{ "model": { "rank": 1504, "code": "thing-q11421", "model_id": "vr.tr.magnet", "name": "magnet", "purpose": "Enable an AI agent to recognise a magnet, assess its magnetic and physical state, and decide whether and how it can be handled, tested or used.", "family": "Thing Registry", "category": "Physical world and living systems", "status": "research-draft", "kind": "thing", "plane": "PHY", "domain": "PHY.OBJ", "industry": "", "version": "", "url": "/models/thing/q11421/", "tier": 2, "score": 142, "payload": { "layer": "wikidata", "aliases": [ "two-dimensional magnet", "magnetic storage", "magnetic storage card", "magnetic particle", "fishing magnet", "magnetic needle", "amorphous magnet", "horseshoe magnet", "split magnet", "electromagnet", "cow magnet", "permanent magnet", "nanomagnet", "electropermanent magnet", "field magnet", "multipole magnet", "superconducting magnet", "Zugmagnet", "armature", "plastic magnet", "Ceramic magnets", "bar magnet", "Double-T armature" ], "aliasCount": 23, "merged": 23, "knownIn": 142, "facets": null, "markers": [], "lexicalClass": "", "senseRank": null, "alsoRegisteredAs": "vr.tr.magnet", "source": { "dataset": "wikidata", "item": "Q11421", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11421", "license": "CC0 1.0" } }, "research": { "vercy": "1.0-draft", "publication": { "status": "research-draft", "adjudicationStatus": "unreviewed", "publishableCanonical": false, "generatedAt": "2026-09-06T20:43:48Z", "providers": [ "Codex", "Grok" ], "missingProviders": [], "pass": 2, "cost": { "grok": { "usd": 0.01018844, "turns": 1, "seconds": 148.4, "error": null }, "codex_seconds": 59.2 } }, "metaModel": { "id": "THING-Q11421", "registryId": "vr.tr.magnet", "name": "magnet", "version": "0.1.0-research.1", "entryKind": "thing", "family": "Thing Registry", "domain": [ "PHY.OBJ" ], "status": "research-draft" }, "canonicalUrl": "https://ver.cy/models/thing/q11421/", "model": { "registry_id": "vr.tr.magnet", "name": "magnet", "purpose": "Enable an AI agent to recognise a magnet, assess its magnetic and physical state, and decide whether and how it can be handled, tested or used.", "definition": "A magnet is a compact source of magnetic field, either a hard ferromagnetic or ferrimagnetic body that retains a usable remanent magnetization after the magnetizing field is removed, or a current-carrying winding (normal or superconducting, often with a soft-magnetic core) that produces field only while energized.", "scope_statement": "This model owns the identity, magnetic behaviour, operating conditions, physical integrity and interaction limits of the registered magnet, with an explicit boundary between the magnet and any device that powers, controls or uses it.", "in_scope": [ "Magnet type, construction and intended magnetic function", "Pole arrangement, field distribution and magnetisation state", "Magnetic force or torque under specified interaction conditions", "Physical integrity and conditions affecting magnetic performance", "Handling, placement, storage and permitted changes of magnetic state" ], "out_of_scope": [ "Power supplies and control systems serving an electromagnet", "Complete motors, generators, loudspeakers and other devices containing magnets", "Bulk magnetic material before it is identified as a functional magnet", "Magnetic sensors and instruments used to measure the magnet", "Clinical decisions about medical implants near magnets" ], "distinguishing_features": [ "Determine whether the candidate produces an attributable magnetic field in a documented operating state; attraction alone does not distinguish a magnet from an object attracted by one.", "Test whether its field persists after external excitation is removed, distinguishing retained magnetisation from excitation-dependent behaviour.", "Establish whether an observed field belongs to the candidate itself or to an attached, concealed or nearby magnet.", "Identify whether the candidate is the field-producing component or a larger device whose function merely uses that component.", "Map polarity or directional field behaviour rather than treating attraction of one test object as sufficient identification." ], "characteristics": [ { "name": "Magnet operating type", "kind": "category", "unit_or_values": "permanent; electromagnet; hybrid; other; undetermined", "why_it_matters": "Determines which excitation conditions and magnetic states must be recorded." }, { "name": "Magnetic material and construction", "kind": "category", "unit_or_values": "documented material or grade; solid, bonded, laminated, wound or assembly construction; unknown", "why_it_matters": "Supports interpretation of performance limits, damage and appropriate handling." }, { "name": "Magnetic field distribution", "kind": "measurement", "unit_or_values": "magnetic flux density vector in tesla at stated positions, orientation and operating conditions", "why_it_matters": "Describes where the magnet can act and permits meaningful comparison between measurements." }, { "name": "Pole arrangement", "kind": "category", "unit_or_values": "identified pole regions and magnetisation directions relative to a defined body coordinate system; unresolved", "why_it_matters": "Determines alignment, coupling and interaction with other magnets." }, { "name": "Interaction performance", "kind": "measurement", "unit_or_values": "force in newtons or torque in newton-metres, with counterpart, gap, alignment and test conditions", "why_it_matters": "Connects magnetic behaviour to a proposed holding, positioning or actuation task." }, { "name": "Excitation dependency", "kind": "relation", "unit_or_values": "linked excitation source and required current, waveform or external field; none documented; unknown", "why_it_matters": "Explains when the magnet is active and which external dependencies govern its state." }, { "name": "Magnetic performance state", "kind": "state", "unit_or_values": "verified against baseline; changed from baseline; intentionally altered; unverified", "why_it_matters": "Separates measured degradation or adjustment from unsupported assumptions about magnet