{ "model": { "rank": 2371, "code": "thing-q11415", "model_id": "vr.tr.strong-interaction", "name": "strong interaction", "purpose": "Enable an agent to recognise a strong-interaction contribution, assess the physical regime and supporting evidence, and select justified descriptions, calculations or measurements.", "family": "Thing Registry", "category": "Activities and processes", "status": "research-draft", "kind": "thing", "plane": "ACT", "domain": "ACT.ACT", "industry": "", "version": "", "url": "/models/thing/q11415/", "tier": 2, "score": 108, "payload": { "layer": "wikidata", "aliases": [], "aliasCount": 0, "merged": 0, "knownIn": 108, "facets": null, "markers": [], "lexicalClass": "", "senseRank": null, "alsoRegisteredAs": null, "source": { "dataset": "wikidata", "item": "Q11415", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11415", "license": "CC0 1.0" } }, "research": { "vercy": "1.0-draft", "publication": { "status": "research-draft", "adjudicationStatus": "unreviewed", "publishableCanonical": false, "generatedAt": "2026-09-07T11:51:32Z", "providers": [ "Codex", "Grok" ], "missingProviders": [], "pass": 2, "cost": { "grok": { "usd": 0.06772954, "turns": 5, "seconds": 151.7, "error": null }, "codex": { "seconds": 80, "error": "Reading additional input from stdin...\nOpenAI Codex v0.153.3\n--------\nworkdir: R:\\02_PROJECTS\\02_Meta_Models_Platforms\\Ver.cy\\current\\thing-registry-backlog\nmodel: gpt-6-astra\nprovider: openai\napproval: never\nsandbox: read-only\nreasoning effort: none\nreasoning summaries: none\nsession id: 01a07bb3-46c7-7f83-8f0a-c6832b2629ec\n--------\nuser\nYou are drafting a Vercy meta-model for one registered thing. Answer as JSON only, no prose around it.\n\nThing: strong interaction\nRegistry id: vr.tr.strong-interaction\nPlane / domain: ACT / ACT.ACT\nRegistry definition: (none recorded)\nNames folded into this en" } } }, "metaModel": { "id": "THING-Q11415", "registryId": "vr.tr.strong-interaction", "name": "strong interaction", "version": "0.1.0-research.1", "entryKind": "thing", "family": "Thing Registry", "domain": [ "ACT.ACT" ], "status": "research-draft" }, "canonicalUrl": "https://ver.cy/models/thing/q11415/", "model": { "registry_id": "vr.tr.strong-interaction", "name": "strong interaction", "purpose": "Enable an agent to recognise a strong-interaction contribution, assess the physical regime and supporting evidence, and select justified descriptions, calculations or measurements.", "definition": "The strong interaction is the SU(3) colour gauge force of quantum chromodynamics, carried by gluons between colour-charged quarks and gluons, which confines those partons into colour-singlet hadrons and, as a short-range residual meson-exchange force between hadrons, binds nucleons into nuclei.", "scope_statement": "This model owns the identification, regime, observable consequences and assessment of the strong interaction under vr.tr.strong-interaction, including the relationship between fundamental QCD interactions and residual interactions between hadrons; state refers to a specified physical realisation, not to the fundamental interaction changing identity.", "in_scope": [ "Attribution of binding, scattering, production and decay contributions to the strong interaction.", "Colour-charge participation, gluon mediation and the use of hadronic effective descriptions.", "Dependence on momentum scale, spatial separation and surrounding matter.", "Confinement, hadronisation and evidence for deconfined matter.", "Observable constraints and the applicability of perturbative, lattice and effective calculations." ], "out_of_scope": [ "Complete identities and properties of quarks, gluons, hadrons and nuclei.", "Electromagnetic, weak and gravitational contributions except where needed to distinguish or separate them.", "Full experimental apparatus, detector operation and accelerator control.", "Complete nuclear reaction networks, isotope inventories and engineering applications.", "General mathematical infrastructure and software implementation of quantum field theories." ], "distinguishing_features": [ "At the fundamental description level, test for a colour interaction involving quarks or gluons; electric charge or the presence of massive particles alone does not establish a strong contribution. [CERN Standard Model](https://home.web.cern.ch/science/physics/standard-model/)", "Distinguish gluon-mediated dynamics, including gluon self-interaction, from photon-mediated electromagnetic dynamics. [CMS strong-interaction overview](https://cms.cern/node/2025)", "Look for confinement and hadronisation constraints when interpreting quark or gluon production; a reconstructed jet is not a directly observed isolated quark. [CERN partons to hadrons](https://home.cern/partons-hadrons/)", "Require a stated resolution and effective description when identifying residual hadron interactions; do not equate a nucleon-level potential with an elementary gluon exchange.", "For a mixed process, identify which contribution is strong rather than classifying the entire event from its hadronic final state." ], "characteristics": [ { "name": "Physical realisation", "kind": "category", "unit_or_values": "Hadron binding; hadron-hadron interaction; scattering; particle production; decay; strongly interacting medium", "why_it_matters": "Determines what constitutes an instance and which observations can assess it." }, { "name": "Resolved participants", "kind": "relation", "unit_or_values": "Links to participating quarks, gluons, hadrons or nuclei, with initial, intermediate or final roles", "why_it_matters": "Prevents mixing