance-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once a claim about a printing is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "time-and-versions", "name": "Time, versions and supersession", "description": "When a claim was true, when it was learnt, and what replaced it.", "findings": [ { "id": "validity-and-supersession", "name": "Validity period and supersession", "description": "How an old claim about a printing is retired without being erased.", "questions": [ { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the validity of a claim about a printing, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the validity of a claim about a printing, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the validity of a claim about a printing is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] } ] }, "statistics": { "bundles": 6, "layers": 12, "findings": 14, "questions": 38 } } } }