strength." }, { "name": "Thermal operating condition", "kind": "measurement", "unit_or_values": "temperature in degrees Celsius, with location, exposure duration and applicable documented limits", "why_it_matters": "Supports decisions about operation and whether magnetic performance needs reassessment." }, { "name": "Physical integrity", "kind": "state", "unit_or_values": "observations of cracking, chipping, corrosion, coating failure, winding damage or loose magnetic elements", "why_it_matters": "Identifies damage that may affect retention, handling or magnetic function." }, { "name": "Magnetic interaction constraints", "kind": "relation", "unit_or_values": "linked nearby objects or equipment, applicable restrictions and evidence for any required separation", "why_it_matters": "Makes placement and handling decisions specific to the actual surroundings." } ], "affordances": [ "Identify and mark pole regions and a reference orientation.", "Measure field distribution and compare performance with a documented baseline.", "Evaluate holding, repulsion, alignment or torque for a specified counterpart and geometry.", "Position, secure, separate or store the magnet using a supported handling method.", "Energise, de-energise or adjust excitation when the magnet type and operating limits permit.", "Assess whether damage or exposure requires retesting, withdrawal from use or a qualified magnetisation procedure." ] }, "sources": [ { "id": "s1", "title": "Magnet - Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation", "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnet", "what_it_supports": "Object-level definition, common kinds, history (lodestone), everyday uses, and qualitative hazards.", "url_status": "live" }, { "id": "s2", "title": "IEC 60404-8-1, Magnetic materials - Part 8-1: Specifications for individual materials - Magnetically hard materials - International Electrotechnical Commission", "url": "", "what_it_supports": "Trade classification of hard-magnetic materials, grade designations, and the quantities remanence, coercivity, and (BH)max." }, { "id": "s3", "title": "Coey, J. M. D., Magnetism and Magnetic Materials - Cambridge University Press, 2010", "url": "", "what_it_supports": "Physical origin of remanence and coercivity, material families (ferrite, Alnico, SmCo, NdFeB), Curie point, and typical property ranges." }, { "id": "s4", "title": "Guidelines on Limits of Exposure to Static Magnetic Fields - International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP), Health Physics, 2009", "url": "", "what_it_supports": "Occupational and public static-field exposure limits relevant to strong magnets and MRI." }, { "id": "s5", "title": "16 CFR Part 1262, Safety Standard for Magnets - U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission", "url": "https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-16/part-1262", "what_it_supports": "Consumer hazard of small high-powered magnet sets and the flux-index ingestion test used in US product law.", "url_status": "live" }, { "id": "s6", "title": "Dangerous Goods Regulations, UN 2807 Magnetized material - International Air Transport Association / ICAO Technical Instructions", "url": "", "what_it_supports": "Air-transport classification of magnetized assemblies that can deflect aircraft compasses." } ], "structure": { "bundles": [ { "id": "magnet-identity-and-boundary", "name": "Magnet identity and boundary", "description": "Establish what constitutes this magnet and how its magnetic function arises.", "rationale": "An agent must distinguish the magnet from passive magnetic material and from the device surrounding it.", "layers": [ { "id": "field-producing-identity", "name": "Field-producing identity", "description": "Identify the candidate through attributable magnetic behaviour and its excitation dependency.", "findings": [ { "id": "magnet-type-and-evidence", "name": "Magnet type and evidence", "description": "Record the proposed magnet type and the observation or documentation supporting that classification.", "questions": [ { "text": "What observation or documentation establishes that this candidate functions as a magnet?", "kind": "definition", "id": "magnet-type-and-evidence-q01" }, { "text": "Does its magnetic field persist without excitation, require excitation or combine both behaviours?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "magnet-type-and-evidence-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "magnetic-component-boundary", "name": "Magnetic component boundary", "description": "Define which field-producing and field-guiding parts belong to the magnet.", "findings": [ { "id": "included-magnetic-assembly", "name": "Included magnetic assembly", "description": "Record whether the magnet is a single body or an assembly and identify its external dependencies.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which magnetic elements, windings, cores, pole pieces or housings constitute this registered magnet?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "included-magnetic-assembly-q01" }, { "text": "Which power, control, mounting or host-device components belong to separate models?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "included-magnetic-assembly-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "field-and-pole-configuration", "name": "Field and pole configuration", "description": "Describe the magnet's directional field behaviour in a reproducible spatial reference.", "rationale": "A single strength value cannot establish polarity, usable orientation or field exposure around a magnet.", "layers": [ { "id": "pole-topology", "name": "Pole topology", "description": "Locate pole regions and magnetisation directions relative to the physical body.", "findings": [ { "id": "verified-pole-layout", "name": "Verified pole layout", "description": "Record the supported pole arrangement without assuming a simple two-ended geometry.", "questions": [ { "text": "Where are the identified pole regions and magnetisation directions relative to the magnet's reference axes?