microscopic participants with the observable particles used to infer them." }, { "name": "Colour representation", "kind": "category", "unit_or_values": "SU(3) representation at the chosen resolution; colour singlet; unresolved; not applicable to the effective description", "why_it_matters": "Identifies the fundamental coupling structure without treating colour labels as directly measured particle attributes." }, { "name": "Momentum and distance scales", "kind": "measurement", "unit_or_values": "Characteristic momentum Q in GeV; separation or resolution in fm, with their definitions", "why_it_matters": "Controls which degrees of freedom and approximations can be justified." }, { "name": "Strong coupling specification", "kind": "measurement", "unit_or_values": "Dimensionless alpha_s with renormalisation scale, scheme, active flavours and uncertainty", "why_it_matters": "Allows meaningful comparison of coupling values and assessment of perturbative calculations." }, { "name": "Medium conditions", "kind": "measurement", "unit_or_values": "Temperature in MeV; baryon chemical potential in MeV; baryon density in fm^-3, where applicable", "why_it_matters": "Distinguishes vacuum predictions from predictions requiring a medium description." }, { "name": "Confinement assessment", "kind": "state", "unit_or_values": "Confined hadronic description; evidence supporting deconfined matter; transition region; unresolved", "why_it_matters": "Guides the choice of effective constituents while preserving uncertainty in inferred states." }, { "name": "Interaction observable", "kind": "measurement", "unit_or_values": "Cross section in barn or submultiples; phase shift in radians; binding energy or decay width in MeV; explicitly defined dimensionless ratio", "why_it_matters": "Connects an interaction claim to a measurable consequence rather than a generic assertion of strength." }, { "name": "Calculation applicability", "kind": "state", "unit_or_values": "Applicable within stated assumptions; marginal; outside validated range; unassessed", "why_it_matters": "Determines whether an agent may use a calculation to support a decision." } ], "affordances": [ "Attribute a specified contribution to strong dynamics while retaining competing explanations.", "Select a partonic, hadronic or medium description for a stated scale and observable.", "Check whether proposed channels satisfy relevant quantum-number and kinematic constraints.", "Compare calculations with measured cross sections, spectra, binding energies or decay widths.", "Identify measurements that could distinguish competing strong-interaction descriptions.", "Withhold or qualify predictions when required nonperturbative inputs or validity checks are missing." ] }, "sources": [ { "id": "wikipedia-strong-interaction", "title": "Strong interaction", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strong_interaction", "what_it_supports": "Definition as a fundamental interaction; two-range picture (colour force vs residual nuclear force); confinement, gluons, SU(3) QCD; relative strength and range; Wikidata and library identifiers.", "url_status": "live" }, { "id": "pdg-2025-qcd", "title": "Quantum Chromodynamics (Review of Particle Physics, 2025 update)", "url": "https://pdg.lbl.gov/2025/reviews/rpp2025-rev-qcd.pdf", "what_it_supports": "QCD as the SU(3) Standard-Model theory of the strong interaction; running of αs; PDG 2025 world average αs(mZ²) = 0.1180 ± 0.0009 and FLAG 2024 lattice estimate.", "url_status": "live" }, { "id": "pdg-2024-constants", "title": "Physical Constants (Review of Particle Physics, 2024)", "url": "https://pdg.lbl.gov/2024/reviews/rpp2024-rev-phys-constants.pdf", "what_it_supports": "Tabulated strong coupling αs(mZ) = 0.1180(9) among recommended physical constants.", "url_status": "live" }, { "id": "wikipedia-nuclear-force", "title": "Nuclear force", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_force", "what_it_supports": "Residual strong force as the internucleon potential; historical use of \"strong nuclear force\"; attractive well near 0.8 fm and short-range repulsion.", "url_status": "live" } ], "structure": { "bundles": [ { "id": "interaction-attribution", "name": "Interaction attribution", "description": "Establish what is being called a strong interaction and which part of a physical process the claim concerns.", "rationale": "Hadronic participants and final states do not by themselves identify the mechanism responsible for a process.", "layers": [ { "id": "physical-referent", "name": "Physical referent", "description": "Fix the phenomenon and contribution being assessed.", "findings": [ { "id": "strong-contribution-boundary", "name": "Strong contribution boundary", "description": "Record whether the claim concerns binding, a transition, scattering or a medium response, including possible mixed contributions.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which specific contribution or observable is attributed to the strong interaction?", "kind": "definition", "id": "strong-contribution-boundary-q01" }, { "text": "Could electromagnetic or weak dynamics produce the same observed final state, and how are their contributions distinguished?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "strong-contribution-boundary-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "resolved-coupling", "name": "Resolved coupling", "description": "Identify participants and the interaction description appropriate to their resolution.", "findings": [ { "id": "colour-and-effective-participants", "name": "Colour and effective participants", "description": "Record colour representations in a microscopic description or hadronic participants in an effective description.", "questions": [ { "text": "Are the resolved participants quarks and gluons, or colour-singlet hadrons described through effective interactions?", "kind": "definition", "id": "colour-and-effective-participants-q01" }, { "text": "What calculation or evidence supports connecting the chosen effective interaction to strong dynamics?