{ "model": { "rank": 487, "code": "thing-q11471", "model_id": "vr.tr.time", "name": "time", "purpose": "Let an agent handle time as instants, durations and intervals with units, time scales and zones, and avoid the classic errors of mixing them.", "family": "Thing Registry", "category": "Cross-cutting context", "status": "research-draft", "kind": "thing", "plane": "XCT", "domain": "XCT.TME", "industry": "", "version": "", "url": "/models/thing/q11471/", "tier": 2, "score": 261, "payload": { "layer": "wikidata", "aliases": [ "paid time off", "real-time", "Moscoso", "crystallization time", "biological half-life", "Döp", "plasma half-life", "Trading day", "late", "graduation time", "local time", "Rancata", "Xiaomi Watch", "GPS time", "power reserve", "completion time", "consultation hours", "residence time", "regular trading hours", "reckoning of time", "laytime", "military designation of days and hours", "time by area", "Lyapunov time", "extra time", "retention time", "screen time", "narrative time", "aeon", "air-time", "time of arrival", "product lifetime", "propagation time", "dead time", "symmetry minute", "broadcasting time", "Space time", "system time", "timestream", "wall-clock time" ], "aliasCount": 42, "merged": 42, "knownIn": 261, "facets": null, "markers": [], "lexicalClass": "", "senseRank": null, "alsoRegisteredAs": "vr.tr.time-event", "source": { "dataset": "wikidata", "item": "Q11471", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11471", "license": "CC0 1.0" } }, "research": { "vercy": "1.0-draft", "publication": { "status": "research-draft", "adjudicationStatus": "unreviewed", "publishableCanonical": false, "generatedAt": "2026-09-11T05:00:00Z", "providers": [ "Claude" ], "breadth": "written by Claude from model knowledge without web access - no source was read, every claim is a lead to verify", "pass": 2, "wave": 1, "engine": "claude" }, "metaModel": { "id": "THING-Q11471", "registryId": "vr.tr.time", "name": "time", "version": "0.2.0-wave.1", "entryKind": "thing", "family": "Thing Registry", "domain": [ "XCT.TME" ], "status": "research-draft" }, "canonicalUrl": "https://ver.cy/models/thing/q11471/", "model": { "registry_id": "vr.tr.time", "name": "time", "purpose": "Let an agent handle time as instants, durations and intervals with units, time scales and zones, and avoid the classic errors of mixing them.", "definition": "The continuing progression of events from past through present to future, measured in seconds and larger units, and used to order events and measure durations.", "what_it_is_for": "Ordering events, measuring durations, coordinating activity and scheduling.", "affordances": [ "measure it, with clocks referenced to atomic time", "record instants, with timestamps and time zones", "compute durations and intervals", "schedule and coordinate, across zones" ], "distinguishing_features": [ "Instant, duration and interval are different things", "Time scales differ: TAI, UTC, GPS time, local time", "Local time depends on zone and daylight saving", "Domain-specific times such as half-lives are durations" ], "appearance": "Not visible; shown by clocks, calendars and timestamps.", "visual_identification": [ "Timestamps such as 2026-09-11T07:52:54Z", "Durations such as PT3H or half-lives", "Clock faces and displays" ], "physical_properties": [ { "quantity": "SI base unit", "typical_range": "second", "unit": "s", "note": "defined by the caesium-133 hyperfine transition" }, { "quantity": "leap seconds inserted since 1972", "typical_range": "27", "unit": "seconds", "note": "as of 2026" } ], "families_and_kinds": [ "instants and timestamps", "durations and intervals", "time scales: UTC, TAI, GPS", "domain times: half-life, crystallisation time, paid time off" ], "related_models": [ { "relation": "is divided into", "target": "day, week, year", "why": "calendar units" }, { "relation": "is measured by", "target": "clock", "why": "instruments" }, { "relation": "orders", "target": "event", "why": "events occur in time" }, { "relation": "is confused with", "target": "calendar date", "why": "a date is a whole day, not an instant" } ], "identifiers": [ { "scheme": "ISO 8601 timestamp", "value_or_pattern": "YYYY-MM-DDThh:mm:ssZ", "note": "standard representation" }, { "scheme": "IANA time zone", "value_or_pattern": "Region/City", "note": "time zone database" } ], "standards_and_regulation": [ "SI definition of the second", "ITU-R TF.460 on UTC", "ISO 8601 and RFC 3339", "National time zone law" ], "failure_modes_and_hazards": [ "Time zone and daylight saving errors", "Clock drift and unsynchronised systems", "Leap second handling bugs", "Mixing local and UTC timestamps" ], "in_scope": [], "out_of_scope": [], "characteristics": [] }, "sources": [], "structure": { "bundles": [ { "id": "kind", "name": "Kind of time value", "description": "Instant, duration or interval.", "rationale": "Most time errors come from confusing kinds.", "layers": [ { "id": "instant", "name": "Instant", "description": "A point in time.", "findings": [ { "id": "instant-finding", "name": "Instant", "description": "The instant and its zone.", "questions": [ { "text": "Is this an instant, and in which time zone or scale?", "kind": "definition" }, { "text": "How precise is it?", "kind": "measurement" } ] } ] }, { "id": "duration", "name": "Duration", "description": "A length of time.", "findings": [ { "id": "duration-finding", "name": "Duration", "description": "The duration and unit.", "questions": [ { "text": "What duration is meant, in which unit?", "kind": "measurement" }, { "text": "Does it cross a daylight saving change?