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "verified-pole-layout-q01" }, { "text": "Were pole labels established by measurement, manufacturer documentation or an unverified marking?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "verified-pole-layout-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "spatial-field-behaviour", "name": "Spatial field behaviour", "description": "Capture field measurements together with the conditions needed to interpret them.", "findings": [ { "id": "conditioned-field-map", "name": "Conditioned field map", "description": "Record magnetic flux density at relevant positions, including measurement uncertainty and nearby influences.", "questions": [ { "text": "What field magnitude and direction were measured at the working surface and relevant distances?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "conditioned-field-map-q01" }, { "text": "What instrument, uncertainty, temperature, excitation and nearby magnetic objects affected those measurements?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "conditioned-field-map-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "magnetic-coupling-and-use", "name": "Magnetic coupling and use", "description": "Connect the magnet's field to a specified mechanical or functional interaction.", "rationale": "Usable magnetic performance depends on the counterpart and geometry, so catalogue strength alone cannot authorise a task.", "layers": [ { "id": "interaction-geometry", "name": "Interaction geometry", "description": "Identify the counterpart and spatial conditions of magnetic coupling.", "findings": [ { "id": "counterpart-and-gap", "name": "Counterpart and gap", "description": "Record the interacting object, its relevant magnetic properties and the geometry of contact or separation.", "questions": [ { "text": "What counterpart is intended to interact with the magnet, and what is known about its material, dimensions or magnetisation?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "counterpart-and-gap-q01" }, { "text": "What gap, contact area, intervening layers and relative orientation apply during use?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "counterpart-and-gap-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "task-performance", "name": "Task performance", "description": "Determine whether the specified magnetic interaction meets the intended task.", "findings": [ { "id": "demonstrated-force-or-torque", "name": "Demonstrated force or torque", "description": "Separate measured interaction performance from ratings obtained under different conditions.", "questions": [ { "text": "What force or torque is demonstrated for the actual counterpart, gap, alignment and load direction?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "demonstrated-force-or-torque-q01" }, { "text": "What task-specific acceptance criteria must be met before the magnet may hold, position or actuate that counterpart?", "kind": "action", "id": "demonstrated-force-or-torque-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "magnetic-state-and-operating-envelope", "name": "Magnetic state and operating envelope", "description": "Assess present magnetic performance and the conditions governing permitted operation or state changes.", "rationale": "The agent needs evidence about the magnet's current state and limits rather than inferring readiness from its appearance.", "layers": [ { "id": "performance-history", "name": "Performance history", "description": "Relate current measurements to a baseline and relevant exposure history.", "findings": [ { "id": "baseline-and-state-change", "name": "Baseline and state change", "description": "Record evidence of retained performance, changed magnetisation or unresolved variation.", "questions": [ { "text": "How does current field or interaction performance compare with a baseline measured under comparable conditions?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "baseline-and-state-change-q01" }, { "text": "What thermal exposure, opposing fields, impacts or previous magnetisation procedures are documented?", "kind": "provenance", "id": "baseline-and-state-change-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "permitted-operating-conditions", "name": "Permitted operating conditions", "description": "Identify applicable material, thermal and excitation limits and supported state-change procedures.", "findings": [ { "id": "operating-and-transition-limits", "name": "Operating and transition limits", "description": "Record limits applicable to this magnet and the conditions for changing its magnetic state.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which documented temperature, excitation, duty-cycle or external-field limits apply to this magnet's construction?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "operating-and-transition-limits-q01" }, { "text": "Which energising, de-energising, magnetising or demagnetising actions are supported, and what verification must follow?", "kind": "action", "id": "operating-and-transition-limits-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "integrity-and-magnetic-handling", "name": "Integrity and magnetic handling", "description": "Assess damage and control interactions during movement, placement and storage.", "rationale": "Magnetic forces and field-sensitive surroundings make handling decisions depend on more than the object's mass and shape.", "layers": [ { "id": "functional-integrity", "name": "Functional integrity", "description": "Inspect damage to the magnetic body, protective surfaces and constituent magnetic assembly.", "findings": [ { "id": "damage-and-retention", "name": "Damage and retention", "description": "Record defects and whether magnetic elements remain mechanically secure and fit for the intended use.", "questions": [ { "text": "Are there cracks, chips, corrosion, coating defects, winding damage or loose magnetic elements?", "kind": "measurement", "id": "damage-and-retention-q01" }, { "text": "Which observed defects require containment, repair, performance testing or withdrawal under the applicable acceptance criteria?", "kind": "action", "id": "damage-and-retention-q02" } ] } ] }, { "id": "controlled-magnetic-interactions", "name": "Controlled magnetic interactions", "description": "Define handling and placement methods for the actual magnet and surrounding objects.", "findings": [ { "id": "handling-and-separation-constraints", "name": "Handling and separation constraints", "description": "Record supported controls for unintended attraction, separation forces and exposure of field-sensitive equipment.