{ "model": { "rank": 1564, "code": "thing-q11652", "model_id": "vr.tr.frequency", "name": "frequency", "purpose": "Let an agent handle frequency with its unit, its measurement and its many applications, from radio bands to heart rate, and keep the quantity separate from what is oscillating.", "family": "Thing Registry", "category": "Cross-cutting context", "status": "research-draft", "kind": "thing", "plane": "XCT", "domain": "XCT.QTY", "industry": "", "version": "", "url": "/models/thing/q11652/", "tier": 2, "score": 138, "payload": { "layer": "wikidata", "aliases": [ "fetal heart rate", "heart rate", "respiratory rate", "resting heart rate", "radio frequency", "intermediate frequency", "International distress frequency", "A band", "Earth observation satellite transmission frequency", "maritime distress frequency", "instruction rate", "rotational speed", "rotational frequency", "mutational frequency", "sound frequency", "light frequency", "beat frequency", "harmonic frequency", "particle vibration frequency", "ionization frequency", "overtone", "utility frequency", "resonance frequency", "audio frequency", "cutoff frequency", "Nyquist frequency", "stopband", "turnover frequency", "plasma frequency", "Wikidata property change frequency", "signal bandwidth", "passband", "Coriolis frequency", "cyclotron frequency", "frequency scaling", "sampling rate", "sonic frequency", "non-resonance frequency", "collision frequency", "critical frequency" ], "aliasCount": 60, "merged": 60, "knownIn": 138, "facets": null, "markers": [], "lexicalClass": "", "senseRank": null, "alsoRegisteredAs": "vr.tr.frequency", "source": { "dataset": "wikidata", "item": "Q11652", "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11652", "license": "CC0 1.0" } }, "research": { "vercy": "1.0-draft", "publication": { "status": "research-draft", "adjudicationStatus": "unreviewed", "publishableCanonical": false, "generatedAt": "2026-09-11T04:35:51Z", "providers": [ "Claude" ], "breadth": "written by Claude from model knowledge without web access - no source was read, every claim is a lead to verify", "pass": 2, "wave": 1, "engine": "claude" }, "metaModel": { "id": "THING-Q11652", "registryId": "vr.tr.frequency", "name": "frequency", "version": "0.2.0-wave.1", "entryKind": "thing", "family": "Thing Registry", "domain": [ "XCT.QTY" ], "status": "research-draft" }, "canonicalUrl": "https://ver.cy/models/thing/q11652/", "model": { "registry_id": "vr.tr.frequency", "name": "frequency", "purpose": "Let an agent handle frequency with its unit, its measurement and its many applications, from radio bands to heart rate, and keep the quantity separate from what is oscillating.", "definition": "The number of occurrences of a repeating event per unit of time, measured in hertz, where one hertz is one cycle per second.", "what_it_is_for": "Describing how often something repeats: waves, signals, rotations, heartbeats and events.", "affordances": [ "measure it, with counters, spectrum analysers or by timing", "convert it to period, as the reciprocal", "allocate it, for radio spectrum, under regulation", "filter or tune to it, in electronics" ], "distinguishing_features": [ "The reciprocal of period", "Distinct from angular frequency, which is 2 pi times frequency", "A property of a repeating process, not the process itself", "Rates in per-minute units are frequencies too" ], "appearance": "Not visible directly; shown as a number in hertz, as the spacing of peaks on a trace, or as position on a spectrum display.", "visual_identification": [ "A value with Hz, kHz, MHz or GHz, or per minute for rates", "Peaks on a spectrum plot", "Rates such as heart rate and respiratory rate are frequencies in per-minute units" ], "physical_properties": [ { "quantity": "SI unit", "typical_range": "hertz", "unit": "Hz", "note": "1 Hz = 1 per second" }, { "quantity": "audible sound", "typical_range": "20-20000", "unit": "Hz", "note": "" }, { "quantity": "mains electricity", "typical_range": "50 or 60", "unit": "Hz", "note": "depends on region" } ], "families_and_kinds": [ "temporal frequency of waves and signals", "rotational frequency", "physiological rates: heart rate, respiratory rate", "radio frequency bands" ], "related_models": [ { "relation": "is a kind of", "target": "physical quantity", "why": "SI derived quantity" }, { "relation": "is reciprocal of", "target": "period", "why": "f = 1/T" }, { "relation": "is allocated in", "target": "radio spectrum", "why": "spectrum use is regulated" }, { "relation": "relates to", "target": "wavelength", "why": "for waves, speed equals frequency times wavelength" } ], "identifiers": [ { "scheme": "SI unit symbol", "value_or_pattern": "Hz", "note": "hertz" }, { "scheme": "ITU band designation", "value_or_pattern": "VLF to EHF", "note": "radio bands" } ], "standards_and_regulation": [ "SI Brochure", "ITU Radio Regulations on spectrum allocation", "National spectrum regulators" ], "failure_modes_and_hazards": [ "Confusing frequency and angular frequency by a factor of 2 pi", "Using a frequency without a licence where one is required", "Misreading per-minute rates as per-second" ], "in_scope": [], "out_of_scope": [], "characteristics": [] }, "sources": [], "structure": { "bundles": [ { "id": "quantity-and-unit", "name": "Quantity and unit", "description": "What is measured and in what.", "rationale": "The unit and the definition must be explicit to avoid factor