{ "model": { "rank": 9120, "code": "thing-q1127759", "model_id": "vr.tr.cognitive-bias", "name": "cognitive bias", "purpose": "Let an agent explain cognitive biases with sources, help people recognise them in decisions and research, and avoid overstating weakly replicated findings.", "family": "Thing Registry", "category": "Cross-cutting context", "status": "research-draft", "kind": "thing", "plane": "XCT", "domain": "XCT.STA", "industry": "", "version": "", "url": "/models/thing/q1127759/", "tier": 2, "score": 48, "payload": { "layer": "wikidata", "aliases": [ "look-elsewhere effect", "misuse of p-values", "Mind projection fallacy", "emotional reasoning", "base rate fallacy", "attentional bias", "Francis Bacon's Idola", "hypersemiotization", "guru effect", "preparedness paradox", "ratio bias", "operational momentum", "medical misogyny", "rationality deficit", "perceived deception", "Medical gynopia", "rosy retrospection", "self-selection bias", "racial bias", "cognitive bias in animals", "misunderstanding", "selective abstraction", "belief perseverance", "survivorship bias", "actor–observer asymmetry", "bias blind spot", "horn effect", "mean world syndrome", "response bias", "conservatism", "extension neglect", "anchoring", "information bias", "apophenia", "recency illusion", "victim mentality", "halo effect", "adultification bias", "Ideological bias", "observer effect" ], "aliasCount": 47, "merged": 47, "knownIn": 48, "facets": null, "markers": [], "lexicalClass": "", "senseRank": null, "alsoRegisteredAs": null, "source": { "dataset": "wikidata", "item": "Q1127759", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1127759", "license": "CC0 1.0" } }, "research": { "vercy": "1.0-draft", "publication": { "status": "research-draft", "adjudicationStatus": "unreviewed", "publishableCanonical": false, "generatedAt": "2026-09-11T10:31:22Z", "providers": [ "Claude" ], "breadth": "written by Claude from model knowledge without web access - no source was read, every claim is a lead to verify", "pass": 2, "wave": 1, "engine": "claude" }, "metaModel": { "id": "THING-Q1127759", "registryId": "vr.tr.cognitive-bias", "name": "cognitive bias", "version": "0.2.0-wave.1", "entryKind": "thing", "family": "Thing Registry", "domain": [ "XCT.STA" ], "status": "research-draft" }, "canonicalUrl": "https://ver.cy/models/thing/q1127759/", "model": { "registry_id": "vr.tr.cognitive-bias", "name": "cognitive bias", "purpose": "Let an agent explain cognitive biases with sources, help people recognise them in decisions and research, and avoid overstating weakly replicated findings.", "definition": "A systematic pattern of deviation from rational judgement, in which people draw inferences in predictable but inaccurate ways, such as confirmation bias, anchoring, availability, base rate neglect and attentional bias.", "what_it_is_for": "Improving decisions, research and communication.", "affordances": [ "identify common cognitive biases", "apply debiasing techniques", "recognise bias in research and statistics", "check replication status of findings" ], "distinguishing_features": [ "Systematic, not random", "Affects everyone", "Studied experimentally", "Some findings replicate better than others" ], "appearance": "Not physical; seen in judgements, decisions and data analysis.", "visual_identification": [ "Named biases such as anchoring", "Base rate and p-value misuse", "Social prejudice is a related but different concept" ], "physical_properties": [], "families_and_kinds": [ "confirmation bias", "anchoring", "availability heuristic", "base rate neglect", "attentional bias" ], "related_models": [ { "relation": "is a kind of", "target": "bias and psychological phenomenon", "why": "category" }, { "relation": "affects", "target": "decision making", "why": "process" }, { "relation": "is studied by", "target": "behavioural economics and psychology", "why": "fields" }, { "relation": "is related to", "target": "heuristic", "why": "mechanism" } ], "identifiers": [], "standards_and_regulation": [ "Research reporting guidelines to reduce bias" ], "failure_modes_and_hazards": [ "Citing poorly replicated effects as fact", "Using bias labels to dismiss people", "Overconfidence in debiasing" ], "in_scope": [], "out_of_scope": [], "characteristics": [] }, "sources": [], "structure": { "bundles": [ { "id": "bias", "name": "Bias", "description": "Which bias.", "rationale": "Biases differ.", "layers": [ { "id": "identify", "name": "Identify", "description": "Name.", "findings": [ { "id": "identify-finding", "name": "Identify", "description": "Bias identification.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which cognitive bias might be at work here?", "kind": "definition" }, { "text": "How is it defined in research?", "kind": "provenance" } ] } ] }, { "id": "evidence", "name": "Evidence", "description": "Replication.", "findings": [ { "id": "evidence-finding", "name": "Evidence", "description": "Evidence strength.", "questions": [ { "text": "How well has this bias been replicated?