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "colour-and-effective-participants-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "scale-and-calculation", "name": "Scale and calculation", "description": "Connect physical scales to coupling conventions and usable calculation methods.", "rationale": "A strong-interaction prediction cannot be assessed from a coupling value or method name without its scale and applicability conditions.", "layers": [ { "id": "scale-specification", "name": "Scale specification", "description": "Separate physical momentum scales from calculation conventions.", "findings": [ { "id": "running-coupling-context", "name": "Running coupling context", "description": "Require scales and conventions alongside any recorded strong coupling. [CMS coupling measurement](https://cmsexperiment.web.cern.ch/news/quarks-running-freedom-probing-strong-force-high-precision)", "questions": [ { "text": "What physical momentum scale characterises the observable, and how were renormalisation and any factorisation scales chosen?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "running-coupling-context-q01" }, { "text": "Which scheme, active-flavour prescription and uncertainty accompany the quoted alpha_s?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "running-coupling-context-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "method-validity", "name": "Method validity", "description": "Assess whether the proposed theoretical treatment resolves the relevant dynamics.", "findings": [ { "id": "controlled-description", "name": "Controlled description", "description": "Record why perturbative QCD, lattice QCD, an effective theory or a phenomenological treatment is suitable for this observable.", "questions": [ { "text": "What expansion, numerical limit or empirical validation supports this method in the specified regime?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "controlled-description-q01" }, { "text": "Which missing inputs or uncontrolled corrections require changing the method or withholding a prediction?", "kind": "action", "id": "controlled-description-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "confinement-and-medium", "name": "Confinement and medium", "description": "Distinguish hadronic outcomes from claims about resolved partons and deconfined matter.", "rationale": "The agent must assess how underlying strong dynamics becomes observable without mistaking reconstructed constituents for isolated particles.", "layers": [ { "id": "hadronic-outcomes", "name": "Hadronic outcomes", "description": "Connect partonic descriptions to observed hadrons.", "findings": [ { "id": "hadronisation-dependence", "name": "Hadronisation dependence", "description": "Record how a partonic prediction is translated into hadron-level evidence and what uncertainty that translation introduces. [CERN partons to hadrons](https://home.cern/partons-hadrons/)", "questions": [ { "text": "Which hadrons or jet observables support the inferred quark or gluon dynamics?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "hadronisation-dependence-q01" }, { "text": "Which fragmentation inputs or hadronisation assumptions affect the inference, and where were they validated?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "hadronisation-dependence-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "medium-regime", "name": "Medium regime", "description": "Assess whether surrounding matter requires a description beyond vacuum hadronic dynamics.", "findings": [ { "id": "deconfinement-evidence", "name": "Deconfinement evidence", "description": "Record medium conditions and converging observables supporting a deconfinement interpretation, including jet modification where relevant. [CERN heavy ions and quark-gluon plasma](https://home.cern/science/physics/heavy-ions-and-quark-gluon-plasma/)", "questions": [ { "text": "Which temperature, density or energy-density estimates apply, and how were they inferred?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "deconfinement-evidence-q01" }, { "text": "Which observations support deconfined matter, and which competing explanations remain viable?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "deconfinement-evidence-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "channels-and-residual-interactions", "name": "Channels and residual interactions", "description": "Determine which strong processes are possible and how residual interactions are represented.", "rationale": "An agent needs channel-specific constraints to judge whether a proposed transition or binding explanation is physically admissible.", "layers": [ { "id": "transition-constraints", "name": "Transition constraints", "description": "Evaluate quantum numbers and kinematics for candidate processes.", "findings": [ { "id": "strong-channel-admissibility", "name": "Strong channel admissibility", "description": "Record thresholds and relevant conservation constraints, distinguishing net flavour changes from quark-antiquark pair production.", "questions": [ { "text": "Do the proposed initial and final states satisfy energy-momentum, angular-momentum, charge and net-flavour constraints for a strong process?