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "scales-and-zones", "name": "Scales and zones", "description": "Which clock.", "rationale": "Time scales and zones must be named.", "layers": [ { "id": "scale", "name": "Time scale", "description": "UTC, TAI, GPS.", "findings": [ { "id": "scale-finding", "name": "Time scale", "description": "The scale used.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which time scale is used?", "kind": "definition" }, { "text": "How are leap seconds handled?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] }, { "id": "zone", "name": "Time zone", "description": "Local time.", "findings": [ { "id": "zone-finding", "name": "Zone", "description": "The zone and rules.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which IANA time zone applies?", "kind": "definition" }, { "text": "Have the zone rules changed recently?", "kind": "provenance" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "measurement", "name": "Measurement", "description": "Clocks and synchronisation.", "rationale": "Accuracy depends on reference and synchronisation.", "layers": [ { "id": "clock", "name": "Clock", "description": "Reference and accuracy.", "findings": [ { "id": "clock-finding", "name": "Clock source", "description": "The reference clock.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which clock or reference produced this time?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "text": "How accurate is it?", "kind": "measurement" } ] } ] }, { "id": "sync", "name": "Synchronisation", "description": "NTP, PTP, GNSS.", "findings": [ { "id": "sync-finding", "name": "Synchronisation", "description": "How clocks agree.", "questions": [ { "text": "How are clocks synchronised?", "kind": "definition" }, { "text": "What is the maximum offset between systems?", "kind": "measurement" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "use", "name": "Use", "description": "Scheduling and ordering.", "rationale": "Time coordinates people and systems.", "layers": [ { "id": "scheduling", "name": "Scheduling", "description": "Across zones.", "findings": [ { "id": "scheduling-finding", "name": "Schedule", "description": "Schedule and zone handling.", "questions": [ { "text": "In which zone should this event be shown to each participant?", "kind": "action" }, { "text": "What happens at daylight saving changes?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] }, { "id": "ordering", "name": "Ordering events", "description": "Causality in systems.", "findings": [ { "id": "ordering-finding", "name": "Ordering", "description": "How events are ordered.", "questions": [ { "text": "Can timestamps be trusted to order these events?", "kind": "boundary" }, { "text": "Is a logical clock needed?", "kind": "definition" } ] } ] } ] } ] }, "openQuestions": [ "Should instants, durations and intervals be separate entries?", "How should the registry require time zones on timestamps?", "The registry entry has merged aliases such as paid time off; should they be split off?" ], "statistics": { "bundles": 4, "layers": 8, "findings": 8, "questions": 16 } }, "draft": { "generator": "vr.draft.v3", "status": "draft-generated", "researched": false, "archetype": "abstract concept", "method": "Written from the archetype playbook - what this kind of thing needs beyond identity and provenance - and from the structure that recurred across 6,333 models already researched by two engines. Applied to this entry by rule. No source was read for this thing and no claim here is researched. This entry carries no facets of its own, so they were inferred from its domain - a guess about a whole domain applied to one thing.", "facetsInferred": true, "nextPass": "A researcher replaces this draft with a sourced specification. Treat every sentence below as a proposal to argue with.", "purpose": "Give an agent a durable, checkable way to recognise a time, record what state it is in, and decide what may be done with it.", "whatItIs": "Let an agent handle time as instants, durations and intervals with units, time scales and zones, and avoid the classic errors of mixing them.", "characteristics": { "substance": "abstract", "origin": "conceptual", "agency": "inert" }, "whatYouCanDoWithIt": [ "observed and measured" ], "distinguishingFeatures": [ "Names folded into this entry, which a task may need to split apart again: paid time off, real-time, Moscoso, crystallization time, biological half-life, Döp, plasma half-life, Trading day, late, graduation time, local time, Rancata.", "42 finer distinctions are held as aliases rather than separate entries, because telling them apart needs a task that asks for it.", "Described in 261 Wikipedia languages, which is a measure of how widely the thing is known, not of how important it is." ], "openQuestionsForResearch": [ "Which of the bundles below does a real task actually need, and which are ceremony?", "What does this thing have that the facets do not capture at all?", "Which