errors.", "layers": [ { "id": "definition", "name": "Definition", "description": "Cycles per unit time.", "findings": [ { "id": "definition-finding", "name": "Definition used", "description": "Ordinary or angular frequency.", "questions": [ { "text": "Is this ordinary or angular frequency?", "kind": "definition" }, { "text": "Of what repeating process?", "kind": "definition" } ] } ] }, { "id": "unit", "name": "Unit", "description": "Hertz and multiples, or per minute.", "findings": [ { "id": "unit-finding", "name": "Unit used", "description": "The unit and scale.", "questions": [ { "text": "In which unit is it given?", "kind": "definition" }, { "text": "How does it convert to hertz?", "kind": "measurement" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "measurement", "name": "Measurement", "description": "How frequency is measured.", "rationale": "Accuracy depends on the reference and the method.", "layers": [ { "id": "method", "name": "Method", "description": "Counting, spectrum, timing.", "findings": [ { "id": "method-finding", "name": "Method used", "description": "The instrument and method.", "questions": [ { "text": "How was the frequency measured?", "kind": "provenance" }, { "text": "What reference oscillator or standard was used?", "kind": "provenance" } ] } ] }, { "id": "stability", "name": "Stability", "description": "Drift and jitter.", "findings": [ { "id": "stability-finding", "name": "Stability data", "description": "How stable the frequency is.", "questions": [ { "text": "How stable is the frequency over time?", "kind": "measurement" }, { "text": "What causes it to drift?", "kind": "definition" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "spectrum", "name": "Spectrum", "description": "Radio frequencies and their use.", "rationale": "Radio frequencies are a regulated, shared resource.", "layers": [ { "id": "allocation", "name": "Allocation", "description": "Bands and services.", "findings": [ { "id": "allocation-finding", "name": "Band allocation", "description": "The band and allocated service.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which band and service does this frequency belong to?", "kind": "definition" }, { "text": "Is a licence required to transmit on it?", "kind": "boundary" } ] } ] }, { "id": "interference", "name": "Interference", "description": "Harmful interference.", "findings": [ { "id": "interference-finding", "name": "Interference risk", "description": "Risks of interference.", "questions": [ { "text": "What could this transmission interfere with?", "kind": "boundary" }, { "text": "How is interference reported and resolved?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "applications", "name": "Applications", "description": "Where frequency matters.", "rationale": "Frequency appears in medicine, power, audio and communications with different conventions.", "layers": [ { "id": "physiological", "name": "Physiological rates", "description": "Heart and breathing rates.", "findings": [ { "id": "physiological-finding", "name": "Rate context", "description": "The rate and its normal range.", "questions": [ { "text": "What is this rate, and what is the normal range for this person group?", "kind": "measurement" }, { "text": "When must a clinician interpret it?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] }, { "id": "power-and-audio", "name": "Power and audio", "description": "Mains and sound.", "findings": [ { "id": "power-and-audio-finding", "name": "Engineering context", "description": "The engineering context.", "questions": [ { "text": "Which mains frequency applies here?", "kind": "definition" }, { "text": "What frequency range does this audio device handle?", "kind": "measurement" } ] } ] } ] } ] }, "openQuestions": [ "Should physiological rates be linked to this entry or kept separate?", "How should spectrum allocations be represented per country?", "Should angular frequency be its own entry?" ], "statistics": { "bundles": 4, "layers": 8, "findings": 8, "questions": 16 } }, "draft": { "generator": "vr.draft.v3", "status": "draft-generated", "researched": false, "archetype": "unit, quantity or measure", "method": "Written from the archetype playbook - what this kind of thing needs beyond identity and provenance - and from the structure that recurred across 6,333 models already researched by two engines. Applied to this entry by rule. No source was read for this thing and no claim here is researched. This entry carries no facets of its own, so they were inferred from its domain - a guess about a whole domain applied to one thing.", "facetsInferred": true, "nextPass": "A researcher replaces this draft with a sourced specification. Treat every sentence below as a proposal to argue with.", "purpose": "Give an agent a durable, checkable way to recognise a frequency, record what state it is in, and decide what may be done with it.", "whatItIs": "Let an agent handle frequency with its unit, its measurement and its many applications, from radio bands to heart rate, and keep the quantity separate from what is oscillating.", "characteristics": { "substance": "abstract", "origin": "conceptual", "agency": "inert" }, "whatYouCanDoWithIt": [ "observed and measured" ], "distinguishingFeatures": [ "Names folded into this entry, which a task may need to split apart again: fetal heart rate, heart rate, respiratory rate, resting heart rate, radio frequency, intermediate frequency, International