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "strong-channel-admissibility-q01" }, { "text": "If a channel is allowed, what additional matrix-element or empirical information is needed before estimating its rate?", "kind": "action", "id": "strong-channel-admissibility-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "hadron-level-forces", "name": "Hadron-level forces", "description": "Assess effective residual interactions without duplicating complete nucleus or hadron models.", "findings": [ { "id": "residual-interaction-description", "name": "Residual interaction description", "description": "Record the hadronic channel, effective interaction and range of validity needed to interpret binding or scattering.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which hadrons, spin and isospin channel, and momentum or separation range define the residual interaction being modelled?", "kind": "definition", "id": "residual-interaction-description-q01" }, { "text": "Which phase shifts or binding observables constrain the description, and are additional many-body terms needed?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "residual-interaction-description-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "observable-evidence-and-use", "name": "Observable evidence and use", "description": "Make strong-interaction assessments traceable to well-defined observations and usable within explicit limits.", "rationale": "Agreement with an unspecified measurement cannot justify a prediction or establish a particular microscopic mechanism.", "layers": [ { "id": "observable-definition", "name": "Observable definition", "description": "Ensure the evidence and prediction refer to comparable quantities.", "findings": [ { "id": "measurement-comparability", "name": "Measurement comparability", "description": "Record collision or bound-state conditions, observable definitions and corrections that determine comparability.", "questions": [ { "text": "What beam species, energy, kinematic cuts, channel and observable definition apply, including the jet algorithm where relevant?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "measurement-comparability-q01" }, { "text": "Which dataset or calculation supplies the result, and what detector, background or unfolding corrections were applied?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "measurement-comparability-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "inference-and-next-action", "name": "Inference and next action", "description": "Translate evidence into bounded conclusions and useful follow-up work.", "findings": [ { "id": "prediction-readiness", "name": "Prediction readiness", "description": "Assess whether uncertainties and alternative descriptions permit the intended use of a strong-interaction prediction.", "questions": [ { "text": "Do experimental and theoretical uncertainties, including relevant correlations, support the proposed interpretation or distinguish competing descriptions?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "prediction-readiness-q01" }, { "text": "Should the agent proceed with the calculation, request a discriminating observable, or leave the mechanism unresolved?", "kind": "action", "id": "prediction-readiness-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "evidence-and-external-alignment", "name": "Evidence and external alignment", "description": "What the world already says about this thing, gathered so the model can be checked against it.", "rationale": "A model that cannot be lined up against existing standards, identifiers and practice cannot be adopted by anyone who already uses them.", "layers": [ { "id": "reported-evidence", "name": "Reported evidence", "description": "Findings from the breadth pass, kept separate from the structural claims.", "findings": [ { "id": "evidence-kinds", "name": "Kinds and varieties", "description": "Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.", "evidence": [ "Fundamental colour force (gluon-mediated QCD between quarks and gluons)", "Residual strong force / nuclear force (meson-mediated nucleon-nucleon interaction)", "Perturbative QCD / asymptotically free high-Q² regime", "Non-perturbative confining regime (flux tubes, hadronization)", "One-pion-exchange long-range nuclear attraction", "Short-range repulsive nucleon core", "Deconfined quark-gluon plasma", "Three-nucleon and other multi-body residual forces" ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-kinds-q01", "text": "Which of these kinds and varieties hold for the sense of strong interaction this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-identifiers", "name": "Identifiers and schemes", "description": "Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.", "evidence": [ { "scheme": "Wikidata", "value_or_pattern": "Q11415", "note": "Item for the strong interaction as a fundamental force." }, { "scheme": "GND", "value_or_pattern": "4182921-9", "note": "German National Library subject heading." }, { "scheme": "LCSH", "value_or_pattern": "sh98005979", "note": "Library of Congress subject heading." }, { "scheme": "BnF", "value_or_pattern": "cb119927693", "note": "Bibliothèque nationale de France authority." }, { "scheme": "Standard Model gauge factor", "value_or_pattern": "SU(3)_c", "note": "Colour gauge group of QCD; the theory, not a catalogue number." }, { "scheme": "PDG constant", "value_or_pattern": "αs(mZ)", "note": "Conventional reference value of the strong coupling at the Z mass." } ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-identifiers-q01", "text": "Which of these identifiers and schemes