neighbouring kind is most often confused with a time, and on what evidence are they told apart?" ], "whatItIsMadeOf": "an abstraction with no physical instance", "physicalCharacter": [ "Does nothing on its own; everything it does, something else did to it.", "These come from the domain this entry sits in rather than from the entry itself, so treat them as a first guess about the whole domain applied to one thing." ], "whatCanBeDoneWithIt": [ "observe it, measure it, record its state" ], "howItIsRecognised": [ "Nothing to see. What is recognised is an instance of it, and which instances count is exactly what is argued about." ], "relatedModels": [ { "relation": "covers", "note": "Finer kinds folded into this entry because telling them apart needs a task that asks for it. Each is a model waiting to be split out when one does.", "targets": [ "paid time off", "real-time", "Moscoso", "crystallization time", "biological half-life", "Döp", "plasma half-life", "Trading day", "late", "graduation time", "local time", "Rancata" ] } ], "standing": "Described in 261 Wikipedia languages, which measures how widely it is written about rather than how important or how common it is. 42 finer distinctions are held inside this entry as names rather than as separate models.", "structure": { "bundles": [ { "id": "identity-and-classification", "name": "Identity, naming and classification", "description": "How an agent tells one time from another, and a time from things that resemble it.", "rationale": "Recognition comes before every other claim. Without stable identity nothing else in the model can be trusted to be about the same thing twice.", "layers": [ { "id": "naming-and-identifiers", "name": "Names and identifiers", "description": "The names this thing goes by and the identifiers that survive translation and time.", "findings": [ { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases", "name": "Preferred name, aliases and local names", "description": "Which name to use, which names mean the same thing, and which merely sound similar.", "questions": [ { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the name of a time, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the name of a time, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the name of a time is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers", "name": "Stable identifiers and external keys", "description": "Identifiers that keep pointing at this kind of thing across systems and languages.", "questions": [ { "id": "stable-identifiers-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes an identifier for a time, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about an identifier for a time, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once an identifier for a time is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "classification-and-granularity", "name": "Classification and granularity", "description": "Where a time sits among kinds, and how finely a task needs to cut it.", "findings": [ { "id": "kind-and-parents", "name": "Kind, parents and neighbouring kinds", "description": "The classes this thing belongs to and the ones it is next to.", "questions": [ { "id": "kind-and-parents-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the kind of a time, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "kind-and-parents-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the kind of a time, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "kind-and-parents-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the kind of a time is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features", "name": "Distinguishing features", "description": "What separates a time from the things most often confused with it.", "questions": [ { "id": "distinguishing-features-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes what distinguishes a time, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about what distinguishes a time, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once what distinguishes a time is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "state-and-lifecycle", "name": "State and lifecycle", "description": "The states a time passes through and the events that move it between them.", "rationale": "Most decisions about a thing depend on what state it is in now, which is a claim with a time on it, not a property.", "layers": [ { "id": "lifecycle-stages", "name": "Lifecycle stages", "description": "From coming into existence to ceasing to be one of these.", "findings": [ { "id": "stages-and-transitions", "name": "Stages and transitions", "description": "The stages worth naming and what moves a time between them.", "questions": [ { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the lifecycle of a time, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the lifecycle of a time, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the lifecycle of a time is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "observations-and-status", "name": "Observations and current status", "description": "What is observed about a time, how often and by whom.", "findings": [ { "id": "observation-record", "name": "Observation record", "description": "How an observation of a time is recorded so that it can be