{ "model": { "rank": 1849, "code": "thing-q1111", "model_id": "vr.tr.electric-charge", "name": "electric charge", "purpose": "Let an agent explain electric charge as a physical quantity, relay its units, constants and laws from SI and reference sources, distinguish it from current, voltage and related quantities, and support calculation and teaching.", "family": "Thing Registry", "category": "Cross-cutting context", "status": "research-draft", "kind": "thing", "plane": "XCT", "domain": "XCT.QLT", "industry": "", "version": "", "url": "/models/thing/q1111/", "tier": 2, "score": 124, "payload": { "layer": "wikidata", "aliases": [ "average total charge of produced positive ions", "protein charge", "formal charge", "charge capacity", "inductive charging", "effective nuclear charge", "AirPower" ], "aliasCount": 7, "merged": 7, "knownIn": 124, "facets": null, "markers": [], "lexicalClass": "", "senseRank": null, "alsoRegisteredAs": null, "source": { "dataset": "wikidata", "item": "Q1111", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1111", "license": "CC0 1.0" } }, "research": { "vercy": "1.0-draft", "publication": { "status": "research-draft", "adjudicationStatus": "unreviewed", "publishableCanonical": false, "generatedAt": "2026-09-12T20:06:18Z", "providers": [ "Claude" ], "breadth": "written by Claude from model knowledge without web access - no source was read, every claim is a lead to verify", "pass": 2, "wave": 3, "engine": "claude" }, "metaModel": { "id": "THING-Q1111", "registryId": "vr.tr.electric-charge", "name": "electric charge", "version": "0.2.0-wave.3", "entryKind": "thing", "family": "Thing Registry", "domain": [ "XCT.QLT" ], "status": "research-draft" }, "canonicalUrl": "https://ver.cy/models/thing/q1111/", "model": { "registry_id": "vr.tr.electric-charge", "name": "electric charge", "purpose": "Let an agent explain electric charge as a physical quantity, relay its units, constants and laws from SI and reference sources, distinguish it from current, voltage and related quantities, and support calculation and teaching.", "definition": "The physical property of matter that causes it to experience a force in an electromagnetic field, existing in positive and negative kinds, conserved, quantised in units of the elementary charge carried by electrons and protons, and measured in coulombs; charge is the source of electric fields and, when moving, of electric current and magnetic fields.", "what_it_is_for": "Not for anything; a fundamental property of matter.", "affordances": [ "explain the property and its conservation and quantisation", "relay units and the elementary charge value", "apply Coulomb law and related relations", "distinguish charge from current, potential and capacitance" ], "distinguishing_features": [ "Two kinds, positive and negative", "Conserved in all known processes", "Quantised in units of e, with fractional charges of quarks confined", "Source of electromagnetic interaction" ], "appearance": "Not visible; observed through forces, sparks, attraction and instruments.", "visual_identification": [ "Quantity measured in coulombs", "Positive and negative kinds that attract or repel", "Current is charge per time; voltage is energy per charge" ], "physical_properties": [ { "quantity": "elementary charge", "typical_range": "1.602176634 times 10 to the minus 19", "unit": "C", "note": "exact by SI definition" }, { "quantity": "electron charge", "typical_range": "minus one elementary charge", "unit": "e", "note": "" }, { "quantity": "unit", "typical_range": "coulomb", "unit": "C", "note": "ampere second" } ], "families_and_kinds": [ "positive and negative charge", "free and bound charge", "point, surface and volume charge distributions", "charge in chemistry: ionic, formal and partial charge", "charge on particles: electron, proton, quarks" ], "related_models": [ { "relation": "is a kind of", "target": "physical quantity", "why": "a scalar quantity" }, { "relation": "is measured in", "target": "coulomb", "why": "the SI unit" }, { "relation": "produces", "target": "electric field", "why": "through Coulomb law" }, { "relation": "is confused with", "target": "electric current", "why": "the rate of flow of charge" } ], "identifiers": [ { "scheme": "SI unit symbol", "value_or_pattern": "C", "note": "coulomb" }, { "scheme": "quantity symbol", "value_or_pattern": "Q or q", "note": "ISO 80000-6" } ], "standards_and_regulation": [ "SI Brochure from BIPM", "ISO 80000-6 electromagnetic quantities", "CODATA recommended values" ], "failure_modes_and_hazards": [ "Confusing charge with current or voltage", "Electrostatic discharge damaging electronics", "Sign errors in calculations", "Mixing chemical and physical senses of charge" ], "in_scope": [], "out_of_scope": [], "characteristics": [] }, "sources": [], "structure": { "bundles": [ { "id": "concept", "name": "Concept", "description": "What charge is.", "rationale": "Definition.", "layers": [ { "id": "definition", "name": "Definition", "description": "Definition and properties.", "findings": [ { "id": "definition-finding", "name": "Definition", "description": "Definition.", "questions": [ { "text": "What is electric charge, and what do conservation and quantisation mean?", "kind": "definition" }, { "text": "Is the question about charge, current, voltage or a chemical sense of charge?