hold for the sense of strong interaction this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-standards-and-regulation", "name": "Standards and regulation", "description": "Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.", "evidence": [ "Review of Particle Physics, Quantum Chromodynamics chapter - Particle Data Group (LBNL; published with APS/IOP)", "CODATA recommended values of the fundamental physical constants (includes αs) - Committee on Data of the International Science Council / NIST", "FLAG reviews of lattice-QCD determinations of αs - Flavour Lattice Averaging Group", "ISO 80000-10 (quantities and units in atomic and nuclear physics) - International Organization for Standardization" ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-standards-and-regulation-q01", "text": "Which of these standards and regulation hold for the sense of strong interaction this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-real-world-use", "name": "Real-world use", "description": "Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.", "evidence": [ "Binds protons and neutrons in every nucleus heavier than ¹H, setting nuclear stability, magic numbers and the chart of nuclides.", "Supplies most of the visible mass of ordinary matter: QCD field energy, not quark rest masses, accounts for about 99% of the proton and neutron mass.", "Powers stellar fusion and, through residual binding-energy differences, nuclear fission reactors and fission/fusion weapons.", "Governs hadron-collider observables: jet production, parton showers, hadronization and PDF fits at the LHC and elsewhere.", "Is the dynamics under study in heavy-ion programmes (RHIC, LHC-ALICE) that form a quark-gluon plasma, and in lattice-QCD calculations of the hadron spectrum and nucleon-nucleon potentials." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-real-world-use-q01", "text": "Which of these real-world use hold for the sense of strong interaction this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-measurements", "name": "Typical measurements", "description": "Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.", "evidence": [ { "quantity": "Strong coupling αs(mZ²) in the MS-bar scheme (Nf = 5)", "typical_range": "0.1180 ± 0.0009 (PDG 2025 average)", "unit": "1 (dimensionless)" }, { "quantity": "Range of the colour (gluon) force inside a hadron", "typical_range": "≲ 0.8", "unit": "fm" }, { "quantity": "Range of the residual nucleon-nucleon force", "typical_range": "about 1-3", "unit": "fm" }, { "quantity": "Strength relative to electromagnetism at ~1 fm", "typical_range": "about 100", "unit": "1 (ratio)" }, { "quantity": "QCD string tension / confining force scale", "typical_range": "about 1 GeV/fm, or order 10^4 N in older popular estimates", "unit": "GeV/fm" }, { "quantity": "QCD scale ΛQCD", "typical_range": "about 200-350", "unit": "MeV" }, { "quantity": "Average nuclear binding energy per nucleon (medium/heavy nuclei)", "typical_range": "about 7-9 (peak near 8.8 around 56Fe)", "unit": "MeV" } ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-measurements-q01", "text": "Which of these typical measurements hold for the sense of strong interaction this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-failure-modes-and-hazards", "name": "Failure modes and hazards", "description": "Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.", "evidence": [ "Colour confinement: isolated quarks are not observed; energy spent separating them creates new quark-antiquark pairs and hadron jets rather than free partons.", "The residual attraction falls roughly exponentially while proton Coulomb repulsion falls as 1/r, so nuclei with Z > 82 become increasingly unstable against fission and α decay.", "A short-range repulsive core prevents nuclear collapse but also limits how tightly nucleons can bind.", "Release of residual binding energy in an uncontrolled chain reaction or explosive assembly (criticality accidents, nuclear weapons).", "Perturbative QCD fails in the infrared (coupling of order one below ~1 GeV), so low-energy predictions must use lattice QCD, chiral EFT or models.", "The QCD θ term would generate a large neutron electric dipole moment that is not seen (the strong-CP problem)." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-failure-modes-and-hazards-q01", "text": "Which of these failure modes and hazards hold for the sense of strong interaction this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-regional-variation", "name": "Regional variation", "description": "Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.", "evidence": [ "In contemporary particle physics, \"strong interaction\" or \"strong force\" means QCD; \"nuclear force\" or \"residual strong force\" means the internucleon potential.", "Older literature and much nuclear-engineering usage still call the internucleon potential the \"strong nuclear force\".", "German distinguishes starke Wechselwirkung (QCD) from Kernkraft / Nukleon-Nukleon-Wechselwirkung (residual).", "Japanese uses 強い相互作用 for the fundamental interaction and 核力 for the residual nuclear force.", "French: interaction forte versus force nucléaire; Russian: сильное взаимодействие versus ядерные силы." ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-regional-variation-q01", "text": "Which of these regional variation hold for the sense of strong interaction this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-neighbours", "name": "Neighbouring kinds and how to tell them apart", "description": "Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.", "evidence": [ { "name": "Weak interaction", "difference": "Flavour-changing SU(2)L force mediated by massive W±/Z; range ~10⁻¹⁸ m; leptons participate. Test: neutrinos and flavour-changing decays versus colour-charged jets and nuclear binding, which the weak force does not provide." }, { "name": "Electromagnetism", "difference": "U(1)em force mediated by the photon, long-range 1/r², acts on electric charge. Test: leptons feel it and colour-neutral atoms bind chemically; they do not form hadrons or nuclear bound states by electromagnetism alone." }, { "name": "Gravitation", "difference": "Universal spacetime curvature, ~10³⁸ times weaker than the strong force at 1 fm. Test: negligible in laboratory nuclear and particle processes; dominates only at macroscopic mass." }, { "name": "Nuclear force (residual strong force)", "difference": "Effective interaction between colour-singlet hadrons, meson-mediated, range 1-3 fm. Test: acts on nucleons, not free colour; Yukawa falloff and a repulsive core, versus a non-diminishing colour flux tube inside a hadron." }, { "name": "Electroweak interaction", "difference": "Unified SU(2)×U(1) description of EM and weak forces above ~100 GeV. Test: W/Z and photon versus eight coloured gluons; grand unification with QCD remains unestablished." }, { "name": "Yukawa meson-exchange interaction", "difference": "Effective field description of the residual nucleon force, not the fundamental colour force. Test: pion mass sets the longest range; it does not describe gluon self-coupling, jets or the quark-gluon plasma." } ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-neighbours-q01", "text": "Which of these neighbouring kinds and how to tell them apart hold for the sense of strong interaction this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] } ] } ] } ] }, "openQuestions": [ "Does an existing Vercy world model already own this concept, and should this registry entry link to it rather than receive a separate publication?", "Should residual nuclear interactions remain a full branch of this entry or be represented through links to an existing neighbouring model?", "Which observable-specific criteria should determine when a perturbative, lattice or effective treatment is adequate for the intended agent decision?", "What minimum combination of evidence should support a deconfinement assessment across different temperatures, baryon densities and system sizes?", "Which reference datasets and uncertainty conventions should anchor validation for binding, scattering, decay and medium observables?" ], "statistics": { "bundles": 6, "layers": 11, "findings": 18, "questions": 28 } }, "draft": { "generator": "vr.draft.v3", "status": "draft-generated", "researched": false, "archetype": "abstract concept", "method": "Written from the archetype playbook - what this kind of thing needs beyond identity and provenance - and from the structure that recurred across 6,333 models already researched by two engines. Applied to this entry by rule. No source was read for this thing and no claim here is researched. This entry carries no facets of its own, so they were inferred from its domain - a guess about a whole domain applied to one thing.", "facetsInferred": true, "nextPass": "A researcher replaces this draft with a sourced specification. Treat every sentence below as a proposal to argue with.", "purpose": "Give an agent a durable, checkable way to recognise a strong interaction, record what state it is in, and decide what may be done with it.", "whatItIs": "Enable an agent to recognise a strong-interaction contribution, assess the physical regime and supporting evidence, and select justified descriptions, calculations or measurements.", "characteristics": { "substance": "activity", "origin": "conceptual", "agency": "inert" }, "whatYouCanDoWithIt": [ "observed and measured" ], "distinguishingFeatures": [ "Described in 108 Wikipedia languages, which is a measure of how widely the thing is known, not of how important it is." ], "openQuestionsForResearch": [ "Which of the bundles below does a real task actually need, and which are ceremony?", "What does this thing have that the facets do not capture at all?", "Which neighbouring kind is most often confused with a strong interaction, and on what evidence are they told apart?" ], "whatItIsMadeOf": "something that happens over time", "physicalCharacter": [ "Does nothing on its own; everything it does, something else did to it.", "These come from the domain this entry sits in rather than from the entry itself, so treat them as a first guess about the whole domain applied to one thing." ], "whatCanBeDoneWithIt": [ "observe it, measure it, record its state" ], "howItIsRecognised": [ "Nothing to see. What is recognised is an instance of it, and which instances count is exactly what is argued about." ], "relatedModels": [], "standing": "Described in 108 Wikipedia languages, which measures how widely it is written about rather than how important or how common it is.", "structure": { "bundles": [ { "id": "identity-and-classification", "name": "Identity, naming and classification", "description": "How an agent tells one strong interaction from another, and a strong interaction from things that resemble it.", "rationale": "Recognition comes before every other claim. Without stable identity nothing else in the model can be trusted to be about the same thing twice.", "layers": [ { "id": "naming-and-identifiers", "name": "Names and identifiers", "description": "The names this thing goes by and the identifiers that survive translation and time.", "findings": [ { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases", "name": "Preferred