distress frequency, A band, Earth observation satellite transmission frequency, maritime distress frequency, instruction rate, rotational speed.", "60 finer distinctions are held as aliases rather than separate entries, because telling them apart needs a task that asks for it.", "Described in 138 Wikipedia languages, which is a measure of how widely the thing is known, not of how important it is." ], "openQuestionsForResearch": [ "Which of the bundles below does a real task actually need, and which are ceremony?", "What does this thing have that the facets do not capture at all?", "Which neighbouring kind is most often confused with a frequency, and on what evidence are they told apart?" ], "whatItIsMadeOf": "an abstraction with no physical instance", "physicalCharacter": [ "Does nothing on its own; everything it does, something else did to it.", "These come from the domain this entry sits in rather than from the entry itself, so treat them as a first guess about the whole domain applied to one thing." ], "whatCanBeDoneWithIt": [ "observe it, measure it, record its state" ], "howItIsRecognised": [ "Nothing to see: a unit is a convention. What is seen is an instrument reading in it." ], "relatedModels": [ { "relation": "covers", "note": "Finer kinds folded into this entry because telling them apart needs a task that asks for it. Each is a model waiting to be split out when one does.", "targets": [ "fetal heart rate", "heart rate", "respiratory rate", "resting heart rate", "radio frequency", "intermediate frequency", "International distress frequency", "A band", "Earth observation satellite transmission frequency", "maritime distress frequency", "instruction rate", "rotational speed" ] } ], "standing": "Described in 138 Wikipedia languages, which measures how widely it is written about rather than how important or how common it is. 60 finer distinctions are held inside this entry as names rather than as separate models.", "structure": { "bundles": [ { "id": "identity-and-classification", "name": "Identity, naming and classification", "description": "How an agent tells one frequency from another, and a frequency from things that resemble it.", "rationale": "Recognition comes before every other claim. Without stable identity nothing else in the model can be trusted to be about the same thing twice.", "layers": [ { "id": "naming-and-identifiers", "name": "Names and identifiers", "description": "The names this thing goes by and the identifiers that survive translation and time.", "findings": [ { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases", "name": "Preferred name, aliases and local names", "description": "Which name to use, which names mean the same thing, and which merely sound similar.", "questions": [ { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the name of a frequency, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the name of a frequency, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "preferred-name-and-aliases-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the name of a frequency is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers", "name": "Stable identifiers and external keys", "description": "Identifiers that keep pointing at this kind of thing across systems and languages.", "questions": [ { "id": "stable-identifiers-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes an identifier for a frequency, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about an identifier for a frequency, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "stable-identifiers-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once an identifier for a frequency is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "classification-and-granularity", "name": "Classification and granularity", "description": "Where a frequency sits among kinds, and how finely a task needs to cut it.", "findings": [ { "id": "kind-and-parents", "name": "Kind, parents and neighbouring kinds", "description": "The classes this thing belongs to and the ones it is next to.", "questions": [ { "id": "kind-and-parents-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the kind of a frequency, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "kind-and-parents-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the kind of a frequency, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "kind-and-parents-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the kind of a frequency is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features", "name": "Distinguishing features", "description": "What separates a frequency from the things most often confused with it.", "questions": [ { "id": "distinguishing-features-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes what distinguishes a frequency, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about what distinguishes a frequency, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "distinguishing-features-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once what distinguishes a frequency is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "state-and-lifecycle", "name": "State and lifecycle", "description": "The states a frequency passes through and the events that move it between them.", "rationale": "Most decisions about a thing depend on what state it is in now, which is a claim with a time on it, not a property.", "layers": [ { "id": "lifecycle-stages", "name": "Lifecycle