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which nearby magnets, loose ferromagnetic objects or field-sensitive devices constrain movement, placement or storage?", "kind": "boundary", "id": "handling-and-separation-constraints-q01" }, { "text": "What evidence supports the chosen securing method, separation method, storage arrangement and any required exclusion distance?", "kind": "action", "id": "handling-and-separation-constraints-q02" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "evidence-and-external-alignment", "name": "Evidence and external alignment", "description": "What the world already says about this thing, gathered so the model can be checked against it.", "rationale": "A model that cannot be lined up against existing standards, identifiers and practice cannot be adopted by anyone who already uses them.", "layers": [ { "id": "reported-evidence", "name": "Reported evidence", "description": "Findings from the breadth pass, kept separate from the structural claims.", "findings": [ { "id": "evidence-kinds", "name": "Kinds and varieties", "description": "Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.", "evidence": [ "Permanent (hard) magnet", "Electromagnet", "Superconducting magnet", "Ferrite/ceramic magnet", "Rare-earth magnet (NdFeB, SmCo)", "Alnico magnet", "Bonded or flexible magnet", "Magnetic assembly (pot/cup, channel, latch, lifting magnet)" ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-kinds-q01", "text": "Which of these kinds and varieties hold for the sense of magnet this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-identifiers", "name": "Identifiers and schemes", "description": "Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.", "evidence": [ { "scheme": "Wikidata", "value_or_pattern": "Q11412", "note": "Item for the physical object 'magnet', not the phenomenon magnetism." }, { "scheme": "Harmonized System (HS)", "value_or_pattern": "8505", "note": "Electromagnets; permanent magnets and articles intended to become permanent magnets; magnetic chucks, couplings, brakes, lifting heads." }, { "scheme": "IEC 60404-8-1 material designation", "value_or_pattern": "IEC grade codes for magnetically hard materials (ferrite, Alnico, RECo, REFeB families)", "note": "The standard names magnet materials, not individual magnet parts." }, { "scheme": "Commercial NdFeB grade", "value_or_pattern": "N[0-9]{2} with optional suffix M/H/SH/UH/EH/AH (e.g. N35, N52, N42SH)", "note": "The two-digit number is nominal (BH)max in MGOe; the suffix encodes maximum use temperature. Industry convention, not an ISO code." } ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-identifiers-q01", "text": "Which of these identifiers and schemes hold for the sense of magnet this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-standards-and-regulation", "name": "Standards and regulation", "description": "Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.", "evidence": [ "IEC 60404-8-1 magnetically hard materials - International Electrotechnical Commission", "IEC 60404 series (magnetic materials and measurement methods) - International Electrotechnical Commission", "UN 2807 magnetized material, IATA Dangerous Goods Regulations / ICAO Technical Instructions - IATA and ICAO", "16 CFR Part 1262 Safety Standard for Magnets - U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission", "ASTM F963 toy safety (magnet flux index, ingestion) - ASTM International", "EN 71-1 toy safety, magnetic components - CEN", "EU Toy Safety Directive 2009/48/EC as applied to magnetic toys - European Union", "ICNIRP Guidelines on Limits of Exposure to Static Magnetic Fields (2009) - International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection", "IEC 60601-2-33 medical electrical equipment, MRI (static field, quench, projectile) - International Electrotechnical Commission" ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-standards-and-regulation-q01", "text": "Which of these standards and regulation hold for the sense of magnet this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-real-world-use", "name": "Real-world use", "description": "Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.", "evidence": [ "Field source in permanent-magnet motors, generators, loudspeakers, and HDD voice-coil actuators", "Holding, latching, and workholding: cabinet catches, name badges, magnetic chucks, scrap and plate lifting magnets", "Magnetic separation of ferrous particles in food processing, mining, and recycling", "Clinical MRI and NMR: superconducting whole-body magnets, most often 1.5 T and 3 T", "Position, proximity, and speed sensing with Hall-effect sensors and reed switches", "Teaching and navigation: bar and horseshoe magnets, compass needles", "Particle-accelerator, fusion, and laboratory windings (resistive and superconducting)" ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-real-world-use-q01", "text": "Which of these real-world use hold for the sense of magnet this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-measurements", "name": "Typical measurements", "description": "Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.", "evidence": [ { "quantity": "Remanence Br", "typical_range": "0.2-1.45 (ferrite ~0.4; NdFeB ~1.2-1.45)", "unit": "T" }, { "quantity": "Intrinsic coercivity Hcj", "typical_range": "100-2500 (Alnico low; NdFeB and SmCo high)", "unit": "kA/m" }, { "quantity": "Maximum energy product (BH)max", "typical_range": "8-400 (ferrite ~20-35; NdFeB up to ~400)", "unit": "kJ/m³" }, { "quantity": "Pole-face / surface flux density", "typical_range": "0.005-1.4", "unit": "T" }, { "quantity": "Holding (pull) force of