name, aliases and local names", "description": "Which name to use, which names mean the same thing, and which merely sound similar.", "questions": [ { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the name of a strong interaction, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the name of a strong interaction, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the name of a strong interaction is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers", "name": "Stable identifiers and external keys", "description": "Identifiers that keep pointing at this kind of thing across systems and languages.", "questions": [ { "id": "stable-identifiers-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes an identifier for a strong interaction, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about an identifier for a strong interaction, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once an identifier for a strong interaction is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "classification-and-granularity", "name": "Classification and granularity", "description": "Where a strong interaction sits among kinds, and how finely a task needs to cut it.", "findings": [ { "id": "kind-and-parents", "name": "Kind, parents and neighbouring kinds", "description": "The classes this thing belongs to and the ones it is next to.", "questions": [ { "id": "kind-and-parents-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the kind of a strong interaction, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "kind-and-parents-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the kind of a strong interaction, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "kind-and-parents-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the kind of a strong interaction is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features", "name": "Distinguishing features", "description": "What separates a strong interaction from the things most often confused with it.", "questions": [ { "id": "distinguishing-features-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes what distinguishes a strong interaction, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about what distinguishes a strong interaction, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once what distinguishes a strong interaction is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "state-and-lifecycle", "name": "State and lifecycle", "description": "The states a strong interaction passes through and the events that move it between them.", "rationale": "Most decisions about a thing depend on what state it is in now, which is a claim with a time on it, not a property.", "layers": [ { "id": "lifecycle-stages", "name": "Lifecycle stages", "description": "From coming into existence to ceasing to be one of these.", "findings": [ { "id": "stages-and-transitions", "name": "Stages and transitions", "description": "The stages worth naming and what moves a strong interaction between them.", "questions": [ { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the lifecycle of a strong interaction, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the lifecycle of a strong interaction, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the lifecycle of a strong interaction is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "observations-and-status", "name": "Observations and current status", "description": "What is observed about a strong interaction, how often and by whom.", "findings": [ { "id": "observation-record", "name": "Observation record", "description": "How an observation of a strong interaction is recorded so that it can be superseded rather than overwritten.", "questions": [ { "id": "observation-record-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes an observation of a strong interaction, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "observation-record-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about an observation of a strong interaction, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "observation-record-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once an observation of a strong interaction is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "process-and-outcome", "name": "Process, inputs and outcome", "description": "How a strong interaction proceeds, what it needs and what it leaves behind.", "rationale": "An activity is known by its steps and its results, and both have to be recordable while it is still running.", "layers": [ { "id": "steps-and-sequence", "name": "Steps and sequence", "description": "The steps of a strong interaction, their order and what may run in parallel.", "findings": [ { "id": "steps-and-preconditions", "name": "Steps, preconditions and completion", "description": "What has to be true before each step of a strong interaction and what marks it done.", "questions": [ { "id": "steps-and-preconditions-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes a step of a strong interaction, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "steps-and-preconditions-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about a step of a strong interaction, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "steps-and-preconditions-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once a step of a strong interaction is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "inputs-and-results", "name": "Inputs, resources and results", "description": "What a strong interaction consumes and what it produces.", "findings": [ { "id": "inputs-and-outputs", "name": "Inputs, outputs and