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "text": "Are effect sizes reported?", "kind": "measurement" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "decisions", "name": "Decisions", "description": "Practical impact.", "rationale": "Biases affect choices.", "layers": [ { "id": "impact", "name": "Impact", "description": "Effects.", "findings": [ { "id": "impact-finding", "name": "Impact", "description": "Decision impact.", "questions": [ { "text": "How could this bias affect the current decision?", "kind": "boundary" }, { "text": "What would a neutral check look like?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] }, { "id": "debias", "name": "Debias", "description": "Techniques.", "findings": [ { "id": "debias-finding", "name": "Debias", "description": "Debiasing.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which debiasing techniques have evidence behind them?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "text": "How can they be applied here?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "research", "name": "Research", "description": "Science.", "rationale": "Research has its own biases.", "layers": [ { "id": "statistics", "name": "Statistics", "description": "P-values and base rates.", "findings": [ { "id": "statistics-finding", "name": "Statistics", "description": "Statistical bias.", "questions": [ { "text": "Is the analysis vulnerable to p-hacking or base rate neglect?", "kind": "boundary" }, { "text": "Was it preregistered?", "kind": "provenance" } ] } ] }, { "id": "publication", "name": "Publication", "description": "Publication bias.", "findings": [ { "id": "publication-finding", "name": "Publication", "description": "Publication bias.", "questions": [ { "text": "Could publication bias distort the evidence?", "kind": "boundary" }, { "text": "Is there a systematic review?", "kind": "provenance" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "communication", "name": "Communication", "description": "Respect.", "rationale": "Labels can be misused.", "layers": [ { "id": "respect", "name": "Respect", "description": "Fair use.", "findings": [ { "id": "respect-finding", "name": "Respect", "description": "Fair use of labels.", "questions": [ { "text": "Is a bias label being used to dismiss someone unfairly?", "kind": "boundary" }, { "text": "How can the point be made constructively?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] }, { "id": "teaching", "name": "Teaching", "description": "Learning.", "findings": [ { "id": "teaching-finding", "name": "Teaching", "description": "Teaching.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which examples teach this bias clearly?", "kind": "action" }, { "text": "Which sources are reliable?", "kind": "provenance" } ] } ] } ] } ] }, "openQuestions": [ "Should each bias be a separate entry?", "How should replication status be recorded?", "How should debiasing evidence be linked?" ], "statistics": { "bundles": 4, "layers": 8, "findings": 8, "questions": 16 } }, "draft": { "generator": "vr.draft.v3", "status": "draft-generated", "researched": false, "archetype": "abstract concept", "method": "Written from the archetype playbook - what this kind of thing needs beyond identity and provenance - and from the structure that recurred across 6,333 models already researched by two engines. Applied to this entry by rule. No source was read for this thing and no claim here is researched. This entry carries no facets of its own, so they were inferred from its domain - a guess about a whole domain applied to one thing.", "facetsInferred": true, "nextPass": "A researcher replaces this draft with a sourced specification. Treat every sentence below as a proposal to argue with.", "purpose": "Give an agent a durable, checkable way to recognise a cognitive bias, record what state it is in, and decide what may be done with it.", "whatItIs": "Let an agent explain cognitive biases with sources, help people recognise them in decisions and research, and avoid overstating weakly replicated findings.", "characteristics": { "substance": "abstract", "origin": "conceptual", "agency": "inert" }, "whatYouCanDoWithIt": [ "observed and measured" ], "distinguishingFeatures": [ "Names folded into this entry, which a task may need to split apart again: look-elsewhere effect, misuse of p-values, Mind projection fallacy, emotional reasoning, base rate fallacy, attentional bias, Francis Bacon's Idola, hypersemiotization, guru effect, preparedness paradox, ratio bias, operational momentum.", "47 finer distinctions are held as aliases rather than separate entries, because telling them apart needs a task that asks for it.", "Described in 48 Wikipedia languages, which is a measure of how widely the thing is known, not of how important it is." ], "openQuestionsForResearch": [ "Which of the bundles below does a real task actually need, and which are ceremony?", "What does this thing have that the facets do not capture at all?", "Which neighbouring kind is most often confused with a cognitive bias, and on what evidence are they told apart?" ], "whatItIsMadeOf": "an abstraction with no physical instance", "physicalCharacter": [ "Does nothing on its own; everything it does, something else did to it.", "These come from the domain this entry sits in rather than from the entry itself, so treat them as a first guess about the whole domain applied to one thing." ], "whatCanBeDoneWithIt": [ "observe it, measure it, record its state" ], "howItIsRecognised": [ "Nothing to