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] }, { "id": "units", "name": "Units", "description": "Units and constants.", "findings": [ { "id": "units-finding", "name": "Units", "description": "Units.", "questions": [ { "text": "What are the unit and the elementary charge, and how are they defined in the SI?", "kind": "measurement" }, { "text": "Which reference gives the constants?", "kind": "provenance" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "laws", "name": "Laws", "description": "Laws and fields.", "rationale": "Physics.", "layers": [ { "id": "coulomb", "name": "Coulomb", "description": "Coulomb law.", "findings": [ { "id": "coulomb-finding", "name": "Coulomb", "description": "Coulomb.", "questions": [ { "text": "How does Coulomb law describe the force between charges, and how is the field defined?", "kind": "definition" }, { "text": "Which entry fits the electric field?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] }, { "id": "dynamics", "name": "Dynamics", "description": "Moving charge.", "findings": [ { "id": "dynamics-finding", "name": "Dynamics", "description": "Dynamics.", "questions": [ { "text": "How does moving charge produce current and magnetic fields?", "kind": "definition" }, { "text": "Which entry fits electromagnetism?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "measure", "name": "Measure", "description": "Measuring charge.", "rationale": "Measurement.", "layers": [ { "id": "methods", "name": "Methods", "description": "Methods.", "findings": [ { "id": "methods-finding", "name": "Methods", "description": "Methods.", "questions": [ { "text": "How is charge measured, from electrometers to integrating current?", "kind": "measurement" }, { "text": "What accuracy do methods give?", "kind": "measurement" } ] } ] }, { "id": "static", "name": "Static", "description": "Electrostatics in practice.", "findings": [ { "id": "static-finding", "name": "Static", "description": "Static.", "questions": [ { "text": "How does static charge build up, and what precautions protect electronics and people?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "text": "Which entry fits electrostatic discharge?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "learn", "name": "Learn", "description": "Particles and teaching.", "rationale": "Study.", "layers": [ { "id": "particles", "name": "Particles", "description": "Charge of particles.", "findings": [ { "id": "particles-finding", "name": "Particles", "description": "Particles.", "questions": [ { "text": "What charges do elementary particles carry, and why are fractional charges not observed freely?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "text": "Which entry fits particle physics?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] }, { "id": "teach", "name": "Teach", "description": "Teaching.", "findings": [ { "id": "teach-finding", "name": "Teach", "description": "Teaching.", "questions": [ { "text": "How is charge taught, and which misconceptions arise?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "text": "Which references are standard?", "kind": "provenance" } ] } ] } ] } ] }, "openQuestions": [ "Should chemical charge concepts be separate entries?", "How should CODATA values be linked by release?", "The registry entry has merged aliases from protein charge to inductive charging; should they be split off?" ], "statistics": { "bundles": 4, "layers": 8, "findings": 8, "questions": 16 } }, "draft": { "generator": "vr.draft.v3", "status": "draft-generated", "researched": false, "archetype": "abstract concept", "method": "Written from the archetype playbook - what this kind of thing needs beyond identity and provenance - and from the structure that recurred across 6,333 models already researched by two engines. Applied to this entry by rule. No source was read for this thing and no claim here is researched. This entry carries no facets of its own, so they were inferred from its domain - a guess about a whole domain applied to one thing.", "facetsInferred": true, "nextPass": "A researcher replaces this draft with a sourced specification. Treat every sentence below as a proposal to argue with.", "purpose": "Give an agent a durable, checkable way to recognise a electric charge, record what state it is in, and decide what may be done with it.", "whatItIs": "Let an agent explain electric charge as a physical quantity, relay its units, constants and laws from SI and reference sources, distinguish it from current, voltage and related quantities, and support calculation and teaching.", "characteristics": { "substance": "abstract", "origin": "conceptual", "agency": "inert" }, "whatYouCanDoWithIt": [ "observed and measured" ], "distinguishingFeatures": [ "Names folded into this entry, which a task may need to split apart again: average total charge of produced positive ions, protein charge, formal charge, charge capacity, inductive charging, effective nuclear charge, AirPower.", "7 finer distinctions are held as aliases rather than separate entries, because telling them apart needs a task that asks for it.", "Described in 124 Wikipedia languages, which is a measure of how widely the thing is known, not of how important it is." ], "openQuestionsForResearch": [ "Which of the bundles below does a real task actually need, and which are ceremony?", "What does this thing have that the facets do not capture at all?", "Which neighbouring kind is most often confused with a electric charge, and on what evidence are they told apart?" ], "whatItIsMadeOf": "an abstraction