superseded rather than overwritten.", "questions": [ { "id": "observation-record-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes an observation of a time, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "observation-record-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about an observation of a time, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "observation-record-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once an observation of a time is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "definitions-in-contest", "name": "Definitions and who holds them", "description": "What time is taken to mean, and by whom.", "rationale": "When a field disagrees about a concept, the disagreement is the content. A model that picks one definition silently destroys the information.", "layers": [ { "id": "competing-definitions", "name": "Competing definitions", "description": "The main readings and the traditions behind them.", "findings": [ { "id": "definition-map", "name": "Definitions and their holders", "description": "Each definition with the school or body that holds it.", "questions": [ { "id": "definition-map-q01", "text": "Which definitions of time are in use, and which tradition or body holds each?", "kind": "definition" }, { "id": "definition-map-q02", "text": "What turns on the difference between them in practice?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] }, { "id": "operationalisation", "name": "Operationalisation", "description": "How it is measured or applied when it has to be.", "findings": [ { "id": "operational-record", "name": "Measures and proxies", "description": "Instruments and indicators used to stand in for it.", "questions": [ { "id": "operational-record-q01", "text": "How is time operationalised or measured in practice, and by what instrument?", "kind": "measurement" }, { "id": "operational-record-q02", "text": "What does that operationalisation leave out, and when does that matter?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "instances-and-use", "name": "Instances, use and consequence", "description": "What counts as an instance of time and what follows from calling something that.", "rationale": "Applying a concept is an act with consequences, so a model must say what the label licenses and what it does not.", "layers": [ { "id": "instances", "name": "What counts as an instance", "description": "Clear cases, borderline cases and non-cases.", "findings": [ { "id": "instance-tests", "name": "Tests for an instance", "description": "What would settle whether something falls under it.", "questions": [ { "id": "instance-tests-q01", "text": "What would settle whether something is an instance of time?", "kind": "boundary" }, { "id": "instance-tests-q02", "text": "Which borderline cases are argued about, and on what grounds?", "kind": "definition" } ] } ] }, { "id": "consequence", "name": "Consequence of application", "description": "Rights, duties or decisions that follow from the label.", "findings": [ { "id": "consequence-record", "name": "What the label licenses", "description": "What an agent may do once something is classified this way.", "questions": [ { "id": "consequence-record-q01", "text": "What follows practically once something is treated as time?", "kind": "action" }, { "id": "consequence-record-q02", "text": "What must an agent not infer from the label alone?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "provenance-and-evidence", "name": "Provenance, evidence and time", "description": "Where every claim about a time came from and when it held.", "rationale": "A claim without a source and a time cannot be superseded, only overwritten, and an agent that overwrites loses the ability to explain itself.", "layers": [ { "id": "source-and-authority", "name": "Source and authority", "description": "Who said it, on what evidence, and how strongly.", "findings": [ { "id": "claim-provenance", "name": "Claim provenance and confidence", "description": "The authority behind each claim about a time and how confident it is.", "questions": [ { "id": "claim-provenance-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes a claim about a time, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "claim-provenance-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about a claim about a time, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "claim-provenance-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once a claim about a time is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "time-and-versions", "name": "Time, versions and supersession", "description": "When a claim was true, when it was learnt, and what replaced it.", "findings": [ { "id": "validity-and-supersession", "name": "Validity period and supersession", "description": "How an old claim about a time is retired without being erased.", "questions": [ { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the validity of a claim about a time, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the validity of a claim about a time, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the validity of a claim about a time is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] } ] }, "statistics": { "bundles": 5, "layers": 10, "findings": 12, "questions": 32 } } } }