assemblies", "typical_range": "0.1-20000", "unit": "N" }, { "quantity": "Curie temperature", "typical_range": "310 (NdFeB) to ~450 (ferrite) to ~700-860 (SmCo, Alnico)", "unit": "°C" }, { "quantity": "Maximum recommended operating temperature", "typical_range": "80 (N-grade NdFeB) to ~200 (AH-grade) to ~300+ (ferrite, SmCo)", "unit": "°C" } ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-measurements-q01", "text": "Which of these typical measurements hold for the sense of magnet this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-failure-modes-and-hazards", "name": "Failure modes and hazards", "description": "Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.", "evidence": [ "Irreversible demagnetization when temperature approaches the grade's maximum use temperature or the Curie point", "Demagnetization by a reverse field above coercivity, especially in Alnico and poorly loaded open-circuit magnets", "Brittle fracture and flying chips of sintered NdFeB and ferrite", "Corrosion of uncoated NdFeB in humid or salt atmospheres", "Pinch and crush injuries between strong magnets or a magnet and steel", "Ingestion of two or more small high-powered magnets causing bowel-wall ischemia and fistula, especially in children", "Ferromagnetic projectile accidents in high-field MRI rooms", "Superconducting-magnet quench: sudden field collapse and cryogen venting", "Interference with pacemakers and ICDs, magnetic-stripe cards, and some instruments", "Air-transport compass deviation or shipment rejection when magnetized cargo exceeds IATA field limits" ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-failure-modes-and-hazards-q01", "text": "Which of these failure modes and hazards hold for the sense of magnet this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-regional-variation", "name": "Regional variation", "description": "Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.", "evidence": [ "US and much of the magnet trade still quote (BH)max in MGOe and field in gauss/oersted; IEC and scientific use is kJ/m³, tesla, and A/m (1 MGOe ≈ 7.96 kJ/m³)", "Sintered NdFeB production and many grade catalogues are concentrated in China; Japanese producers historically set high-grade naming practice", "Small high-powered magnet sets are more tightly restricted in the United States (16 CFR 1262) than in some other consumer markets", "English 'lodestone' names naturally magnetized magnetite; other languages use local magnet words (French aimant, German Magnet, Japanese jishaku) rather than that mineral name", "Ferrite remains the default low-cost magnet in many regional motor and speaker markets; rare-earth substitution tracks price and export-control regimes" ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-regional-variation-q01", "text": "Which of these regional variation hold for the sense of magnet this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] }, { "id": "evidence-neighbours", "name": "Neighbouring kinds and how to tell them apart", "description": "Reported by the breadth pass; each item needs checking against its source before it becomes normative.", "evidence": [ { "name": "Soft magnetic core (transformer or inductor iron)", "difference": "A core is specified by high permeability and low remanence/loss so it does not stay magnetized; a permanent magnet is specified by remanence, coercivity, and (BH)max." }, { "name": "Magnetic field", "difference": "The field is the continuum quantity B or H in space; the magnet is the material or winding that is the source of that field." }, { "name": "Magnetite / lodestone (mineral)", "difference": "Magnetite is an Fe3O4 ore or crystal; it is a magnet only when it carries a net remanent moment and is used as a field source." }, { "name": "Solenoid actuator", "difference": "A solenoid is a coil-plus-plunger linear actuator; an electromagnet is specified as a holding or field device and need not have a moving armature." }, { "name": "Magnetic recording medium", "difference": "Media store localized magnetization patterns for information; they are not used as bulk field sources and have far lower useful external moment." }, { "name": "Compass", "difference": "A compass is an instrument that reads direction from a magnetized needle in Earth's field; the needle is a magnet, the instrument is not." } ], "questions": [ { "id": "evidence-neighbours-q01", "text": "Which of these neighbouring kinds and how to tell them apart hold for the sense of magnet this model covers, and on what evidence?", "kind": "provenance" } ] } ] } ] } ] }, "openQuestions": [ "Does registry scope include electromagnets and hybrid magnetic assemblies, or should those link to neighbouring registered concepts?", "For a magnet assembly, which cores, pole pieces, return paths and housings are integral to this thing rather than its host device?", "Which sources and measurement procedures should establish comparable field and interaction-performance baselines for each magnet type?", "What material- and construction-specific evidence is required to distinguish reversible performance variation from lasting magnetic change?", "Which task-specific sources establish operating limits, defect acceptance criteria and handling or separation requirements?" ], "statistics": { "bundles": 6, "layers": 11, "findings": 18, "questions": 28 } }, "draft": { "generator": "vr.draft.v3", "status": "draft-generated", "researched": false, "archetype": "device, machine or tool", "method": "Written from the archetype playbook - what this kind of thing needs beyond identity and provenance - and from the structure that recurred across 6,333 models already researched by two engines. Applied to this entry by rule. No source was read for this thing and no claim here is researched. This entry carries no facets of its own, so they were inferred from its domain - a guess about a whole domain applied to one thing.", "facetsInferred": true, "nextPass": "A researcher replaces this draft with a sourced specification. Treat every sentence below as a proposal to argue with.", "purpose": "Give an agent a durable, checkable way to recognise a magnet, record