with no physical instance", "physicalCharacter": [ "Does nothing on its own; everything it does, something else did to it.", "These come from the domain this entry sits in rather than from the entry itself, so treat them as a first guess about the whole domain applied to one thing." ], "whatCanBeDoneWithIt": [ "observe it, measure it, record its state" ], "howItIsRecognised": [ "Nothing to see. What is recognised is an instance of it, and which instances count is exactly what is argued about." ], "relatedModels": [ { "relation": "covers", "note": "Finer kinds folded into this entry because telling them apart needs a task that asks for it. Each is a model waiting to be split out when one does.", "targets": [ "average total charge of produced positive ions", "protein charge", "formal charge", "charge capacity", "inductive charging", "effective nuclear charge", "AirPower" ] } ], "standing": "Described in 124 Wikipedia languages, which measures how widely it is written about rather than how important or how common it is. 7 finer distinctions are held inside this entry as names rather than as separate models.", "structure": { "bundles": [ { "id": "identity-and-classification", "name": "Identity, naming and classification", "description": "How an agent tells one electric charge from another, and a electric charge from things that resemble it.", "rationale": "Recognition comes before every other claim. Without stable identity nothing else in the model can be trusted to be about the same thing twice.", "layers": [ { "id": "naming-and-identifiers", "name": "Names and identifiers", "description": "The names this thing goes by and the identifiers that survive translation and time.", "findings": [ { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases", "name": "Preferred name, aliases and local names", "description": "Which name to use, which names mean the same thing, and which merely sound similar.", "questions": [ { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the name of a electric charge, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the name of a electric charge, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the name of a electric charge is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers", "name": "Stable identifiers and external keys", "description": "Identifiers that keep pointing at this kind of thing across systems and languages.", "questions": [ { "id": "stable-identifiers-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes an identifier for a electric charge, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about an identifier for a electric charge, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once an identifier for a electric charge is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "classification-and-granularity", "name": "Classification and granularity", "description": "Where a electric charge sits among kinds, and how finely a task needs to cut it.", "findings": [ { "id": "kind-and-parents", "name": "Kind, parents and neighbouring kinds", "description": "The classes this thing belongs to and the ones it is next to.", "questions": [ { "id": "kind-and-parents-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the kind of a electric charge, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "kind-and-parents-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the kind of a electric charge, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "kind-and-parents-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the kind of a electric charge is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features", "name": "Distinguishing features", "description": "What separates a electric charge from the things most often confused with it.", "questions": [ { "id": "distinguishing-features-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes what distinguishes a electric charge, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about what distinguishes a electric charge, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once what distinguishes a electric charge is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "state-and-lifecycle", "name": "State and lifecycle", "description": "The states a electric charge passes through and the events that move it between them.", "rationale": "Most decisions about a thing depend on what state it is in now, which is a claim with a time on it, not a property.", "layers": [ { "id": "lifecycle-stages", "name": "Lifecycle stages", "description": "From coming into existence to ceasing to be one of these.", "findings": [ { "id": "stages-and-transitions", "name": "Stages and transitions", "description": "The stages worth naming and what moves a electric charge between them.", "questions": [ { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the lifecycle of a electric charge, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the lifecycle of a electric charge, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the lifecycle of a electric charge is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "observations-and-status", "name": "Observations and current status", "description": "What is observed about a electric charge, how often and by whom.", "findings": [ { "id": "observation-record", "name": "Observation record", "description": "How an observation of a electric charge is recorded so that it can be superseded rather than overwritten.", "questions": [ { "id": "observation-record-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes an observation of a electric charge, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "observation-record-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about an observation of a electric charge, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "observation-record-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once an observation of a electric charge is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "definitions-in-contest", "name": "Definitions and who holds them", "description": "What electric charge is taken to mean, and by whom.", "rationale": "When a field disagrees about a concept, the disagreement is the content. A model that picks one definition silently destroys the information.", "layers": [ { "id": "competing-definitions", "name": "Competing definitions", "description": "The main readings and the traditions behind them.", "findings": [ { "id": "definition-map", "name": "Definitions and their holders", "description": "Each definition with the school or body that holds it.", "questions": [ { "id": "definition-map-q01", "text": "Which definitions of electric charge are in use, and which tradition or body holds each?", "kind": "definition" }, { "id": "definition-map-q02", "text": "What turns on the difference between them in practice?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] }, { "id": "operationalisation", "name": "Operationalisation", "description": "How it is measured or applied when it has to be.", "findings": [ { "id": "operational-record", "name": "Measures and proxies", "description": "Instruments and indicators used to stand in for it.", "questions": [ { "id": "operational-record-q01", "text": "How is electric charge operationalised or measured in practice, and by what instrument?", "kind": "measurement" }, { "id": "operational-record-q02", "text": "What does that operationalisation leave out, and when does that matter?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "instances-and-use", "name": "Instances, use and consequence", "description": "What counts as an instance of electric charge and what follows from calling something that.", "rationale": "Applying a concept is an act with consequences, so a model must say what the label licenses and what it does not.", "layers": [ { "id": "instances", "name": "What counts as an instance", "description": "Clear cases, borderline cases and non-cases.", "findings": [ { "id": "instance-tests", "name": "Tests for an instance", "description": "What would settle whether something falls under it.", "questions": [ { "id": "instance-tests-q01", "text": "What would settle whether something is an instance of electric charge?", "kind": "boundary" }, { "id": "instance-tests-q02", "text": "Which borderline cases are argued about, and on what grounds?", "kind": "definition" } ] } ] }, { "id": "consequence", "name": "Consequence of application", "description": "Rights, duties or decisions that follow from the label.", "findings": [ { "id": "consequence-record", "name": "What the label licenses", "description": "What an agent may do once something is classified this way.", "questions": [ { "id": "consequence-record-q01", "text": "What follows practically once something is treated as electric charge?", "kind": "action" }, { "id": "consequence-record-q02", "text": "What must an agent not infer from the label alone?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "provenance-and-evidence", "name": "Provenance, evidence and time", "description": "Where every claim about a electric charge came from and when it held.", "rationale": "A claim without a source and a time cannot be superseded, only overwritten, and an agent that overwrites loses the ability to explain itself.", "layers": [ { "id": "source-and-authority", "name": "Source and authority", "description": "Who said it, on what evidence, and how strongly.", "findings": [ { "id": "claim-provenance", "name": "Claim provenance and confidence", "description": "The authority behind each claim about a electric charge and how confident it is.", "questions": [ { "id": "claim-provenance-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes a claim about a electric charge, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "claim-provenance-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about a claim about a electric charge, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "claim-provenance-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once a claim about a electric charge is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "time-and-versions", "name": "Time, versions and supersession", "description": "When a claim was true, when it was learnt, and what replaced it.", "findings": [ { "id": "validity-and-supersession", "name": "Validity period and supersession", "description": "How an old claim about a electric charge is retired without being erased.", "questions": [ { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the validity of a claim about a electric charge, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the validity of a claim about a electric charge, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the validity of a claim about a electric charge is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] } ] }, "statistics": { "bundles": 5, "layers": 10, "findings": 12, "questions": 32 } } } }