see. What is recognised is an instance of it, and which instances count is exactly what is argued about." ], "relatedModels": [ { "relation": "covers", "note": "Finer kinds folded into this entry because telling them apart needs a task that asks for it. Each is a model waiting to be split out when one does.", "targets": [ "look-elsewhere effect", "misuse of p-values", "Mind projection fallacy", "emotional reasoning", "base rate fallacy", "attentional bias", "Francis Bacon's Idola", "hypersemiotization", "guru effect", "preparedness paradox", "ratio bias", "operational momentum" ] } ], "standing": "Described in 48 Wikipedia languages, which measures how widely it is written about rather than how important or how common it is. 47 finer distinctions are held inside this entry as names rather than as separate models.", "structure": { "bundles": [ { "id": "identity-and-classification", "name": "Identity, naming and classification", "description": "How an agent tells one cognitive bias from another, and a cognitive bias from things that resemble it.", "rationale": "Recognition comes before every other claim. Without stable identity nothing else in the model can be trusted to be about the same thing twice.", "layers": [ { "id": "naming-and-identifiers", "name": "Names and identifiers", "description": "The names this thing goes by and the identifiers that survive translation and time.", "findings": [ { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases", "name": "Preferred name, aliases and local names", "description": "Which name to use, which names mean the same thing, and which merely sound similar.", "questions": [ { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the name of a cognitive bias, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the name of a cognitive bias, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the name of a cognitive bias is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers", "name": "Stable identifiers and external keys", "description": "Identifiers that keep pointing at this kind of thing across systems and languages.", "questions": [ { "id": "stable-identifiers-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes an identifier for a cognitive bias, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about an identifier for a cognitive bias, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once an identifier for a cognitive bias is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "classification-and-granularity", "name": "Classification and granularity", "description": "Where a cognitive bias sits among kinds, and how finely a task needs to cut it.", "findings": [ { "id": "kind-and-parents", "name": "Kind, parents and neighbouring kinds", "description": "The classes this thing belongs to and the ones it is next to.", "questions": [ { "id": "kind-and-parents-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the kind of a cognitive bias, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "kind-and-parents-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the kind of a cognitive bias, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "kind-and-parents-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the kind of a cognitive bias is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features", "name": "Distinguishing features", "description": "What separates a cognitive bias from the things most often confused with it.", "questions": [ { "id": "distinguishing-features-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes what distinguishes a cognitive bias, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about what distinguishes a cognitive bias, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once what distinguishes a cognitive bias is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "state-and-lifecycle", "name": "State and lifecycle", "description": "The states a cognitive bias passes through and the events that move it between them.", "rationale": "Most decisions about a thing depend on what state it is in now, which is a claim with a time on it, not a property.", "layers": [ { "id": "lifecycle-stages", "name": "Lifecycle stages", "description": "From coming into existence to ceasing to be one of these.", "findings": [ { "id": "stages-and-transitions", "name": "Stages and transitions", "description": "The stages worth naming and what moves a cognitive bias between them.", "questions": [ { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the lifecycle of a cognitive bias, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the lifecycle of a cognitive bias, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the lifecycle of a cognitive bias is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "observations-and-status", "name": "Observations and current status", "description": "What is observed about a cognitive bias, how often and by whom.", "findings": [ { "id": "observation-record", "name": "Observation record", "description": "How an observation of a cognitive bias is recorded so that it can be superseded rather than overwritten.", "questions": [ { "id": "observation-record-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes an observation of a cognitive