what state it is in, and decide what may be done with it.", "whatItIs": "Enable an AI agent to recognise a magnet, assess its magnetic and physical state, and decide whether and how it can be handled, tested or used.", "characteristics": { "substance": "material", "origin": "manufactured", "agency": "inert", "mobility": "varies" }, "whatYouCanDoWithIt": [ "observed and measured" ], "distinguishingFeatures": [ "Names folded into this entry, which a task may need to split apart again: two-dimensional magnet, magnetic storage, magnetic storage card, magnetic particle, fishing magnet, magnetic needle, amorphous magnet, horseshoe magnet, split magnet, electromagnet, cow magnet, permanent magnet.", "23 finer distinctions are held as aliases rather than separate entries, because telling them apart needs a task that asks for it.", "Described in 142 Wikipedia languages, which is a measure of how widely the thing is known, not of how important it is." ], "openQuestionsForResearch": [ "Which of the bundles below does a real task actually need, and which are ceremony?", "What does this thing have that the facets do not capture at all?", "Which neighbouring kind is most often confused with a magnet, and on what evidence are they told apart?" ], "whatItIsMadeOf": "matter you can touch", "physicalCharacter": [ "Mobility varies between examples.", "Does nothing on its own; everything it does, something else did to it.", "These come from the domain this entry sits in rather than from the entry itself, so treat them as a first guess about the whole domain applied to one thing." ], "whatCanBeDoneWithIt": [ "observe it, measure it, record its state" ], "howItIsRecognised": [ "Recognised by form, by the arrangement of its controls, and by markings - a plate, a model number, a certification mark. Form alone rarely separates two models that do very different things." ], "relatedModels": [ { "relation": "covers", "note": "Finer kinds folded into this entry because telling them apart needs a task that asks for it. Each is a model waiting to be split out when one does.", "targets": [ "two-dimensional magnet", "magnetic storage", "magnetic storage card", "magnetic particle", "fishing magnet", "magnetic needle", "amorphous magnet", "horseshoe magnet", "split magnet", "electromagnet", "cow magnet", "permanent magnet" ] } ], "standing": "Described in 142 Wikipedia languages, which measures how widely it is written about rather than how important or how common it is. 23 finer distinctions are held inside this entry as names rather than as separate models.", "structure": { "bundles": [ { "id": "identity-and-classification", "name": "Identity, naming and classification", "description": "How an agent tells one magnet from another, and a magnet from things that resemble it.", "rationale": "Recognition comes before every other claim. Without stable identity nothing else in the model can be trusted to be about the same thing twice.", "layers": [ { "id": "naming-and-identifiers", "name": "Names and identifiers", "description": "The names this thing goes by and the identifiers that survive translation and time.", "findings": [ { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases", "name": "Preferred name, aliases and local names", "description": "Which name to use, which names mean the same thing, and which merely sound similar.", "questions": [ { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the name of a magnet, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the name of a magnet, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the name of a magnet is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers", "name": "Stable identifiers and external keys", "description": "Identifiers that keep pointing at this kind of thing across systems and languages.", "questions": [ { "id": "stable-identifiers-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes an identifier for a magnet, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about an identifier for a magnet, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once an identifier for a magnet is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "classification-and-granularity", "name": "Classification and granularity", "description": "Where a magnet sits among kinds, and how finely a task needs to cut it.", "findings": [ { "id": "kind-and-parents", "name": "Kind, parents and neighbouring kinds", "description": "The classes this thing belongs to and the ones it is next to.", "questions": [ { "id": "kind-and-parents-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the kind of a magnet, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "kind-and-parents-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the kind of a magnet, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "kind-and-parents-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the kind of a magnet is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features", "name": "Distinguishing features", "description": "What separates a magnet from the things most often confused with it.", "questions": [ { "id": "distinguishing-features-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes what distinguishes a magnet, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about what distinguishes a magnet, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once what distinguishes a magnet is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "form-and-composition", "name": "Form, composition and condition", "description": "What a magnet is made of, what shape and size it takes, and what state it is in.", "rationale": "A physical thing can be measured, and a model that cannot record its measurements cannot support any decision that depends on them.", "layers": [ { "id": "form-and-dimensions", "name": "Form and dimensions", "description": "Shape, size, mass and the ranges these take across examples.", "findings": [ { "id": "measurable-dimensions", "name": "Measurable dimensions and their units", "description": "The quantities worth recording and the units they are recorded in.", "questions": [ { "id": "measurable-dimensions-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the dimensions of a magnet, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "measurable-dimensions-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the dimensions of a magnet, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "measurable-dimensions-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the dimensions of a magnet is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "material-and-composition", "name": "Material and composition", "description": "Materials, parts and how they are put together.", "findings": [ { "id": "parts-and-materials", "name": "Parts and materials", "description": "What a magnet is built from and which parts are replaceable.", "questions": [ { "id": "parts-and-materials-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the composition of a magnet, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "parts-and-materials-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the composition of a magnet, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "parts-and-materials-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the composition of a magnet is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "condition-and-integrity", "name": "Condition and integrity", "description": "Wear, damage, health and the difference between working and broken.", "findings": [ { "id": "condition-assessment", "name": "Condition, damage and health", "description": "How the condition of a magnet is judged and by whom.", "questions": [ { "id": "condition-assessment-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the condition of a magnet, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "condition-assessment-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the condition of a magnet, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "condition-assessment-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the condition of a magnet is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "place-and-movement", "name": "Place and movement", "description": "Where a magnet is, how it got there and where it may go (varies).", "rationale": "A thing that can move needs its position recorded with a time, or every later claim about it is about a place it has left.", "layers": [ { "id": "location-and-placement", "name": "Location and placement", "description": "Position, containment and the reference frame the position is given in.", "findings": [ { "id": "position-and-frame", "name": "Position, container and reference frame", "description": "Where a magnet is, and what that position is measured against.", "questions": [ { "id": "position-and-frame-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the location of a magnet, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "position-and-frame-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the location of a magnet, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "position-and-frame-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the location of a magnet is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "movement-and-transfer", "name": "Movement and transfer", "description": "How a magnet is carried, installed or relocated.", "findings": [ { "id": "movement-events", "name": "Movement events and constraints", "description": "What counts as a movement, what records it and what limits it.", "questions": [ { "id": "movement-events-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the movement of a magnet, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "movement-events-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the movement of a magnet, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "movement-events-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the movement of a magnet is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "state-and-lifecycle", "name": "State and lifecycle", "description": "The states a magnet passes through and the events that move it between them.", "rationale": "Most decisions about a thing depend on what state it is in now, which is a claim with a time on it, not a property.", "layers": [ { "id": "lifecycle-stages", "name": "Lifecycle stages", "description": "From coming into existence to ceasing to be one of these.", "findings": [ { "id": "stages-and-transitions", "name": "Stages and transitions", "description": "The stages worth naming and what moves a magnet between them.", "questions": [ { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the lifecycle of a magnet, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the lifecycle of a magnet, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the lifecycle of a magnet is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "observations-and-status", "name": "Observations and current status", "description": "What is observed about a magnet, how often and by whom.", "findings": [ { "id": "observation-record", "name": "Observation record", "description": "How an observation of a magnet is recorded so that it can be superseded rather than overwritten.", "questions": [ { "id": "observation-record-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes an observation of a magnet, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "observation-record-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about an observation of a magnet, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "observation-record-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once an observation of a magnet is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "function-and-principle", "name": "Function and operating principle", "description": "What magnet is for and how it achieves it.", "rationale": "Two devices with the same name can work on different principles, and the principle is what predicts failure and constrains use.", "layers": [ { "id": "intended-function", "name": "Intended function", "description": "The job it does, and the jobs it is used for anyway.", "findings": [ { "id": "function-record", "name": "Function, principle and variants", "description": "What it does, how, and which variants do it differently.", "questions": [ { "id": "function-record-q01", "text": "What function does magnet perform, on what operating principle, and which variants differ in that principle?", "kind": "definition" }, { "id": "function-record-q02", "text": "What use falls outside the intended function but happens in practice?