side effects", "description": "The resources a strong interaction takes and the results it leaves, wanted or not.", "questions": [ { "id": "inputs-and-outputs-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the inputs and results of a strong interaction, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "inputs-and-outputs-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the inputs and results of a strong interaction, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "inputs-and-outputs-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the inputs and results of a strong interaction is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "definitions-in-contest", "name": "Definitions and who holds them", "description": "What strong interaction is taken to mean, and by whom.", "rationale": "When a field disagrees about a concept, the disagreement is the content. A model that picks one definition silently destroys the information.", "layers": [ { "id": "competing-definitions", "name": "Competing definitions", "description": "The main readings and the traditions behind them.", "findings": [ { "id": "definition-map", "name": "Definitions and their holders", "description": "Each definition with the school or body that holds it.", "questions": [ { "id": "definition-map-q01", "text": "Which definitions of strong interaction are in use, and which tradition or body holds each?", "kind": "definition" }, { "id": "definition-map-q02", "text": "What turns on the difference between them in practice?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] }, { "id": "operationalisation", "name": "Operationalisation", "description": "How it is measured or applied when it has to be.", "findings": [ { "id": "operational-record", "name": "Measures and proxies", "description": "Instruments and indicators used to stand in for it.", "questions": [ { "id": "operational-record-q01", "text": "How is strong interaction operationalised or measured in practice, and by what instrument?", "kind": "measurement" }, { "id": "operational-record-q02", "text": "What does that operationalisation leave out, and when does that matter?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "instances-and-use", "name": "Instances, use and consequence", "description": "What counts as an instance of strong interaction and what follows from calling something that.", "rationale": "Applying a concept is an act with consequences, so a model must say what the label licenses and what it does not.", "layers": [ { "id": "instances", "name": "What counts as an instance", "description": "Clear cases, borderline cases and non-cases.", "findings": [ { "id": "instance-tests", "name": "Tests for an instance", "description": "What would settle whether something falls under it.", "questions": [ { "id": "instance-tests-q01", "text": "What would settle whether something is an instance of strong interaction?", "kind": "boundary" }, { "id": "instance-tests-q02", "text": "Which borderline cases are argued about, and on what grounds?", "kind": "definition" } ] } ] }, { "id": "consequence", "name": "Consequence of application", "description": "Rights, duties or decisions that follow from the label.", "findings": [ { "id": "consequence-record", "name": "What the label licenses", "description": "What an agent may do once something is classified this way.", "questions": [ { "id": "consequence-record-q01", "text": "What follows practically once something is treated as strong interaction?", "kind": "action" }, { "id": "consequence-record-q02", "text": "What must an agent not infer from the label alone?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "provenance-and-evidence", "name": "Provenance, evidence and time", "description": "Where every claim about a strong interaction came from and when it held.", "rationale": "A claim without a source and a time cannot be superseded, only overwritten, and an agent that overwrites loses the ability to explain itself.", "layers": [ { "id": "source-and-authority", "name": "Source and authority", "description": "Who said it, on what evidence, and how strongly.", "findings": [ { "id": "claim-provenance", "name": "Claim provenance and confidence", "description": "The authority behind each claim about a strong interaction and how confident it is.", "questions": [ { "id": "claim-provenance-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes a claim about a strong interaction, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "claim-provenance-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about a claim about a strong interaction, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "claim-provenance-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once a claim about a strong interaction is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "time-and-versions", "name": "Time, versions and supersession", "description": "When a claim was true, when it was learnt, and what replaced it.", "findings": [ { "id": "validity-and-supersession", "name": "Validity period and supersession", "description": "How an old claim about a strong interaction is retired without being erased.", "questions": [ { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the validity of a claim about a strong interaction, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the validity of a claim about a strong interaction, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the validity of a claim about a strong interaction is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] } ] }, "statistics": { "bundles": 6, "layers": 12, "findings": 14, "questions": 38 } } } }