stages", "description": "From coming into existence to ceasing to be one of these.", "findings": [ { "id": "stages-and-transitions", "name": "Stages and transitions", "description": "The stages worth naming and what moves a frequency between them.", "questions": [ { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the lifecycle of a frequency, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the lifecycle of a frequency, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "stages-and-transitions-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the lifecycle of a frequency is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "observations-and-status", "name": "Observations and current status", "description": "What is observed about a frequency, how often and by whom.", "findings": [ { "id": "observation-record", "name": "Observation record", "description": "How an observation of a frequency is recorded so that it can be superseded rather than overwritten.", "questions": [ { "id": "observation-record-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes an observation of a frequency, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "observation-record-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about an observation of a frequency, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "observation-record-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once an observation of a frequency is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "definition-and-realisation", "name": "Definition, dimension and realisation", "description": "What frequency is defined as and how it is realised in practice.", "rationale": "A unit is not the quantity it measures, and its definition has a history that older data still depends on.", "layers": [ { "id": "definition", "name": "Definition and dimension", "description": "The defining relation and the quantity it measures.", "findings": [ { "id": "definition-record", "name": "Definition, body and date", "description": "What defines it now, and what defined it before.", "questions": [ { "id": "definition-record-q01", "text": "How is frequency defined, by which body, and since when?", "kind": "definition" }, { "id": "definition-record-q02", "text": "What was the previous definition, and what data still depends on it?", "kind": "provenance" } ] } ] }, { "id": "conversion", "name": "Conversion and compatibility", "description": "Relations to other units, exact or approximate.", "findings": [ { "id": "conversion-record", "name": "Conversions and their exactness", "description": "Factors, and whether each is exact by definition.", "questions": [ { "id": "conversion-record-q01", "text": "What conversions relate frequency to other units, and which are exact by definition?", "kind": "measurement" }, { "id": "conversion-record-q02", "text": "Where does rounding a conversion change a decision, and how should that be recorded?", "kind": "action" } ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "provenance-and-evidence", "name": "Provenance, evidence and time", "description": "Where every claim about a frequency came from and when it held.", "rationale": "A claim without a source and a time cannot be superseded, only overwritten, and an agent that overwrites loses the ability to explain itself.", "layers": [ { "id": "source-and-authority", "name": "Source and authority", "description": "Who said it, on what evidence, and how strongly.", "findings": [ { "id": "claim-provenance", "name": "Claim provenance and confidence", "description": "The authority behind each claim about a frequency and how confident it is.", "questions": [ { "id": "claim-provenance-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes a claim about a frequency, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "claim-provenance-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about a claim about a frequency, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "claim-provenance-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once a claim about a frequency is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] }, { "id": "time-and-versions", "name": "Time, versions and supersession", "description": "When a claim was true, when it was learnt, and what replaced it.", "findings": [ { "id": "validity-and-supersession", "name": "Validity period and supersession", "description": "How an old claim about a frequency is retired without being erased.", "questions": [ { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q01", "text": "What identifies and describes the validity of a claim about a frequency, and in what units or vocabulary?", "kind": "definition", "answer_data": [ "identifiers", "types and classes", "values with units", "explicit unknowns" ] }, { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q02", "text": "Who or what asserted this about the validity of a claim about a frequency, by which method, and when was it true?", "kind": "provenance", "answer_data": [ "authority", "method", "evidence", "event time", "knowledge time" ] }, { "id": "validity-and-supersession-q03", "text": "What may an agent decide or do once the validity of a claim about a frequency is known, and what must it refuse?", "kind": "action", "answer_data": [ "permitted actions", "preconditions", "refusals", "escalation" ] } ] } ] } ] } ] }, "statistics": { "bundles": 4, "layers": 8, "findings": 10, "questions": 28 } } } }