bias, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "observation-record-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about an observation of a cognitive bias, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "observation-record-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once an observation of a cognitive bias is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "definitions-in-contest", "name": "Definitions and who holds them", "description": "What cognitive bias is taken to mean, and by whom.", "rationale": "When a field disagrees about a concept, the disagreement is the content. A model that picks one definition silently destroys the information.", "layers": [ { "id": "competing-definitions", "name": "Competing definitions", "description": "The main readings and the traditions behind them.", "findings": [ { "id": "definition-map", "name": "Definitions and their holders", "description": "Each definition with the school or body that holds it.", "questions": [ { "id": "definition-map-q01", "text": "Which definitions of cognitive bias are in use, and which tradition or body holds each?", "kind": "definition" }, { "id": "definition-map-q02", "text": "What turns on the difference between them in practice?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] }, { "id": "operationalisation", "name": "Operationalisation", "description": "How it is measured or applied when it has to be.", "findings": [ { "id": "operational-record", "name": "Measures and proxies", "description": "Instruments and indicators used to stand in for it.", "questions": [ { "id": "operational-record-q01", "text": "How is cognitive bias operationalised or measured in practice, and by what instrument?", "kind": "measurement" }, { "id": "operational-record-q02", "text": "What does that operationalisation leave out, and when does that matter?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "instances-and-use", "name": "Instances, use and consequence", "description": "What counts as an instance of cognitive bias and what follows from calling something that.", "rationale": "Applying a concept is an act with consequences, so a model must say what the label licenses and what it does not.", "layers": [ { "id": "instances", "name": "What counts as an instance", "description": "Clear cases, borderline cases and non-cases.", "findings": [ { "id": "instance-tests", "name": "Tests for an instance", "description": "What would settle whether something falls under it.", "questions": [ { "id": "instance-tests-q01", "text": "What would settle whether something is an instance of cognitive bias?", "kind": "boundary" }, { "id": "instance-tests-q02", "text": "Which borderline cases are argued about, and on what grounds?", "kind": "definition" } ] } ] }, { "id": "consequence", "name": "Consequence of application", "description": "Rights, duties or decisions that follow from the label.", "findings": [ { "id": "consequence-record", "name": "What the label licenses", "description": "What an agent may do once something is classified this way.", "questions": [ { "id": "consequence-record-q01", "text": "What follows practically once something is treated as cognitive bias?", "kind": "action" }, { "id": "consequence-record-q02", "text": "What must an agent not infer from the label alone?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "provenance-and-evidence", "name": "Provenance, evidence and time", "description": "Where every claim about a cognitive bias came from and when it held.", "rationale": "A claim without a source and a time cannot be superseded, only overwritten, and an agent that overwrites loses the ability to explain itself.", "layers": [ { "id": "source-and-authority", "name": "Source and authority", "description": "Who said it, on what evidence, and how strongly.", "findings": [ { "id": "claim-provenance", "name": "Claim provenance and confidence", "description": "The authority behind each claim about a cognitive bias and how confident it is.", "questions": [ { "id": "claim-provenance-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes a claim about a cognitive bias, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "claim-provenance-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about a claim about a cognitive bias, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "claim-provenance-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once a claim about a cognitive bias is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "time-and-versions", "name": "Time, versions and supersession", "description": "When a claim was true, when it was learnt, and what replaced it.", "findings": [ { "id": "validity-and-supersession", "name": "Validity period and supersession", "description": "How an old claim about a cognitive bias is retired without being erased.", "questions": [ { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the validity of a claim about a cognitive bias, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the validity of a claim about a cognitive bias, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the validity of a claim about a cognitive bias is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] } ] }, "statistics": { "bundles": 5, "layers": 10, "findings": 12, "questions": 32 } } } }