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] }, { "id": "capacity-and-rating", "name": "Capacity and rating", "description": "The numbers that say what it can do and where it stops.", "findings": [ { "id": "ratings", "name": "Ratings and their conditions", "description": "Rated capacity, power, throughput and the conditions each assumes.", "questions": [ { "id": "ratings-q01", "text": "What ratings characterise magnet, in what units, and under what stated conditions?", "kind": "measurement" }, { "id": "ratings-q02", "text": "What happens beyond the rating - degradation, refusal, damage - and how is that detected?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "operation-and-state", "name": "Operation, controls and state", "description": "How magnet is operated and what state it is in right now.", "rationale": "An agent acting on a device needs its current state and the controls that change it, not just its specification.", "layers": [ { "id": "controls-and-modes", "name": "Controls and modes", "description": "What can be set, what that changes, and what is interlocked.", "findings": [ { "id": "control-surface", "name": "Control surface and interlocks", "description": "The settings available and the conditions that block them.", "questions": [ { "id": "control-surface-q01", "text": "What controls and modes does magnet have, and what does each change?", "kind": "definition" }, { "id": "control-surface-q02", "text": "Which actions are interlocked or forbidden in which state, and what must be true before acting?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] }, { "id": "condition-and-maintenance", "name": "Condition and maintenance", "description": "Wear, service intervals, consumables and the line between working and broken.", "findings": [ { "id": "service-record", "name": "Condition, service and consumables", "description": "What is consumed, what is serviced, and how condition is judged.", "questions": [ { "id": "service-record-q01", "text": "What consumables and service does magnet need, at what interval, and on whose authority?", "kind": "measurement" }, { "id": "service-record-q02", "text": "What evidence separates a unit that is working from one that is out of service?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "kind-model-unit", "name": "Kind, model and unit", "description": "Whether a claim about magnet is about the kind, a product line, or one physical unit.", "rationale": "This is the boundary most often got wrong for made things, and getting it wrong mixes a catalogue entry with the machine in the yard.", "layers": [ { "id": "level-of-reference", "name": "Level of reference", "description": "The three levels and what belongs at each.", "findings": [ { "id": "level-rules", "name": "What belongs to kind, model and unit", "description": "Which properties are shared by all of them and which are not.", "questions": [ { "id": "level-rules-q01", "text": "Which facts about magnet hold for every one of them, which for a model, and which only for one unit?", "kind": "boundary" }, { "id": "level-rules-q02", "text": "What identifies an individual unit, and what should an agent do when it has only the kind?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] }, { "id": "standards-and-conformity", "name": "Standards and conformity", "description": "The standards a working example must meet and who attests it.", "findings": [ { "id": "conformity", "name": "Standards, marks and attestation", "description": "Which standard applies, who certifies, and what the mark means.", "questions": [ { "id": "conformity-q01", "text": "Which standards govern magnet, issued by whom, and what does conformity actually assert?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "id": "conformity-q02", "text": "What may an agent conclude from a certification mark, and what may it not?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "provenance-and-evidence", "name": "Provenance, evidence and time", "description": "Where every claim about a magnet came from and when it held.", "rationale": "A claim without a source and a time cannot be superseded, only overwritten, and an agent that overwrites loses the ability to explain itself.", "layers": [ { "id": "source-and-authority", "name": "Source and authority", "description": "Who said it, on what evidence, and how strongly.", "findings": [ { "id": "claim-provenance", "name": "Claim provenance and confidence", "description": "The authority behind each claim about a magnet and how confident it is.", "questions": [ { "id": "claim-provenance-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes a claim about a magnet, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "claim-provenance-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about a claim about a magnet, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "claim-provenance-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once a claim about a magnet is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "time-and-versions", "name": "Time, versions and supersession", "description": "When a claim was true, when it was learnt, and what replaced it.", "findings": [ { "id": "validity-and-supersession", "name": "Validity period and supersession", "description": "How an old claim about a magnet is retired without being erased.", "questions": [ { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the validity of a claim about a magnet, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the validity of a claim about a magnet, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the validity of a claim about a magnet is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] } ] }, "statistics": { "bundles": 8, "layers": 17, "findings": 19, "questions": 51 } } } }